Bionanocomposite Research Articles

Developing Bio-Nano Composites Using Cellulose-Nanofiber-Reinforced Epoxy

This study introduces the development of a novel bio-nano composite via the dispersion of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) in epoxy. The surface of cellulose nanofibers was functionalized using a two-step chemical treatment to enhance dispersion. The interfacial characteristics of CNF were improved using alcohol/acetone treatments. The modified CNF (M-CNF) demonstrated enhanced compatibility and improved dispersion in the epoxy matrix as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. Based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns, M-CNF did not disturb the crystalline phases at the interface. The results of mechanical testing showed that M-CNF worked as a reinforcing agent in the bio-nano composite. The flexural modulus increased from 1.4 to 3.7 GPa when M-CNF was introduced. A similar trend was observed for tensile strength and impact resistance. The optimum performance characteristics were observed at M-CNF of 0.6%. At higher dosages, some agglomeration was observed, which weakened the interfacial properties. This study promotes sustainability and resource conservation while offering CNF as a sustainable reinforcing agent to develop bio-nano composites.

Fabrication and characterization of bio-nanocomposite from sweet potato starch and Moringa oleifera leaf extract loaded with carbon quantum dots from Coffea arabica grounds

The study aims to generate and characterize a bio-nanocomposite film derived from sweet potato starch and Moringa oleifera leaf extract and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from Arabica coffee grounds employing the solvent casting method. The effect of various concentrations of CQDs (0–400 ppm) was investigated on the physicochemical properties, UV-barrier, antioxidant properties, and biodegradability of the bionanocomposite (BNC) films. The morphological surface of the bio-nanocomposite was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed to evaluate the thermal stability of the samples. Mechanical properties, including tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB), were also assessed. The results show that the incorporation of CQDs with starch-based biofilms had a remarkable impact on the properties of BNC. SEM images confirm the homogeneous structure of the films with slight granulations. Colorimetric analysis indicates the increase in color difference of BNCs as the concentration of CQDs varied. The BNC100 formulation confirmed batter opacity, transparency, and UV-barrier properties while BNC50 possessed significant improvement in tensile, elongation as well as a substantial increase in the melting point. FTIR and XRD analysis confirmed proper chemical interactions among the components within the polymeric structure of the BNC film. In addition, CQD integration has also steadily enhanced the antioxidant properties and biodegradability of BNC films. The fabricated films with CQDs have demonstrated a better quality in terms of optical properties, physical properties, thermomechanical properties, biodegradation rate, and antioxidant behavior that suggest the film's application in food packaging or other relevant fields.

A data mining approach to analyze the role of biomacromolecules-based nanocomposites in sustainable packaging

Recent decades have witnessed a surge in research interest in bio-nanocomposite-based packaging materials, but still, a lack of systematic analysis exists in this domain. Bio-based packaging materials pose a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based packaging materials. The current work employs bibliometric analysis to deliver a comprehensive outline on the role of bio nanocomposites in packaging. India, Iran, and China were revealed to be the top three nations actively engaged in this domain in total publications. Islamic Azad University in Iran and Universiti Putra Malaysia in Malaysia are among the world's best institutions in active research and publications in this field. The extensive collaboration between nations and institutions highlights the significance of a holistic approach towards bio-nanocomposite. The National Natural Science Foundation of China is the leading funding body in this field of research. Among authors, Jong whan Rhim secured the topmost citations (2234) in this domain (13 publications). Among journals, Carbohydrate Polymers secured the maximum citation count (4629) from 36 articles; the initial one was published in 2011. Bio nanocomposite is the most frequently used keyword. Researchers and policymakers focussing on sustainable packaging solutions will gain crucial insights on the current research status on packaging solutions using bio-nanocomposites from the conclusions.

A bionanocomposite based on cellulose nanofibers modified by a sustainable heterocyclic dispersing agent with outstanding mechanical properties

A novel bionanocomposite (BNC) based on polybutylene succinate (PBS) is developed, utilizing sustainably sourced cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) modified by a functionally designed heterocyclic polymeric dispersing agent (HP) based on sustainable isosorbides. The enhanced hydrogen bonding interactions between HP and CNFs lead to the effective exfoliation of aggregated CNFs, their uniform distribution within the PBS matrix, and strengthened interfacial interactions between PBS and HP-modified CNFs. These interactions result in a marked improvement in the mechanical properties of BNC. As a result, the BNC film, with a thickness of 110 µm, demonstrates superior mechanical properties, including an 18.6 % increase in tensile strength, a 33.3 % increase in elongation at break, and a remarkable 77.1 % increase in toughness, compared to neat PBS. These outstanding properties are attributed to the robust interactions between CNFs and HP, the well-distributed HP-modified CNFs within the matrix, significantly enhanced interfacial adhesion between the matrix and HP-modified CNFs, and an increased degree of crystallization in the matrix. A mechanism underlying the improved dispersibility and enhanced mechanical properties is also proposed in this study, employing molecular simulation and FT-IR spectroscopy using model systems.

