Biomedical Products Research Articles

Non-food crops derived lignocellulose biorefinery for sustainable production of biomaterials, biochemicals and bioenergy: A review on trends and techniques

With advancement in biotechnology and reduction in dependency upon non-renewable refineries, the lignocellulose-based bio-economy has become the part of circular economy. Lignocellulose derived from non-food crops can help to boost the bio-economy when used as a valuable resource in biorefineries for production of various biomaterials, bioenergy and biochemicals for various commercial applications. Non-food crops have always been important in agriculture, supplying fuel, fibre, building materials, and a variety of other valuable resources. This will not only help to stabilise the circular bioeconomy, but it will also help to reduce waste and greenhouse gas pollution. However, there are barriers to using non-food residues in biorefinery in terms of product, innovation, and commercialization. The other major challenge in utilization of plant-based substrate is their complex structure and recalcitrant nature. Thus, advanced biotechnological interventions and policies are required to enhance such biorefineries to produce sustainable bioproducts. This review provides a critical overview on trends and techniques used for the valorisation of non-food crops derived lignocellulose for biomaterials, bioenergy, biochemicals, and other value-added products within the green biorefinery along with critical suggestions on the future potential of non-food crops for environmental sustainability.

The Effect of Full-Scale Exchange of Ca2+ with Zn2+ Ions on the Crystal Structure of Brushite and Its Phase Composition.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of a complete exchange of Ca2+ with Zn2+ ions on the structure of brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O), which might be advantageous in the production process of CaxZn1-xHPO4·nH2O. To acquire the starting solutions needed for the current study, (NH4)2HPO4, Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, and Zn(NO3)2·6H2O were utilized in several molar concentrations. The findings indicate that Ca is partly substituted by Zn when the Zn/Ca molar ratio is below 0.25 and that Zn doping hinders the crystallization of brushite. A continued increase in the Zn/Ca molar ratio to 1 (at which point the supersaturation of the Zn solution rises) led to a biphasic compound of monoclinic brushite and parascholzite precipitate. Elevating the Zn/Ca molar ratio to 1.5 resulted in a precipitate of a parascholzite-like mineral. Finally, increasing the Zn/Ca molar ratio to 4 and above resulted in the formation of the hopeite mineral. Future biomaterial production with specific and bespoke characteristics can be achieved by adjusting the Zn/Ca ratio in the starting solution. It Rhas been established that the Zn/Ca ratio in the starting solution can be adjusted to obtain minerals with specific compositions. Thus, new synthesis methods for parascholzite and hopeite were introduced for the first time in this manuscript.

Polymeric biomaterials for wound healing.

Skin indicates a person's state of health and is so important that it influences a person's emotional and psychological behavior. In this context, the effective treatment of wounds is a major concern, since several conventional wound healing materials have not been able to provide adequate healing, often leading to scar formation. Hence, the development of innovative biomaterials for wound healing is essential. Natural and synthetic polymers are used extensively for wound dressings and scaffold production. Both natural and synthetic polymers have beneficial properties and limitations, so they are often used in combination to overcome overcome their individual limitations. The use of different polymers in the production of biomaterials has proven to be a promising alternative for the treatment of wounds, as their capacity to accelerate the healing process has been demonstrated in many studies. Thus, this work focuses on describing several currently commercially available solutions used for the management of skin wounds, such as polymeric biomaterials for skin substitutes. New directions, strategies, and innovative technologies for the design of polymeric biomaterials are also addressed, providing solutions for deep burns, personalized care and faster healing.

Recent Developments and Applications of Microbial Levan, A Versatile Polysaccharide-Based Biopolymer.

Polysaccharides are essential components with diverse functions in living organisms and find widespread applications in various industries. They serve as food additives, stabilizers, thickeners, and fat substitutes in the food industry, while also contributing to dietary fiber for improved digestion and gut health. Plant-based polysaccharides are utilized in paper, textiles, wound dressings, biodegradable packaging, and tissue regeneration. Polysaccharides play a crucial role in medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetology, as well as in the production of biofuels and biomaterials. Among microbial biopolymers, microbial levan, a fructose polysaccharide, holds significant promise due to its high productivity and chemical diversity. Levan exhibits a wide range of properties, including film-forming ability, biodegradability, non-toxicity, self-aggregation, encapsulation, controlled release capacity, water retention, immunomodulatory and prebiotic activity, antimicrobial and anticancer activity, as well as high biocompatibility. These exceptional properties position levan as an attractive candidate for nature-based materials in food production, modern cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacy. Advancing the understanding of microbial polymers and reducing production costs is crucial to the future development of these fields. By further exploring the potential of microbial biopolymers, particularly levan, we can unlock new opportunities for sustainable materials and innovative applications that benefit various industries and contribute to advancements in healthcare, environmental conservation, and biotechnology.

Hybrid Coatings for Active Protection against Corrosion of Mg and Its Alloys.

