Biometric Data Collection Research Articles

Exploring Emotional Transitions Triggered by Color Changes: A Multidimensional Analysis

This study investigates the emotional responses triggered by color changes, utilizing both discrete and continuous video stimuli to explore the theory that color influences emotional states. Nineteen participants from the IHHSJF-30201 class were exposed to color pairs derived from the Berkeley Color Project 37 (BCP-37), specifically examining transitions between saturated and medium hues of red, blue, yellow, and purple. Through Spearmans Rho correlation analysis and differential emotion intensity measurements, the study evaluates how sudden versus gradual color changes affect emotional perception. Results demonstrate significant differences in emotional responses between the discrete and continuous color transition groups, highlighting the impact of transition mode on emotional dynamics. The findings support existing theories on the relationship between color and emotion and suggest the potential for personalized color applications to enhance user experience in digital interfaces. Future research directions include integrating machine learning techniques and expanding biometric data collection to further refine the understanding of color-emotion interactions and their practical applications.

Exploring the Feasibility and Acceptability of Technological Interventions to Prevent Adolescents' Exposure to Online Pornography: Qualitative Research.

Amid growing concern over children's access to online pornography, policy makers are looking toward new and emerging technological concepts for unexplored solutions including artificial intelligence and facial recognition. This study sought to explore and ideate emerging technological interventions that are feasible, acceptable, and effective in preventing and controlling the exposure of young people to online pornographic material. We conducted a series of qualitative co-design workshops with both adult (n=8; aged 32-53 years) and adolescent participants (n=4; aged 15-17 years) to ideate potential technological interventions that are feasible, acceptable, and effective at preventing and controlling the exposure of young people to online pornographic material. A story stem methodology was used to explore participants' attitudes toward two unique technological prototypes. Participants expressed a generally favorable view of the proposed technological concepts but remained unconvinced of their overall utility and effectiveness in preventing the intentional viewing of pornography by young people. Age-appropriate parent-child conversations remained participants' preferred approach to mitigating potential harms from pornographic material, with parents also expressing a desire for more educational resources to help them better navigate these discussions. User privacy and data security were a primary concern for participants, particularly surrounding the use and collection of biometric data. Internationally, policy makers are taking action to use age assurance technologies to prevent children's access to online pornography. It is important to consider the needs and opinions of parents and young people in the use and implementation of these technologies. Participants in this study were generally supportive of new and emerging technologies as useful tools in preventing the accidental exposure of young people to online pornographic material. However, participants remained less convinced of their ability to avert intentional viewing, with substantial concerns regarding technological efficacy, adaptability, and user privacy. Further, co-design and prototype refinement are needed to better understand user acceptability and comfortability of these new technological interventions, alongside additional research exploring sociocultural differences in information needs and user experiences.

Deep Dive Into Noninvasive Biometrics: A Pilot Journey Using Stereo-Video in a Public Aquarium.

Accurate collection of biometric data is important for understanding the biology and conservation of marine organisms, including elasmobranch and teleost fish, both in nature and controlled environments where monitoring marine specimens' health is mandatory. Traditional methods involving specimen capture and handling are invasive, stressful, and disruptive. Some techniques like underwater visual census or laser photogrammetry have been used for noninvasive data collection, but they have limitations and biases. The application of stereo-video photogrammetry through the use of diver-operated stereo-video systems (stereo-DOV) is a noninvasive method that overcomes these challenges, providing highly accurate measurements. It has become popular for species monitoring, studying anthropogenic impacts, and assessing length distributions. However, this technique is still uncommon and barely reported in aquarium settings. This study describes an innovative pilot study targeting multiple species carried out in a Public Aquarium, using a low-cost house-made device. The results revealed that measuring more than 100 individuals in approximately 1 day's work is possible. Total and fork lengths were estimated using specific software for 31 teleost and 16 elasmobranch species and compared with real measurements for the available species. Despite technical limitations that must be reviewed for application in future studies that resulted in high root mean square (RMS) values (> 20 mm), differences between methodological approaches revealed a minimal discrepancy (1.37%-5% in large sharks and rays and 1.8%-5.5% in teleost fish). This technique has time and cost requirements, but might represent a major advance in husbandry and in the contribution to conservation that ex situ studies can provide.