Mechanical, barrier, antibacterial and biodegradable properties of carrageenan/natamycin/graphene hybrid bio nanocomposite film for active antimicrobial food packaging applications

Mechanical, barrier, antibacterial and biodegradable properties of carrageenan/natamycin/graphene hybrid bio nanocomposite film for active antimicrobial food packaging applications

Sustainable remediation of toxic congo red dye pollution using bio based carbon nanocomposite: Modelling and performance evaluation

Remediation of synthetic dyes found in aqueous environment poses a serious challenge for treatment due to their resistance to chemical and biological degradation. This research study investigated the application of Chitosan-ZnO-Seaweed bio nanocomposite in the remediation of congo red. The novel bionanocomposite was characterised by FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS and XRD studies. The FTIR spectra and SEM images indicated the adsorption of congo red onto the synthesized bionanocomposite. The batch wise experimental studies were done to explore the influence of process variables on removal of congo red from synthetic wastewater and to determine optimized conditions. Under optimized conditions of pH 3, temperature 40 °C, initial congo red concentration 50 mg/L, bionanocomposite quantity 0.03 g/L and interaction period 30 min, the bionanocomposite removed 95.64% of congo red. Thermodynamic studies were carried out and the parameters, ΔH° and ΔS° were found to be 38.386 kJ/mol and 0.1451 kJ/mol. K, respectively. The isotherm and kinetic study showed that monolayer Langmuir model was obeyed (R2 = 0.968) and the experimental value of congo red adsorption correlated well with pseudo second order model (R2 = 0.9938) respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 303.03 mg/g. Protonated amino group of chitosan, hydroxyl group of seaweed accounts for congo red adsorption along with zinc oxide.

Design and synthesis of silver bio-nanocomposite for photocatalytic applications.

One of the major concerns faced by humanity since Industrial Revolution is the contamination of water by the effluents released to the water bodies as a part of modernization and socio-economic development. Water purification is the most researched topic and numerous researches carried out in the past and are still going on in the present which pinpoints the seriousness of the grave issues raised by contamination of water bodies. In this work we have tried to develop a bio-nanocomposite utilizing colloidal silver nanoparticles synthesized via green protocol and arrowroot powder. Nano Silver well known for its photocatalytic properties has been incorporated into biodegradable and ecofriendly arrowroot powder for enhanced photocatalytic action and carried out degradation studies on the common contaminant dye Methylene Blue (MB). The synthesized bio nanocomposite exhibits promising photocatalytic action to be used for water purification.

Adsorptive removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous medium by magnetic guar gum grafted graphene oxide nano composite

In view of the huge quantum of harmful pharmaceuticals being released into the water stream from various sources, eradication or reduction of these harmful chemicals to a minimum permissible limit is of primary importance. The current work reports a two-step fabrication of magnetic guar gum graphene oxide nanocomposite, mGG/GO NC, a bio nanocomposite based on guar gum polymer blended with Graphene oxide decorated with magnetic nanoparticles. It was subsequently examined for its adsorption ability for the sequestration of ciprofloxacin form wastewater. Various techniques including XRD, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, HRTEM, EDX, FESEM, VSM, pHZPC, and TGA have been employed for the characterization of guar gum as well the nanocomposite. Experimental kinetic and isotherm data obtained from batch adsorption studies when fitted into known models reveals that pseudo second order model and Langmuir isotherm model can best illustrate the behavior of the adsorption process. Thermodynamic studies carried out at varying temperatures confirm the spontaneity and exothermic nature of the adsorption phenomenon. Moreover, a significant extent of recyclability of the nanocomposite is predicted with a retention of adsorption efficiency up to several cycles of adsorption-desorption studies. The novel natural polysaccharide-based nanocomposite can prove to be an excellent adsorbent as evident from a considerably high maximum adsorption capacity value of 555.56 mg g−1. Numerous interactions such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, electron-donor acceptor (EDA) or π − π interactions, and hydrophobic interactions act as driving forces in the adsorption mechanism; a synergistic effect of all these interactions may have plausibly resulted in such an excellent adsorption capacity exhibited by mGG/GO NC.