A novel approach to surface modification was developed to improve the corrosion performance of biodegradable magnesium alloys. Additively manufactured magnesium samples and Mg-Mn-based magnesium alloys were used in this study. This method involves the combination of plasma electrolytic oxidation to create a porous ceramic-like matrix, followed by treatment with protective biocompatible agents. The most efficient method for the PEO-layer impregnation using sodium oleate and polycaprolactone was selected and optimized. The correlation between the structure, composition, and protective properties of the hybrid coatings was established. The composition of the formed polymer-containing layers was established using XPS and Raman microspectroscopy. The presence of sodium oleate and its distribution across the coating surface was confirmed at the microscale. The corrosion-protection level of the hybrid layers was assessed using potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, hydrogen evolution testing, and gravimetry (mass-loss tests) in vitro. The oleate-containing polycaprolactone layers (HC-SO 0.1-2) demonstrated stable corrosion behavior even after 7 days of immersion in Hank's balanced salt solution. The corrosion-current density and impedance modulus measured at a frequency of 0.1 Hz for the samples with hybrid coating after 7 days of exposure were equal to 5.68 × 10-8 A∙cm-2 and 2.03 × 106 Ω∙cm2, respectively. The developed method of surface modification demonstrates the coating's self-healing properties. The effectiveness of employing hybrid anticorrosive bioactive PEO coatings for biomedical products made from magnesium and its alloys was demonstrated.

Self-Assembled Amino Acid Microstructures as Biocompatible Physically Unclonable Functions (BPUFs) for Authentication of Therapeutically Relevant Hydrogels.

Counterfeited biomedical products result in significant economic losses and pose a public health hazard for over a million people yearly. Hydrogels, a class of biomedical products, are being investigated as alternatives to conventional biomedical products and are equally susceptible to counterfeiting. Here, a biocompatible, physically unclonable function (BPUF) to verify the authenticity of therapeutically relevant hydrogels are developed. The principle of BPUF relies on the self-assembly of tyrosine into fibril-like structures which are incorporated into therapeutically relevant hydrogels resulting in their random dispersion. This unclonable arrangement leads to distinctive optical micrographs captured using an optical microscope. These optical micrographs are transformed into a unique security code through cryptographic techniques which are then used to authenticate the hydrogel. The temporal stability of the BPUFs are demonstrated and additionally, exploit the dissolution propensity of the structures upon exposure to an adulterant to identify the tampering of the hydrogel. Finally, a platform to demonstrate the translational potential of this technology in validating and detecting tampering of therapeutically relevant hydrogels is developed. The potential of BPUFs to combat hydrogel counterfeiting is exemplified by its simplicity in production, ease of use, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness.

Classification, Structure, Biomedical Properties

Key words: surfactants, hydrophilic group, hydrophobic chain, dimeric (two-centered) surfactants, intrinsic toxicity, spacer Surfactants make it possible for soap to mix with water by lowering the water surface tension. Beyond soaps and detergents, surfactants are used in lubricants, inks, anti-fogging liquids, herbicides, adhesives, emulsifiers and fabric softeners. Surfactants added to cleaning agents, allow the detergent to mix into water, helping cleaning agents remove dirt from the cleaned surface. Without surfactants, soaps wouldn’t mix with the water, making the cleaning process much more difficult. Surfactants are also used as an ingredient in lubricants, such as shaving cream, which make it easier to remove stubble and help limit irritation. Surfactants added to car engine lubricants help keep particles from sticking to engine parts, allowing the parts to move easily and keep a car in proper running order. The uses of Surfactants are far broader than those that have been described above; therefore, having such a large-scale application in the industry and everyday life, in this work we will present the main types of Surfactants, their applications, development prospects and their impact on the human body and the environment. As a result, it is important to note that amino acid-based 2-centered Surfactants are of the most interest and have great development potential among the newest Surfactants. The use of dicenter Surfactants synthesized from amino acids is increasing in the production of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical products, mainly because they are less toxic, environmentally friendly, and actively biodegradable. In general, amino acid-based dicenter Surfactants are promising compounds for biomedical applications and many exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity while being non-cytotoxic.

OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS [ LINNAEUS, 1758] ITS BIOMEDICAL BENEFITS FOR CHILDREN’S

Nile Tilapia (Oreochromic niloticus) it is fresh water & estuarine species. By lipid test profile, Analytical method, Chromatography method, Enzyme method, It has pharmaceutical potential to prevent Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D etc. We found in Nile Tilapia have biomedical and nutraceutical products, Nile tilapia highly recommended for supplementary food for children.

Editorial introductions.

Editorial introductions.