Intensive, Real-Time Data Collection of Psychological and Physiological Stress During a 96-Hour Field Training Exercise at a Senior Military College: Feasibility and Acceptability Cohort Study.

Poor physical fitness, stress, and fatigue are factors impacting military readiness, national security, and economic burden for the United States Department of Defense. Improved accuracy of wearable biosensors and remote field biologic sample collection strategies could make critical contributions to understanding how physical readiness and occupational stressors result in on-the-job and environment-related injury, sleep impairments, diagnosis of mental health disorders, and reductions in performance in war-fighters. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of intensive biomarker and biometric data collection to understand physiological and psychological stress in Army Reserved Officer Training Corps cadets before, during, and after a 96-hour field training exercise (FTX). A prospective pilot study evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of multimodal field data collection using passive drool saliva sampling, sweat sensors, accelerometry, actigraphy, and photoplethysmography. In addition, physical fitness (Army Combat Fitness Test), self-reported injury, and psychological resilience (Brief Resilience Scale) were measured. A total of 22 cadets were included. Two were lost to follow-up due to injury during FTX, for a retention rate of 91%. Assessments of performance and psychological resilience were completed for all remaining participants, resulting in 100% testing adherence. All participants provided saliva samples before the FTX, with 98% adherence at the second time point and 91% at the third. For sweat, data collection was not possible. Average daily wear time for photoplethysmography devices was good to excellent, meeting a 70% threshold with data collected for ≥80% of person-days at all time points. Of the participants who completed the FTX and 12 completed a post-FTX acceptability survey for a response rate of 60%. Overall, participant acceptance was high (≥80%) for all metrics and devices. This study demonstrates that wearable biosensors and remote field biologic sample collection strategies during a military FTX have the potential to be used in higher stakes tactical environments in the future for some, but not all, of the strategies. Overall, real-time biometric and biomarker sampling is feasible and acceptable during field-based training and provides insights and strategies for future interventions on military cadet and active-duty readiness, environmental stress, and recovery.

Case C-80/23: A Quest for Clarity. The Law Enforcement Directive 2016/680, a Bulgarian Court and Case C-205/21

Abstract This contribution examines the legal intricacies surrounding law enforcement data collection practices in Bulgaria within the framework of the Law Enforcement Directive 2016/680 (LED) and relevant Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) rulings, particularly cases C-205/21 and C-80/23. The analysis underscores challenges in interpreting the concept of “strict necessity” and ensuring compliance with its provisions, in particular, Art. 10. Key findings reveal ambiguities in the LED’s application, particularly concerning judicial review and the scope of data collection. The subsequent Case C-80/23 further seeks clarification on the strict necessity standard and the scope of judicial review in the collection of biometric and genetic data. The outcome of both cases has broader implications for EU member states, highlighting the need for legislative alignment and underscoring the complexities and challenges in balancing effective law enforcement with the protection of fundamental rights.

Protection of biometric private life under the European Convention on Human Rights and the law of armed conflict

By definition, biometrics consists of sensitive data about the individual. Therefore, the State must ensure a higher degree of safeguarding measures in all phases of handling such data. This article argues that data-subjects whose biometrics are gathered for identification are protected through the right to biometric private life under international human rights law at all times. Furthermore, the law of armed conflict also contains relevant provisions. The European Convention on Human Rights provides detailed rules for the protection of biometric private life, subject to limitations and possibly derogations. This protection covers the whole data life cycle of collection, retention and disclosure of biometrics. Two points are of importance here when assessing what is permissible: (1) The original purpose for which biometric data collection was initiated remains decisive. (2) The use of special measures such as limitations or derogations, does not permit States to annihilate the protection of a person’s biometric private life. The right to biometric private life remains protected during armed conflict, because international human rights law and the law of armed conflict re-enforce each other. Therefore, armed forces must: (1) define in detail for what purpose biometric data is collected, retained and disclosed, and (2) maintain strict adherence to the originally intended usage of the biometric data and refrain from any divergence therefrom. This article argues that the legal framework under international human rights law in general and the European Convention on Human Rights in particular, is sufficiently flexible to balance the interests of the rights holder with those of the State or the community at large. Nevertheless, this flexibility makes it harder to predict the outcomes of a legal assessment, and a case-by-case approach must therefore be expected.

