Biomimetic Approach Research Articles

Kinetic module in bimetal: A biomimetic approach adapting the kinetic behavior of bimetal for adaptive Façades

This research is bioinspired by the leaf-rolling mechanism observed in Ammophila arenaria grass. This organism exhibits a bending behavior in response to adverse environmental conditions. We used bimetal, a smart material composed of two layers with distinct expansion coefficients, providing a bending behavior triggered by heat, mimicking the organism's natural response. Following the A. arenaria’s morphology, we applied creases on the bimetal's active layer. These creases influence the movement behavior of the bimetal, causing it to open when heated and close when cooled (opposite to the behavior observed in the material without creases). This study focuses on investigating the behavior of creases on the bimetal to propose a kinetic façade module responsive to changes in environmental temperature — the Bimetal Biomodule. We conducted exploratory studies to introduce creases on the bimetal surface, employing both handmade creases and 3D-printed matrix for stamping. We evaluated the response of the biomodule samples to temperature variations. Our findings indicate that interspersed creasing patterns, associated with the absence of creases at the material edges, influence the bimetal's behavior, offering control over material responsiveness beyond its properties. Prototypes and tests demonstrated the biomodules’ potential for self-shading applications on façades without electrical power or any mechanical device.

Stimuli-responsive graphdiyne-silver nanozymes for catalytic ion therapy of dental caries through targeted biofilms removal and remineralization

Clinical mechanical decontamination and irrigants are not consistently effective in preventing intractable biofilm-induced dental caries, especially when biofilms have caused demineralization. Constructing stimuli-responsive nanocatalysts with improved catalytic activity for plaque biofilm removal and remineralization enhancement remains challenging. Herein, a coordination-reduction strategy driven by L-cysteine and graphdiyne (GDY) is employed to anchor low-dose Ag nanoparticles/Ag+ to GDY nanosheets to obtain GDY/L-cys/Ag (GLA) nanozymes. Subsequently, biomimetic approach is used to encapsulate GLA into a GS ointment composed of gelatin methacryloyl and sodium alginate to form biodegradable and adhesive GLA/GS. GLA demonstrates acidic plaque biofilm-activated peroxidase-like activity, surpassing affinity toward H2O2 than natural horseradish peroxidase, effectively catalyzing low-dose H2O2 into highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH). This catalytic activity simultaneously enhances Ag+ release triggered by acidic plaque biofilms, generating additional reactive oxygen species that can suppress plaque biofilms on ex vivo human teeth by the synergistic effect of catalysis and released ions. Importantly, GLA/GS serves as template nucleation sites crosslinked to rich Ca2+, thereby attracting PO43- from saliva, prompting growth into hydroxyapatite on tooth enamel, facilitating rapid remineralization. Due to the safe nanocatalytic ion therapy, in an in vivo rodent model, GLA/GS + H2O2 effectively prevents dental caries without influencing surrounding oral tissues.

Biomimetic design of building facades: an evolutionary-based computational approach inspired by elephant skin for cooling in hot and humid climates

The built environment faces significant challenges in managing energy demands amidst rising temperatures and increasing concerns linked to climate change. Meeting carbon emissions targets and resource management goals necessitates urgent innovation in more energy-efficient cooling solutions. Nature offers a large database of adaptive and efficient thermal solutions that can be harnessed through biomimetic methods in building design and systems. Emerging biomimetic and computational approaches hold promise in facilitating practical application efforts. This paper investigates the translation of morphological features from elephant skin to building facades, optimizing their inherent cooling capabilities through computational design using evolutionary algorithms. Through this exploration, we propose a set of generalized evolutionary principles, offering a foundational framework for the development of textured facade tiles with the aim of mitigating heat gain from solar radiation. This study provides an in-depth analysis of how assembly, texture depth, and orientation impact thermal performance, enabling the design of more effective passive cooling systems through an understanding of the relationship between morphological variations in textured surfaces and environmental performance. Future research may involve studying natural convection dynamics, optimizing capillary networks, evaluating materials for water adhesion and cleaning, assessing impacts on biological growth, and exploring biodiversity integration within textured facade panels.