Nanocellulose, The Origin of Natural Reinforcement in Advanced Biocomposites


 The study on nanocellulose was early reported in 1956 by Battista et al., for the term of level-off degree of polymerization of cellulose which nowadays the crystal is maintained with high aspect ratio (length/diameter) as named as cellulose nanocrystal and further, in 1983 by Turbak et al., for the term of microfibrillated cellulose which has gel-like structure and thixotropic viscosity properties, afterwards, the extraction study of nanocellulose has gaining sky rocketly in the number of publications, yet it is not commercially available in the market readily in the general bioproducts. Cellulose is the most abundant and ubiquitous linier biopolymer on earth and is found in the cell walls of plants as the origin, where it provides structural support for plants consist of glucose monomer with 1-4-β glycosidic linkage. While nanocellulose is a type of cellulose material that has been broken down into nanoscale dimensions which contain aggregation of cellulose biopolymer due to inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding within cellulose. Those nanoscales provide zero-defect, nir-dislocation, which caused high modulus strength and high tensile strength material, up to 150 GPa and 2 GPa, respectively. The remarkable properties of cellulose provide the wood as a strong, tough and smart living organism. Therefore, with nanotechnology, many scholars have seeking knowledge to mimic the biocomposite of wood to make lightweight, strong, tough, and functionalized advanced materials. The behavior of nanocellulose as reinforcing agents has been elaborated for their high surface area, surface charge for better dispersion, surface functionality, dimension and morphology, thermal expansion, crystallinity, and amphiphilicity. Beside nanocellulose properties, the key-technology to develop advanced bio-nanocomposite is the ability to handle the interface and interphase between reinforcing agent and its matrix and the choice of matrices is also important. The hierarchical structure of cellulose in wood could be the inspiration to modify the interaction of nanocellulose within composite such as hybrid, tertiary bio nanocomposite, honey-comb designed composite, or interpenetrated polymer networks composite.

CuO Nanorods Immobilized Agar-Alginate Biopolymer: A Green Functional Material for Photocatalytic Degradation of Amaranth Dye.

The contamination of water is increasing day by day due to the increase of urbanization and population. Textile industries contribute to this by discarding their waste directly into water streams without proper treatment. A recent study explores the treatment potential of copper oxide nanorods (CuO NRs) synthesized on a green basis in the presence of a biopolymer matrix of agar (AA) and alginate (Alg), in terms of cost effectiveness and environmental impact. The synthesized bio nanocomposite (BNC) was characterized by using different instrumental techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultra-violet spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray-elemental analysis (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area diffraction pattern (SAED) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optical studies revealed that immobilization of CuO NRs with Alg-Agar biopolymer blend resulted in an increase in light absorption capacity by decreasing the energy bandgap from 2.53 eV to 2.37 eV. The bio nanocomposite was utilized as a photocatalyst for the degradation of amaranth (AN) dye from an aquatic environment under visible light irradiation. A statistical tool known as central composite design (CCD) associated with response surface methodology (RSM) was taken into consideration to evaluate the optimized values of process variables and their synergistic effect on photocatalytic efficiency. The optimized values of process variables were found to be irradiation time (45 min), AN concentration (80 ppm), catalyst dose (20 mg), and pH (4), resulting in 95.69% of dye degradation at 95% confidence level with desirability level 1. The rate of AN degradation was best defined by pseudo-first-order reaction based on the correlation coefficient value (R2 = 0.99) suggesting the establishment of adsorption-desorption equilibrium initially at the catalyst surface then photogenerated •O2- radicals interacting with AN molecule to mineralize them into small non-toxic entities like CO2, H2O. The material used has high efficiency and stability in photocatalytic degradation experiments up to four cycles of reusability.