Biometrics and new and emerging technologies – future challenges in the use of biometric data in the conduct of military operations

The collection of biometric information is subject to domestic, as well as international legal regulation. These regimes can pose complex challenges to military forces seeking to use biometric data during military operations. Using Australia as a case study, this article identifies how the Australian domestic legal regime applies to the collection, disclosure and use of biometric data by the Australian Defence Force (ADF) when conducting military operations outside Australia. It analyses the impact of this legal regime on the ADF’s participation in coalition operations, deriving a range of principles relevant to the exchange of biometric data that can aid interoperability during coalition operations. It highlights the value of conscious planning for the use of biometric data, detailed knowledge of coalition partner domestic law requirements and information sharing agreements to the conduct of legally robust coalition military operations.

Facial recognition technology: regulations, rights and the rule of law.

Despite their pronounced potential, unacceptable risk AI systems, such as facial recognition, have been used as tools for, inter alia, digital surveillance, and policing. This usage raises concerns in relation to the protection of basic freedoms and liberties and upholding the rule of law. This article contributes to the legal discussion by investigating how the law must intervene, control, and regulate the use of unacceptable risk AI systems that concern biometric data from a human-rights and rule of law perspective. In doing so, the article first examines the collection of biometric data and the use of facial recognition technology. Second, it describes the nature of the obligation or duty of states to regulate in relation to new technologies. The article, lastly, assesses the legal implications resulting from the failure of states to regulate new technologies and investigates possible legal remedies. The article uses some relevant EU regulations as an illustrative example.

What triggers customers’ privacy protection behavior: The effect of surveillance cameras and data collection disclosure

ABSTRACT Despite all the benefits of what customer data can bring to the marketing field, customers’ privacy concern is one of the key challenges that comes with Big Data, privacy threats have evolved along with the evolution of information technology and resulted in privacy protection behaviour among customers. The present research conducted an experimental study to examine the effects of external stimuli in triggering privacy protection behaviour, including the presence of surveillance cameras, company disclosure of biometric data collection, and customers’ prior knowledge of privacy. The study involved a 3 (environmental awareness: low/average/high) x 2 (company disclosure: yes/no) between subject designs. Data was collected on the Tencent questionnaire platform (https://wj.qq.com/) with 554 effective responses. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the data. The results revealed that the presence of surveillance cameras, company disclosure in biometric data collection, and the customer’s prior knowledge of privacy are crucial factors in triggering a customer’s privacy protection behaviour in the service industry. Practical implications for retail store operators and theoretical contributions are discussed. The current study extends the knowledge of privacy protection by incorporating additional factors (privacy literacy) into the existing protection motivation theory. Additionally, it extends its application to the physical environment which is often overlooked.

Usability and feasibility of the open-source GeRI platform for remote assessments in older adults with prostate cancer.

e13664 Background: The Geriatric Remote Initiative (GeRI) is an open-source tool to collect patient-generated health data for older adults with cancer. It comprises a WiFi-enabled Raspberry Pi tablet, a Bangle.js 2 wrist accelerometer, and Mi Body Composition Scale 2 for data collection. Following the initial phase where feedback from older cancer survivors and caregivers refined a demonstration GeRI platform, this study deployed a live version of GeRI in advanced prostate cancer patients to evaluate its feasibility and usability. Methods: In this single-arm pilot feasibility and usability study, we evaluated GeRI among ten advanced prostate cancer patients aged ≥65 years undergoing androgen deprivation (ADT) across varied frailty risk categories. Participants interacted with GeRI for ≥12 weeks. Data collection comprised demographics, clinical information, and vulnerability assessment (Cancer and Aging Research Group [CARG] score) from in-clinic surveys. Biometric (wearable/scale) and electronic patient-reported outcomes data from the tablet were securely transmitted to the institution’s HIPAA-compliant cloud. Usability was evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS), aiming for an average score of 68 or higher. Feasibility was achieved if ≥6 participants completed at least 50% of all prompted interactions with the system components (surveys, wearable, and weight/bioimpedance) throughout a 12-week study period. Results: Ten men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer [median age: 73 years; 40% minority; median of 3 months of ADT exposure (IQR: 2-4.5); 80% had intensified ADT with 60% getting concurrent prostate-directed radiation] engaged with GeRI for a median of 104 days (IQR: 93-131). 40% were vulnerable with a CARG>5. System usability, evaluated by SUS, yielded a mean score of 84 (SD: 12.5). All participants met the feasibility criterion. Deficiencies in obtaining complete 48-hour accelerometry data from 7 participants were noted with only 1 being due to persistent non-wear of the wearable and the remainder due to transmission failure. Conclusions: The GeRI platform exhibited exceptional usability and met all feasibility benchmarks in a geriatric oncology setting, highlighting its potential despite technical hurdles in accelerometry data collection. Further deployment of GeRI is underway [or planned] through an expanded program focusing on other cancer types, including head and neck, and more robust biometric data collection.