An imprint-based approach to replicate nano- to microscale roughness on gelatin hydrogel scaffolds: surface characterization and effect on endothelialization

Biologization of biomaterials with endothelial cells (ECs) is an important step in vascular tissue engineering, aiming at improving hemocompatibility and diminishing the thrombo-inflammatory response of implants. Since subcellular topography in the scale of nano to micrometers can influence cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, we here investigate the effect of surface roughness on the endothelialization of gelatin hydrogel scaffolds. Considering the micron and sub-micron features of the different native tissues underlying the endothelium in the body, we carried out a biomimetic approach to replicate the surface roughness of tissues and analyzed how this impacted the adhesion and proliferation of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs). Using an imprinting technique, nano and micro-roughness ranging from Sa= 402 nm to Sa= 8 μm were replicated on the surface of gelatin hydrogels. Fluorescent imaging of HUVECs on consecutive days after seeding revealed that microscale topographies negatively affect cell spreading and proliferation. By contrast, nanoscale roughnesses of Sa= 402 and Sa= 538 nm promoted endothelialization as evidenced by the formation of confluent cell monolayers with prominent VE-cadherin surface expression. Collectively, we present an affordable and flexible imprinting method to replicate surface characteristics of tissues on hydrogels and demonstrate how nanoscale roughness positively supports their endothelialization.

A Bio-Inspired Approach to Improve the Toughness of Brittle Bast Fibre-Reinforced Composites Using Cellulose Acetate Foils.

Bast fibre-reinforced plastics are characterised by good strength and stiffness but are often brittle due to the stiff and less ductile fibres. This study uses a biomimetic approach to improve impact strength. Based on the structure of the spicules of a deep-sea glass sponge, in which hard layers of bioglass alternate with soft layers of proteins, the toughness of kenaf/epoxy composites was significantly improved by a multilayer structure of kenaf and cellulose acetate (CA) foils as impact modifiers. Due to the alternating structure, cracks are deflected, and toughness is improved. One to five CA foils were stacked with kenaf layers and processed to composite plates with bio-based epoxy resin by compression moulding. Results have shown a significant improvement in toughness using CA foils due to increased crack propagation. The unnotched Charpy impact strength increased from 9.0 kJ/m2 of the pure kenaf/epoxy composite to 36.3 kJ/m2 for the sample containing five CA foils. The tensile and flexural strength ranged from 74 to 81 MPa and 112 to 125 MPa, respectively. The tensile modulus reached values between 9100 and 10,600 MPa, and the flexural modulus ranged between 7200 and 8100 MPa. The results demonstrate the successful implementation of an abstract transfer of biological role models to improve the toughness of brittle bast fibre-reinforced plastics.

Biomimetic mercury immobilization by selenium functionalized polyphenylene sulfide fabric

Highly efficient decontamination of elemental mercury (Hg0) remains an enormous challenge for public health and ecosystem protection. The artificial conversion of Hg0 into mercury chalcogenides could achieve Hg0 detoxification and close the global mercury cycle. Herein, taking inspiration from the bio-detoxification of mercury, in which selenium preferentially converts mercury from sulfoproteins to HgSe, we propose a biomimetic approach to enhance the conversion of Hg0 into mercury chalcogenides. In this proof-of-concept design, we use sulfur-rich polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) as the Hg0 transporter. The relatively stable, sulfur-linked aromatic rings result in weak adsorption of Hg0 on the PPS rather than the formation of metastable HgS. The weakly adsorbed mercury subsequently migrates to the adjacent selenium sites for permanent immobilization. The sulfur-selenium pair affords an unprecedented Hg0 adsorption capacity and uptake rate of 1621.9 mg g−1 and 1005.6 μg g−1 min−1, respectively, which are the highest recorded values among various benchmark materials. This work presents an intriguing concept for preparing Hg0 adsorbents and could pave the way for the biomimetic remediation of diverse pollutants.

FurC (PerR) contributes to the regulation of peptidoglycan remodeling and intercellular molecular transfer in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120.