Synthesis and Characterization of Sweet Potato Starch Biocomposite Incorporated with ZnO Nanoparticles

The rapid rise in the production of hazardous waste in the environment, particularly single-use plastics, has prompted the development of sustainable yet cost-effective alternatives. This research aims to create bioplastic films using renewable energy sources. To prevent toxic side products, the composite bioplastics synthesized from sweet potato starch are incorporated with biogenically synthesized ZnO NPs. Biocomposite films were characterized by their morphology, water vapor permeability (WVP), biodegradability, thermal and mechanical properties. It was noted that the ZnO NPs had substantial effects on the tensile properties of the nanocomposite films. The addition of ZnO NPs to the starch bioplastic films considerably enhanced tensile strength from 1.41 to 2.26 MPa, elongation from 78.20 to 114.91%, and Young’s modulus from 1.62 to 2.40 MPa. The incorporation of ZnO NPs lowered the degree of WVP and film solubility value compared to those of the starch films. The bioplastic film incorporated with ZnO NPs had effective UV absorption and transparency. The shift in the peaks in the FT-IR spectra confirmed the relationship between the polymer matrix and the ZnO NPs. Thermal degradation of bio nanocomposite at 339.60 and#176;C is shown by a consistent reduction in TGA between 240 and#176;C and 410 and#176;C. The high melting temperature (Tm) of 144 oC for starch film and 201.86 oC for bio nanocomposite was found using DSC analysis. SEM analysis revealed that biocomposite films had better compatible morphologies with small cracks and the roughness of films increased with the addition of ZnO NPs content. The biodegradability of the biocomposite films was analyzed through the soil burial method. The bioplastic produced in this study has the potential to be a viable alternative to existing conventional plastics in the packaging industry.

Isolation and Characterization of Muntingia Calabura Cellulose Nanofibers

ABSTRACT Bio-nanocomposite attracts a lot of attention in composite studies and in this article is observed the composite with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) reinforcement. Several types of potential fiber as reinforcement have been published and there is one type of interesting fiber due to its large population, namely Muntingia calabura, which is considered as agricultural waste. Muntingia stems also have the characteristics of being easy to dry, elastic, and soft which are potential to be used as a composite. In order to have high fiber performance, the manufacture of cellulose nanofibers needs to be analyzed for their characteristics. The characteristics of Muntingia fiber were enhanced by applying the chemical treatment using 8% of NaOH and 0.5% of NaClO. Next, mechanical treatment using an ultra-fine-friction grinder was performed to derive the CNF from the fiber. The chemical treatment roughened the fiber surface and decreased the impurities, lignin, and hemicellulose in the fiber. It was proven by the lignin bond chain (C-C) with the smallest intensity of 31.03% and the surface morphology was observed through SEM. The highest crystallinity index of Muntingia fiber was obtained from bleaching-treated Muntingia of 83.29%, affecting the percentage of total fiber weight lost by 28.75%. The lower the percentage of fiber weight loss, the higher the thermal resistance. This study showed that Muntingia fiber is potential to be used as one of the alternative fibers for bio-nano composite.

Characterization biodegradable film of ginger nanofiber renvorced PVA bionanocomposites

The high demand for degradable transparent films with good physical properties and tensile strength has motivated the development of PVA bionano composites reinforced by ginger nanofibers (GF). Cellulose nanofibers are obtained from ginger pulp fibers. This study’s objective was to describe the PVA/GF bionano composite films’ characteristics. Variations in volume to be used suspension of GF 5, 10 and 15 ml, mixed with PVA gel using ultrasonication. The addition of GF nanofibers into the PVA matrix increased the tensile properties significantly. Bionano composites with 15 ml GF got the best results compared to other volume variations. The film has a 38.5 MPa tensile strength. Meanwhile, the bionano composite films’ transparency was marginally decreased by the inclusion of GF nanofibers. These results indicate that bionano composite films of PVA and GF nanofibers have the potential to be developed in food packaging applications.

Whey protein isolate/jujube polysaccharide-based edible nanocomposite films reinforced with starch nanocrystals for the shelf-life extension of banana: Optimization and characterization

The formulation of new bionanocomposite (BNC) films using whey protein isolates (WPI, 3.3–11.7 %)-jujube polysaccharide (JPS, 1.59–18.41 %)/starch nanocrystals (SNCs, 0.32–3.68 %) blends was optimized. The ultrasound-assisted acid hydrolysis produced ~63.1 nm SNCs from native starch with −24.3 mV ζ-potential. The extracted JPS purification led to a single symmetrical peak for galactoarabinan-rich fraction (1.35 × 105 Da). The optimal levels of barrier (oxygen (11.85 cm3 m−2 d−1 atm−1) and water vapor (3.22 × 10−10 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1) permeability rate), optical (opacity index (2.7 AU μm−1), total color difference (18.69), and whiteness index (77.40)), and thermal (glass transition temperature (−8.29 °C) and melting point (110.38 °C)) properties were obtained at 5.0 % WPI, 15.0 % JPS, and 3.0 % SNCs. The film-forming solution of optimal BNCs had a significant antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The improved crystallinity of BNCs at an optimal SNC level was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The field emission-scanning electron (FE-SEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy images confirmed a continuous and uniform network for the optimal BNCs without any pores or cracks accompanied by low surface roughness. The FTIR spectroscopy proved covalent interaction and hydrogen bonding among chemical functional groups of WPI and JPS reinforced with SNCs. The optimal BNC could preserve banana fruits with favorable physicochemical and microbial quality during storage.