Big data and AI in employment: The dual challenge of workforce replacement and protecting customer privacy in biometric data usage

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data is ushering in profound transformations across various industries, with biometric data usage standing out due to its deep implications for workforce dynamics and customer privacy. This review article critically examines the dual challenges presented by AI-driven automation and the extensive use of biometric data analytics, focusing on the resultant job displacement and escalating privacy concerns. Biometric technologies such as facial recognition, fingerprint identification, and voice analysis are increasingly deployed across sectors including finance, healthcare, and retail. These technologies aim to enhance security measures, improve user experience, and optimize operational efficiencies. However, they also bring to light substantial ethical dilemmas, particularly concerning the privacy of individuals and the security of the data being collected. The pervasive collection and analysis of biometric data can lead to invasive surveillance and profiling, exacerbating risks to personal privacy. Moreover, the use of AI in automating tasks that were traditionally performed by human workers is leading to significant shifts in employment structures. While AI can increase efficiency and reduce costs, it also raises the specter of widespread job displacement. This potential for automation-driven unemployment is especially pronounced in sectors that heavily utilize routine, repetitive tasks, posing critical socio-economic challenges. This article also explores the regulatory and technological frameworks currently in place, and those that are needed to address these challenges. The effectiveness of existing data protection laws, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the United States, is assessed in the context of AI and biometric data. We discuss the role of policy in shaping the ethical use of AI and protecting workers, along with the technological safeguards that could be implemented to secure biometric data and ensure privacy. By synthesizing insights from recent research, case studies, and expert analyses, this article provides a comprehensive overview of how AI and Big Data are reshaping the landscape of work and privacy. It critically discusses the need for a balanced approach that harnesses the benefits of technological advancements while safeguarding individual rights and employment security.

An extended Daugman’s algorithm for iris with eye pathology recognition

The use of devices and technologies for the collection and processing of biometric data is continuously growing, in particular for the assessment of personal identity for accessing digital services, information systems, and control. A biometric system must be able to recognize and identify an individual by analyzing people’s aspects that are unique, easily captured, permanent, and universal. The goal of this paper is to analyze the limits of biometry, in particular in the case of iris recognition. We take Coloboma, a rare eye pathology that leads to a deformation of the pupil, as a case study and we propose an extension of Daugman’s algorithms able to perform biometric iris recognition. The algorithm extension impacts the segmentation phase of Daugman’s algorithm, where the pupil is approximated by an ellipse instead of a circumference. Our extension obtains an improvement of 32% on the average error in the segmentation phase on pathological eyes. Utilizing this solution will allow individuals with Coloboma to avoid exclusion when accessing services through iris-based authentication.

Generating bimodal privacy-preserving data for face recognition

The performance of state-of-the-art face recognition systems depends crucially on the availability of large-scale training datasets. However, increasing privacy concerns nowadays accompany the collection and distribution of biometric data, which has already resulted in the retraction of valuable face recognition datasets. The use of synthetic data represents a potential solution, however, the generation of privacy-preserving facial images useful for training recognition models is still an open problem. Generative methods also remain bound to the visible spectrum, despite the benefits that multispectral data can provide. To address these issues, we present a novel identity-conditioned generative framework capable of producing large-scale recognition datasets of visible and near-infrared privacy-preserving face images. The framework relies on a novel identity-conditioned dual-branch style-based generative adversarial network to enable the synthesis of aligned high-quality samples of identities determined by features of a pretrained recognition model. In addition, the framework incorporates a novel filter to prevent samples of privacy-breaching identities from reaching the generated datasets and improve both identity separability and intra-identity diversity. Extensive experiments on six publicly available datasets reveal that our framework achieves competitive synthesis capabilities while preserving the privacy of real-world subjects. The synthesized datasets also facilitate training more powerful recognition models than datasets generated by competing methods or even small-scale real-world datasets. Employing both visible and near-infrared data for training also results in higher recognition accuracy on real-world visible spectrum benchmarks. Therefore, training with multispectral data could potentially improve existing recognition systems that utilize only the visible spectrum, without the need for additional sensors.