Microbial extracellular proteins and metabolites provide valuable information concerning how microbes adapt to changing environments. In cyanobacteria, dynamic acclimation strategies involve a variety of regulatory mechanisms, being ferric uptake regulator proteins as key players in this process. In the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, FurC (PerR) is a global regulator that modulates the peroxide response and several genes involved in photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism. To investigate the possible role of FurC in shaping the extracellular environment of Anabaena, the analysis of the extracellular metabolites and proteins of a furC-overexpressing variant was compared to that of the wild-type strain. There were 96 differentially abundant proteins, 78 of which were found for the first time in the extracellular fraction of Anabaena. While these proteins belong to different functional categories, most of them are predicted to be secreted or have a peripheral location. Several stress-related proteins, including PrxA, flavodoxin, and the Dps homolog All1173, accumulated in the exoproteome of furC-overexpressing cells, while decreased levels of FurA and a subset of membrane proteins, including several export proteins and amiC gene products, responsible for nanopore formation, were detected. Direct repression by FurC of some of those genes, including amiC1 and amiC2, could account for odd septal nanopore formation and impaired intercellular molecular transfer observed in the furC-overexpressing variant. Assessment of the exometabolome from both strains revealed the release of two peptidoglycan fragments in furC-overexpressing cells, namely 1,6-anhydro-N-acetyl-β-D-muramic acid (anhydroMurNAc) and its associated disaccharide (β-D-GlcNAc-(1-4)-anhydroMurNAc), suggesting alterations in peptidoglycan breakdown and recycling.IMPORTANCECyanobacteria are ubiquitous photosynthetic prokaryotes that can adapt to environmental stresses by modulating their extracellular contents. Measurements of the organization and composition of the extracellular milieu provide useful information about cyanobacterial adaptive processes, which can potentially lead to biomimetic approaches to stabilizing biological systems to adverse conditions. Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is a multicellular, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium whose intercellular molecular exchange is mediated by septal junctions that traverse the septal peptidoglycan through nanopores. FurC (PerR) is an essential transcriptional regulator in Anabaena, which modulates the response to several stresses. Here, we show that furC-overexpressing cells result in a modified exoproteome and the release of peptidoglycan fragments. Phenotypically, important alterations in nanopore formation and cell-to-cell communication were observed. Our results expand the roles of FurC to the modulation of cell-wall biogenesis and recycling, as well as in intercellular molecular transfer.

Nonspecific membrane-matrix interactions influence diffusivity of lipid vesicles in hydrogels

The diffusion of extracellular vesicles and liposomes in vivo is affected by different tissue environmental conditions and is of great interest in the development of liposome-based therapeutics and drug-delivery systems. Here, we use a bottom-up biomimetic approach to better isolate and study steric and electrostatic interactions and their influence on the diffusivity of synthetic large unilamellar vesicles in hydrogel environments. Single-particle tracking of these extracellular vesicle-like particles in agarose hydrogels as an extracellular matrix model shows that membrane deformability and surface charge affect the hydrogel pore spaces that vesicles have access to, which determines overall diffusivity. Moreover, we show that passivation of vesicles with PEGylated lipids, as often used in drug-delivery systems, enhances diffusivity, but that this effect cannot be fully explained with electrostatic interactions alone. Finally, we compare our experimental findings with existing computational and theoretical work in the field to help explain the nonspecific interactions between diffusing particles and gel matrix environments.

Nature-Inspired Designs in Wind Energy: A Review.

The field of wind energy stands at the forefront of sustainable and renewable energy solutions, playing a pivotal role in mitigating environmental concerns and addressing global energy demands. For many years, the convergence of nature-inspired solutions and wind energy has emerged as a promising avenue for advancing the efficiency and sustainability of wind energy systems. While several research endeavors have explored biomimetic principles in the context of wind turbine design and optimization, a comprehensive review encompassing this interdisciplinary field is notably absent. This review paper seeks to rectify this gap by cataloging and analyzing the multifaceted body of research that has harnessed biomimetic approaches within the realm of wind energy technology. By conducting an extensive survey of the existing literature, we consolidate and scrutinize the insights garnered from diverse biomimetic strategies into design and optimization in the wind energy domain.

Optimizing brushless direct current motor design: An application of the multi-objective generalized normal distribution optimization

In this study, we tackle the challenge of optimizing the design of a Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Utilizing an established analytical model, we introduced the Multi-Objective Generalized Normal Distribution Optimization (MOGNDO) method, a biomimetic approach based on Pareto optimality, dominance, and external archiving. We initially tested MOGNDO on standard multi-objective benchmark functions, where it showed strong performance. When applied to the BLDC motor design with the objectives of either maximizing operational efficiency or minimizing motor mass, the MOGNDO algorithm consistently outperformed other techniques like Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO), Ion Motion Optimization (IMO), and Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA). Specifically, MOGNDO yielded the most optimal values across efficiency and mass metrics, providing practical solutions for real-world BLDC motor design. The MOGNDO source code is available at: https://github.com/kanak02/MOGNDO.

Agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors with the deciduous retained: Conservative and biomimetic approach using the BAIR technique.

Agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors is a condition that requires treatment aimed at improving the esthetics, even at an early age. However, traditional therapeutic protocols are long, invasive and have limitations and contraindications imposed by the age of the patient. Recent developments in restorative dentistry have provided a new approach to this clinical situation, in particular when the deciduous laterals are retained. We report two cases regarding the management of missing lateral incisors using Biologically Active Intrasulcular Restoration (BAIR) technique. The BAIR technique allows us to transform the shape of the deciduous lateral incisor into the permanent, acting both on the dental morphology and proportions, and on the appearance of the soft tissues and the gingival parables. The BAIR technique is a valid approach to cases of agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors, when the deciduous are retained. It does not require any preparation of the dental tissues, is reversible and minimally invasive. It is applicable to patients of all ages, and results are obtained in a single appointment. The BAIR technique allows a biomimetic conservative approach for the rehabilitation of congenitally missing permanent lateral incisors, when the deciduous are retained. It is a non-invasive protocol and effective in successfully restoring esthetics.

Amphibious Architecture: A Biomimetic Design Approach to Flood Resilience

Amphibious buildings use the buoyancy principle in the design of their foundation systems to mitigate flood impact. In some cases, amphibious buildings are fitted with mechanical systems that further aid the buoyancy element to temporarily raise the building and guide its descent to natural ground level. These mechanical systems require external operation, preventing the amphibious building from passively responding during flood events as is one of the requirements of a robust flood mitigation measure. Additionally, buildings in flood environments are often left with stains on the exterior facade from floodwater contamination from sewage and chemicals, among others. This paper distinguishes three main components of an amphibious foundation: the buoyancy element, vertical guidance post, and structural sub-frame, and discusses their functionality. The natural world provides solutions to tackling environmental issues such as flooding. When systematically studied and transferred, nature can inspire innovative ideas for functional and sustainable designs for the built environments. Although there are many existing designs and a small number of constructed amphibious buildings, there are very few studies that discuss how the designs are derived, and even fewer on a framework emulating natural systems for transfer into amphibious building design. In that context, this research uses the biomimetic transfer process to abstract relevant biological systems, illustrating their potential for transfer into amphibious foundation design. The aim is to understand how these biological systems passively and continuously respond and adapt to their environment. Organisms such as the Venus flower basket, giant kelp, and red mangrove, among others, are discussed, to understand how they perform the identified functions. The steps of the biomimetic transfer process are used to integrate functions of amphibious buildings and processes of the studied biological systems. The final output of this paper is a discussion of the ways in which these derived relationships can be adopted in amphibious building design.

Experimental studies of hydrodynamics of the «plate» type canonical region with a modified surface

The possibility of using biomimetic approaches, in particular, the "lotus leaf" effect, expressed in the superhydrophobicity of streamlined surfaces, is considered. The results are presented of experimental studies of the influence produced by various modifications of the surface of the “plate” type canonical region on its hydraulic characteristics. The plates were streamlined in a hydrodynamic tray of rectangular cross-section. Copper plates with dimensions of 200x300x1 mm were studied. Three plates were considered, identical in geometry, but with different surface conditions — one in its original state; one with surfaces modified based on a surfactant; and one with surfaces treated by laser ablation (laser formation of a multimodal relief) with subsequent modification based on surfactants. In the course of experimental studies, the velocity distribution behind streamlined plates with different surface characteristics was obtained. Based on the nature of the velocity variations of the trail behind the streamlined plates, it is concluded that the amount of hydraulic resistance decreases due to surface modification. The weighted average velocity behind the streamlined plate increased by more than 4% for a plate with a combined modified surface compared to the original one. The process of a copper plate surface modifying using laser ablation, as well as the formation of additional surfactant molecular layers in order to achieve the maximum effect of superhydrophobicity is described. The most effective technological features of the laser ablation process are determined, such as the radiation power and frequency, the most preferred relief of modified surfaces and its geometric parameters. The most characteristic features of the influence of the surface roughness on the wetting angle (θ) are considered. With the OSA 20 complex, the wetting angles were determined for all the prepared plate samples. The research results prove the prospects of this surface modification technology for use in hydraulic machines.