Development of reduced Graphene oxide modified Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (rGO/UHMWPE) based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are widely used as a biomaterial for manufacturing of prostheses, implants and other biomedical components with complex geometry and shapes. Continuous loading of these components subject to heavy stress and deformation resistance should have enhanced mechanical and chemical properties. This paper aims to improve the mechanical and thermal aspects of the conventional UHMWPE by supplementing reduced Graphene oxide (rGO) in varying weight percentages to develop polymer bio nanocomposite samples. The effect of green synthesized GO nanoparticles in the UHMWPE polymer was investigated for biomedical application. The rGO was distributed in a UHMWPE matrix using a unique and optimized technique to create high-performance nanocomposites. The proposed UHMWPE filled with different loading (0, 0.5, 1.0,1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 wt.%) of rGO was produced by Ultrasonication in an acetone medium. The findings suggest that evenly distributed rGO layers were present throughout the polymer matrix. This, in turn, indicates a good connection between the fillers and matrix by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX), resulting in better composite capabilities. The layers of rGO-aided lamellar arrangements and microfibers between the crystals were observed in the results. The Microhardness of the bio nanocomposite (1 Wt.% rGO/UHMWPE) with 1wt.% rGO in the UHMWPE matrix increased by 2.8% compared to an unfilled polymer. At the same rGO concentration, the bio nanocomposite had a crystallization degree of 46.96%. To achieve optimal performance, rGO content of 1wt.% was added to the sample, which is ideal in many situations where good mechanical and thermal qualities are required during operation. The outcomes reveal that the rGO supplement primarily boosts the thermo-mechanical performances of the modified bio-nano composites for orthopedic products.

Caffeine-alginate immobilized CeTiO4 bionanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

The degradation of colored dyes through the photocatalysis process has been proved to be a promising technique for wastewater treatment. Herein, we report the synthesis of cerium titanate (CeTiO4) nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized with a blend of caffeine (Caf) grafted alginate (Alg) biopolymer resulting in the formation of Caf–Alg@CeTiO4 bionanocomposite (BNC) material. The material was characterized by various instrumental techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope– Electron dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectroscopy. The XRD data and results suggested the presence of anatase phase of TiO2 which is a little bit mitigated due to doping of Ce4+ at the grain sides resulting in an orthorhombic structure with 16.23 nm crystallite size. Further, the material was probed as a photocatalyst to degrade methylene blue (MB) under visible solar radiation. The antagonistic and synergistic effects of reaction variables like irradiation time (30–60 min), pH (6–10), MB concentration (50–100 mg L−1), and catalyst dose (0.5–1.5 g L−1) on MB degradation was designed by a combination of statistical model response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design (BBD). The statistically optimized results with minimum error were computed as irradiation time as 50 min, pH as 6.6, MB concentration as 98.60 mg L−1 and catalyst dose as 0.57 g L−1 with maximum MB degradation of 98%. The kinetic studies revealed that the photocatalytic degradation process followed pseudo-first-order path associated with Langmuir- Hinshelwood (L-H) kinetic model. The values of intrinsic coefficient (kr) and adsorption constant (ks) were found to be 0.22 mg L−1 min−1and 0.48 L mg−1 respectively. Trapping experiments revealed peroxide radical (O2− radicals) as primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) for 98% degradation of MB under visible solar radiation.

Multifunctional Bio-Nanocomposite Films of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Pectin with Incorporated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

This study mainly deals with preparing multifunctional bio-nano composite films composed of carboxymethyl cellulose and pectin moieties incorporated with zinc oxide NPs produced by wet casting techniques. The zinc oxide NPs were produced by the green synthetic route. The physiological properties of synthesized zinc oxide NPs were well characterized using U.V-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and a particle size analyzer. The morphological properties of the films blended with Zinc oxide NPs were thoroughly characterized using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their antimicrobial activity studies were also performed by disc diffusion method against E. Coli, Bacillus, Streptococcus aureus, Klebsiella. The effects of CMC and Pectin were tested for their water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and the mechanical properties of the ZnO NPs blended with bio-nano composites were also evaluated. The bio-nano composite films showed that good water vapor barrier capacity, incorporating Zinc Oxide NPs into the biofilms, further improves the additional mechanical properties and antimicrobial properties. The above prepared ZnO NPs based bio-nano composite films could be used for packaging applications.