The Future of Fashion Retail: Virtual Experiences and E-Commerce Integration

This innovative research integrates methodologies from two distinct studies to advance our comprehension of immersive virtual experiences within the realms of fashion and e-commerce. By amalgamating insights from both methodologies, this refined approach introduces novel components, including a virtual shopping environment, post-VR shopping behavior analysis, biometric data collection, extended interviews, longitudinal study design, and control group implementation. Participants engaged in 360-degree VR fashion shows and virtual shopping experiences using the Oculus Quest 2, while their physiological responses were meticulously monitored. Following the VR encounters, participants navigated a virtual store, and their subsequent shopping behavior was methodically tracked. Extended interviews delved into enduring effects, while a longitudinal study examined the evolution of attitudes over a three-month period. The inclusion of a control group ensured the robustness of causal inferences. This sophisticated methodology promises a comprehensive exploration of the intricate interplay between immersive virtual encounters and consumer behaviors, providing nuanced insights into the evolving landscape of virtual consumption. By embracing cutting-edge elements such as biometric data and virtual shopping environments, this research aims to unravel the multifaceted effects of immersive virtual experiences, contributing to a deeper understanding of consumer interactions with virtual environments and shaping the future trajectory of fashion and e-commerce.

Abstract P470: The Virtual Home Clinic: Feasibility and Challenges for Longitudinal Cohorts

Longitudinal studies provide rich sources of data to explore early risk factors for future CV diseases. However, cohort participants often move away from their initial recruitment site. Our study assesses feasibility of mailing of devices to the home for collection of biometric data and user acceptability of this approach. Participants (N=308) from the Bogalusa Heart Study, National Growth & Health Study and the Princeton Lipid Research Study who were initially enrolled as children in the 1970s and 1980s were recruited to conduct on-line surveys. A subset (N=74) had biometric measurement devices sent to the home ( Table ) for anthropometrics, BP, HR, heart rhythm, resting metabolic rate, O 2 saturation, glucose, total cholesterol, physical activity, diet, sleep duration/quality, and arterial stiffness. Stool and saliva were also collected for microbiome, and DNA. Of the 74 agreeing to participate in the home study, 62 (84%) successfully completed at least some testing. Among those 62, 72% of participants on average (range: 23% for AimStrip total cholesterol to 97% for Oragene) completed all requested readings for a given device. The total cholesterol test had the highest proportion of missing requested readings (45%). Of the 46 of 62 (74%) participants who completed the user acceptability survey, 28% preferred an in-clinic visit, 46% preferred home, and 26% did not have a preference. More males (63% vs 42% females) preferred home assessment. There was little difference between Black and White participants. On a scale of 1 (hard to use, poor directions, took too long) to 5 (easy to use, easy to follow directions, took little time), most devices scored near 4.5. The cholesterol test elicited the most negative responses, and several devices scored lower on the impression of the time it took to complete the at-home test. This feasibility study demonstrates that home biometric assessment is feasible and acceptable as we continue to follow our participants who have provided invaluable contributions to science for the last 40 years.