Rhesus monkeys learn to control a directional-key inspired brain machine interface via bio-feedback.

Brain machine interfaces (BMI) connect brains directly to the outside world, bypassing natural neural systems and actuators. Neuronal-activity-to-motion transformation algorithms allow applications such as control of prosthetics or computer cursors. These algorithms lie within a spectrum between bio-mimetic control and bio-feedback control. The bio-mimetic approach relies on increasingly complex algorithms to decode neural activity by mimicking the natural neural system and actuator relationship while focusing on machine learning: the supervised fitting of decoder parameters. On the other hand, the bio-feedback approach uses simple algorithms and relies primarily on user learning, which may take some time, but can facilitate control of novel, non-biological appendages. An increasing amount of work has focused on the arguably more successful bio-mimetic approach. However, as chronic recordings have become more accessible and utilization of novel appendages such as computer cursors have become more universal, users can more easily spend time learning in a bio-feedback control paradigm. We believe a simple approach which leverages user learning and few assumptions will provide users with good control ability. To test the feasibility of this idea, we implemented a simple firing-rate-to-motion correspondence rule, assigned groups of neurons to virtual "directional keys" for control of a 2D cursor. Though not strictly required, to facilitate initial control, we selected neurons with similar preferred directions for each group. The groups of neurons were kept the same across multiple recording sessions to allow learning. Two Rhesus monkeys used this BMI to perform a center-out cursor movement task. After about a week of training, monkeys performed the task better and neuronal signal patterns changed on a group basis, indicating learning. While our experiments did not compare this bio-feedback BMI to bio-mimetic BMIs, the results demonstrate the feasibility of our control paradigm and paves the way for further research in multi-dimensional bio-feedback BMIs.

Innovative approaches in regenerative endodontics

Background: Biomimicry or biomimetics refers to developing materials and techniques inspired by natural systems. In dentistry, this approach aims to replicate natural tooth structures and functions, addressing limitations of conventional materials and techniques. Regenerative endodontics, including cell homing and revascularization, represents significant advancements in this field, focusing on pulp-dentin regeneration and tooth vitality restoration. Aim: This review explores innovative biomimetic approaches in regenerative endodontics, including the latest techniques and their clinical implications. It aims to assess the effectiveness and future prospects of these methods in enhancing tooth repair and regeneration. Methods: The review synthesizes current literature on regenerative endodontic procedures, including cell homing, revascularization, scaffold implantation, and gene therapy. It examines experimental studies, clinical trials, and advancements in biomimetic materials and techniques, highlighting their applications and outcomes. Results: The review finds that regenerative endodontics has evolved from traditional apexification to advanced techniques such as cell homing and revascularization. Cell homing, which leverages the body’s natural healing processes without cell transplantation, shows promise in generating pulp-dentin tissue. Revascularization, involving the induction of a blood clot and stem cell recruitment, has demonstrated potential in restoring vitality to necrotic teeth.

Stress-Adaptive Stiffening Structures Inspired by Diatoms: A Parametric Solution for Lightweight Surfaces.

The intricate and highly complex morphologies of diatom frustules have long captured the attention of biomimetic researchers, initiating innovation in engineering solutions. This study investigates the potential of diatom-inspired surface stiffeners to determine whether the introduced innovative strategy is a viable alternative for addressing engineering challenges demanding enhanced stiffness. This interdisciplinary study focuses on the computer-aided generation of stress-adaptive lightweight structures aimed at optimizing bending stiffness. Through a comprehensive microscopical analysis, morphological characteristics of diatom frustules were identified and abstracted to be applied to a reference model using computer-aided methods and simulated to analyze their mechanical behavior under load-bearing conditions. Afterwards, the models are compared against a conventional engineering approach. The most promising biomimetic approach is successfully automated, extending its applicability to non-planar surfaces and diverse boundary conditions. It yields notable improvement in bending stiffness, which manifests in a decrease of displacement by approximately 93% in comparison to the reference model with an equivalent total mass. Nonetheless, for the specific load case considered, the engineering approach yields the least displacement. Although certain applications may favor conventional methods, the presented approach holds promise for scenarios subjected to varying stresses, necessitating lightweight and robust solutions.