Bio fabrication of 2D MgO/Ag nanocomposite for effective environmental utilization in antibacterial, anti-oxidant and catalytic applications

Top-notch applications related to environment protection is supported by the biologically derived Ag/MgO nanocomposite with green chemistry principles. Ag/MgO nanocomposite fabrication and its validation on their properties were deliberately studied in the current research. Structural and morphological examinations predict the nanocomposite crystalline size to be 32 nm with 2D flakes like morphology. The SPR bands associated with Ag/MgO nanocomposite at 440 nm and 260 nm inferred their strong conjugation in the prepared nanocomposite. Further their contribution to environmental applications like anti-microbial analysis against the bacterial strains were assessed with zone of inhibition assays, anti-oxidant capability is evaluated. Shorter degradation time for catalytic removal of organic water pollutants like Methylene Blue, O-nitrophenol, Methyl Orange and Methyl Violet were addressed with higher efficiencies of 86%, 96%, 95%, 88% within 8 min, 8 min, 6 min and 10 min, respectively. Reusability and stability studies conferred the Ag/MgO bio nanocomposite is highly stable, easily recoverable, recyclable, also nontoxic for the environment. Conclusively green assisted fabrication of Ag/MgO nanocomposite standalone on par with chemically developed nanocomposites in terms of their properties and applications.

Performance evaluation of polymer-marine biomass based bionanocomposite for the adsorptive removal of malachite green from synthetic wastewater.

In this experimental investigation, feasibility and performance of a polymer hybrid bio-nano composite were evaluated to remove malachite green (MG) under controlled environment conditions. The polymer hybrid bio-nanocomposite was characterized using FTIR, SEM and EDS. The influence of operating variables, namely effect of pH (2-11), nanocomposite dosage (20-100mg), initial MG concentration (10- 200mg/L), contact time (10-120min) and temperature (298-318K) were explored. The maximum removal efficiency (RE) of 99.79% was achieved at neutral pH at the dosage level of 50mg with the initial MG concentration of 150mg/L in 40min. The equilibrium results revealed that the adsorption of MG data fitted to Langmuir isotherm (R2>0.970) indicating monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of polymer hybrid nanocomposite was found to be 384.615mg/g. Kinetic studies were performed using five kinetic models and results showed the pseudo second order model fitted very well with the MG adsorption data (R2>0.990). The thermodynamic results confirmed that MG adsorption onto polymer hybrid nanocomposite is feasible and (ΔS ͦ=0.2893kJ/mol K), spontaneous (ΔH ͦ=81.103kJ/mol K) and exothermic (ΔG ͦ<0). A mechanism is also proposed for the removal of MG using the polymer nanocomposite and identified that electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding as the major mechanism for removal of MG. FTIR results confirmed the presence of carboxyl (-COO) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups which helped in effective binding of cationic dye. The overall results revealed that polymer nanocomposite could be used as a potential adsorbent for removing MG from aqueous solution.

First and efficient bio-nano composite, SnO2/Calcite based on Cypress leaves and eggshell wastes, for cytotoxic effects on HepG2 liver cancer cell lines and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

The present study aimed to explain the influence of novel SnO2/Calcite bio-nano composite on HepG2 cell line, and its antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. In this study, green fabrication of SnO2/Calcite bio-nano composite was synthesized based on cypress leaves and eggshell wastes, characterized structurally by SEM, TEM, XRD, EDAX, elemental analysis, and FT-IR for more information about this composite. We study the cytotoxic potential of SnO2/Calcite bio-nano composite against human liver cancer HepG2 cell line. In vitro free radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity of this bio-nano composite were investigated. SnO2/Calcite bio-nano composite was displayed anti-cancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties successfully. Also, the results suggest that SnO2/Calcite bio-nano composite holds more significant potential than calcite and SnO2 nanoparticles against bacteria and fungi. These results displayed that SnO2/Calcite bio-nano composite might be used for the design of novel anti-proliferative and antimicrobial bioagents.