Consumers' Response to Food Date Labels

This research project delves into consumers' responses to food expiry date labels, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.3, to reduce global food waste by 50% at consumer and retail levels by 2030. The project utilises biometric (eye tracking) data collection to investigate consumer interpretation of expiration labels and the potential correlation between inadequate understanding and household food waste. The research methodology involves an in-depth literature analysis, focusing on distinctions between best-before and use-by dates, particularly concerning food safety. The study addresses crucial questions, including consumers' responses to expiry dates, comprehensions, awareness of best-before versus use-by distinctions, and the correct utilisation of these labels. The key innovation lies in uncovering consumer behaviours and proposing a streamlined labelling approach with fewer best-before dates, offering opportunities for the food industry to reduce household food waste, consequently mitigating the environmental impact on landfills, and contributing to climate change mitigation.
 Supervised by: Erin Young, Grace Clare, Miranda Mirosa, Food Science Department, University of Otago
 Scholarship Project Funded by: New Zealand- China Food Protection Network

The Innovation of Pelayanan Unggulan Pemohon Asing Prioritas (IDE-PUNAPI) at Immigration Office Class I TPI Denpasar

The IDE PUNAPI innovation is a service innovation provided to applicants who are ill to the extent that they cannot walk or are unable to come to the Immigration Office. This innovation aims to provide services to the prioritized foreign applicants who are unable to attend scheduled biometric data collection and interviews and to deliver completed foreign passports with the Residence Permit to the applicants. The purpose of this research is to explore the innovation of Pelayanan Unggulan Pemohon Asing Prioritas (IDE PUNAPI) in Improving Public Services at Immigration Office Class I TPI Denpasar. This study employs a qualitative research method with data analysis techniques, including descriptive analysis and data analysis methods such as data analysis, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research findings conclude that the IDE PUNAPI public service innovation at Immigration Office Class I TPI Denpasar has been well-implemented. This is evident in the relative advantages demonstrated through the significant advantages of the IDE PUNAPI service innovation received by the public. The update in this research compared to previous studies lies in the research location and the research object, focusing on the service innovation.

Factors Associated with Veteran Self-Reported Use of Digital Health Devices

BackgroundDigital health devices (DHDs), technologies designed to gather, monitor, and sometimes share data about health-related behaviors or symptoms, can support the prevention or management of chronic conditions. DHDs range in complexity and utility, from tracking lifestyle behaviors (e.g., pedometer) to more sophisticated biometric data collection for disease self-management (e.g., glucometers). Despite these positive health benefits, supporting adoption and sustained use of DHDs remains a challenge.ObjectiveThis analysis examined the prevalence of, and factors associated with, DHD use within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA).DesignNational survey.ParticipantsVeterans who receive VHA care and are active secure messaging users.Main MeasuresDemographics, access to technology, perceptions of using health technologies, and use of lifestyle monitoring and self-management DHDs.ResultsAmong respondents, 87% were current or past users of at least one DHD, and 58% were provided a DHD by VHA. Respondents 65 + years were less likely to use a lifestyle monitoring device (AOR 0.57, 95% CI [0.39, 0.81], P = .002), but more likely to use a self-management device (AOR 1.69, 95% [1.10, 2.59], P = .016). Smartphone owners were more likely to use a lifestyle monitoring device (AOR 2.60, 95% CI [1.42, 4.75], P = .002) and a self-management device (AOR 1.83, 95% CI [1.04, 3.23], P = .037).ConclusionsThe current analysis describes the types of DHDs that are being adopted by Veterans and factors associated with their adoption. Results suggest that various factors influence adoption, including age, access to technology, and health status, and that these relationships may differ based on the functionalities of the device. VHA provision of devices was frequent among device users. Providing Veterans with DHDs and the training needed to use them may be important factors in facilitating device adoption. Taken together, this knowledge can inform future implementation efforts, and next steps to support patient-team decision making about DHD use.

Delivery Systems with an Electronic Element

Delivery systems with an electronic element can be classified as one of the last few decades' most modern and innovative pharmaceutical systems. Incorporating an electronic/digital element offers several advantages, such as the possibility of the precise timing of the drug released in the desired location of the gastrointestinal tract, collection of biometric data, or indisputable proof of the patient's adherence to therapy. Currently, it is possible to observe the development of the field in two main directions. The first one is using these systems in conjunction with the controlled release principle in absorption and general pharmacokinetic studies of new substances. The second direction is digital monitoring of therapy adherence. This brief overview briefly mentions the field's history, brings information about the two main branches, and states the essential systems of both branches and their use.

Privacy and Security in Extended Reality: Exploring the Risks of External Biometric Data Collection

Privacy and Security in Extended Reality: Exploring the Risks of External Biometric Data Collection