A Biomimetic Approach to the Creation of Polymer Materials with Improved Tribological Properties

The work is devoted to the use of methods of applied mathematics and statistics for the formalization and mathematical modeling of the structure of shark skin as a prototype of new polymer materials for shipbuilding purposes. A technique for mathematical modeling of biological objects is described, and a method for using a biomimetic approach for the design of planar composite polymer materials with improved lyophilic adhesion properties is proposed. Because of studying images of shark skin obtained using high-resolution optical (HRO) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopy, we found that its texture is anisotropic. Quantitative analysis of BOM and SEM images made it possible to rationalize the choice of synthetic digital models intended for simulation prototyping of maximally and minimally texturally isotropic polymer samples using 3D printing and gas-phase surface modification.

Biomimetic approach to strengthen the incisal fracture composite build-up: an in vitro study

ObjectiveIncisal composite build-up shows a high failure susceptibility. The incorporation of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) during composite restoration could improve its strength. Hence the study was planned to compare the effect of various positions of FRC on the strength of composite resin incisal build-ups.MethodsIn maxillary incisors (n = 90), 3 mm of the incisal edge was cut and teeth were categorized into three groups based on the location and number of fibers used during incisal composite build-up - Group I: composite resin; Group II: composite resin and a single fiber palatally and Group III: composite resin along with two fibers palatally.ResultsThe data showed that group II had the maximum load-bearing values followed by group I and group III.ConclusionWithin the confines of our study, it can be concluded that the addition of FRC to the conventional incisal composite build-up increased the overall strength restoration. Such composite restoration reinforced with a single fiber on the palatal side showed the highest load-bearing capacity compared to two fibers reinforced and unreinforced composites. The common mode of failure in group I was in composite resin, in two fibers reinforced at fibers-composite junction, and in one fiber reinforced composite was in the remaining part of the tooth.

Electroactive Biomaterials Regulate the Electrophysiological Microenvironment to Promote Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration

AbstractThe incidence of large bone and articular cartilage defects caused by traumatic injury is increasing worldwide; the tissue regeneration process for these injuries is lengthy due to limited self‐healing ability. Endogenous bioelectrical phenomenon has been well recognized to play an important role in bone and cartilage homeostasis and regeneration. Studies have reported that electrical stimulation (ES) can effectively regulate various biological processes and holds promise as an external intervention to enhance the synthesis of the extracellular matrix, thereby accelerating the process of bone and cartilage regeneration. Hence, electroactive biomaterials have been considered a biomimetic approach to ensure functional recovery by integrating various physiological signals, including electrical, biochemical, and mechanical signals. This review will discuss the role of endogenous bioelectricity in bone and cartilage tissue, as well as the effects of ES on cellular behaviors. Then, recent advances in electroactive materials and their applications in bone and cartilage tissue regeneration are systematically overviewed, with a focus on their advantages and disadvantages as tissue repair materials and performances in the modulation of cell fate. Finally, the significance of mimicking the electrophysiological microenvironment of target tissue is emphasized and future development challenges of electroactive biomaterials for bone and cartilage repair strategies are proposed.

Flexible encapsulation polyoxometalate with electrostatically interaction into metal−organic framework for ultra-deep aerobic oxidation desulfurization of diesel via a biomimetic approach in deep eutectic solvents

Flexible encapsulation of polyoxometalates (POMs) into metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is a promising and emerging research area. Herein, a novel non-homogeneous IL(CoMo6)-MIL-101-NH2 catalyst was prepared by a stepwise modification method, in which the unprecedentedly flexible encapsulation of POM-MOF catalyst was achieved through ion exchange of introducing (NH4)3H6CoMo6O24 into IL(Br)-MIL-101-NH2. This approach firmly encases the POM within the pores of MIL-101 through electrostatic interactions. It not only preserved the catalytic activity of POM, but also provided sufficient space for the reaction to occur. The IL(CoMo6)-MIL-101-NH2 catalyst retained a high similar activity to homogeneous catalyst, while possessing characteristics of a multiphase catalyst for easy separation and recovery. It tackles POM's solubility issue and enables its encapsulation in MOFs for heterogeneous catalysis. Furthermore, the unparalleled catalyst was utilized in a biomimetic approach for coupling with deep eutectic solvents to achieve ultra-deep aerobic oxidative desulfurization of diesel.