Additive manufacturing of metallic biomaterials: sustainability aspect, opportunity, and challenges

ABSTRACT The use of cutting-edge techniques is beneficial for the research and development of biomaterials and the production of new sustainable biomaterials. Eco-friendly biomaterials should be promoted. As prospective substitutes for conventional materials, a variety of biomaterials have been conceived and produced to date and successfully used in various biomedical disciplines. The sustainability component in the additive manufacturing of biomaterials is the main goal of this article. There is discussion of various metallic biomaterials, including titanium, stainless steel, magnesium, cobalt-chromium alloy, zinc, tantalum etc. The effects of several additive manufacturing techniques on sustainability are examined. Also, the properties of additive manufactured biomaterials and sustainability aspect of biomaterials are discussed in detail. By reducing material waste and using time and energy efficiently, additive manufacturing can assist to lower costs and having less harmful effects on the environment. This article discussed sustainability aspects of different additive manufacturing techniques used for manufacturing of biomaterials.

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite from <i>Pinctada Maxima</i> Shell with Short Aging Time for Bone Biomaterial Candidate

Biomaterial products for bone repair are needed to support accelerated tissue healing. This research aimed to synthesize and characterize carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA) from Pinctada maxima (P. maxima) using the precipitation method with a short aging time, 15 min. CHA was dried with oven-dry at 100°C for 12 h (CHA A) and a furnace-dry at 1000°C for 2 h (CHA B). Short aging time succeeded in producing CHA B-type with lattice parameters and of CHA A is 9.382 and 6.964 , while 9.451 and 6.962 for CHA B. The high temperature treatment made the diffraction peak indicating CHA more detected and crystallinity increased to 97.87%. The appearance of C–O bond and diffraction peaks of CHA verified substituted carbonates hydroxyapatite.

Protein separation by sequential selective complex coacervation

In food manufacturing and particular biomedical products selected proteins are often required. Obtaining the desired proteins in a pure form from natural resources is therefore important, but often very challenging. Herein, we design a sequential coacervation process that allows to efficiently isolate and purify proteins with different isoelectric points (pIs) from a mixed solution, namely Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA, pI = 4.9) and Peroxidase from Horseradish (HRP, pI = 7.2). The key to separation is introducing a suitable polyelectrolyte that causes selective complex coacervation at appropriate pH and ionic strength. Specifically, polyethyleneimine (PEI), when added into the mixture at pH 6.0, produces a coacervation which exclusively contains BSA, leading to a supernatant solution containing 100 % HRP with a purity of 91 %. After separating the dilute and dense phases, BSA is recovered by adding poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) to the concentrated phase, which displaces BSA from the complex because it interacts more strongly with PEI. The supernatant phase after this step contains approximately 75 % of the initial amount of BSA with a purity of 99 %. Our results confirm that coacervation under well-defined conditions can be selective, enabling separation of proteins with adequate purity. Therefore, the established approach demonstrates a facile and sustainable strategy with potential for protein separation at industrial scale.

Hyaluronic Acid: A Powerful Biomolecule with Wide-Ranging Applications-A Comprehensive Review.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan widely distributed in the human body, especially in body fluids and the extracellular matrix of tissues. It plays a crucial role not only in maintaining tissue hydration but also in cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and the inflammatory response. HA has demonstrated its efficacy as a powerful bioactive molecule not only for skin antiaging but also in atherosclerosis, cancer, and other pathological conditions. Due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and non-immunogenicity, several HA-based biomedical products have been developed. There is an increasing focus on optimizing HA production processes to achieve high-quality, efficient, and cost-effective products. This review discusses HA's structure, properties, and production through microbial fermentation. Furthermore, it highlights the bioactive applications of HA in emerging sectors of biomedicine.

Production of nanobodies in Andean camelids and their most common applications: A general review in the medical field.

The heavy chain fraction present in Camelidae antibodies is so-called nanobodies. They have different characteristics when compared to immunoglobulin G, like more diminutive size, higher affinity, shorter half-life in serum, etc. These proteins are codified by B lymphocytes cDNAs and can be produced in different hosts like Escherichia Coli, Pichia Pastoris, plant cells and even insect cells. Andean camelids have been mainly used in the Andean region of South America as transport means and source of raw materials like fibers and meat, then being of great economic importance. However, in Ecuador, the potential of these animals as a source of biomedical products has not been investigated or exploited yet. Due to the scarce information related to these molecules and their industrial production in the country, this review aims to remark on the most common medical application of nanobodies produced from Andean camelids; also, industrial applications are described. Keywords: Cancer, Coronavirus, VHH, production, treatment, diagnosis.

Multiple Utilization Ways of Corn By-Products for Biomaterial Production with Bio-Refinery Concept; a Review

Multiple Utilization Ways of Corn By-Products for Biomaterial Production with Bio-Refinery Concept; a Review

Replacing single-use plastics with biomaterial packaging in Thailand and impacts on the water-energy-climate Nexus

Despite the potential benefits of biomaterial packaging in reducing plastic waste, evaluating its environmental impact at a regional or national level is imperative. This study evaluated options for replacing single-use plastics in Thailand with biomaterial packaging. We focused on plastic bags, foam food boxes, and plastic trays and cups, considering their volume of consumption and end-of-life management in 2020 as a base case. We examined the effects of this replacement on water scarcity, energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the life cycle, and the reduction of waste mismanagement. Based on our findings, the optimal approach to manufacturing biomaterials and managing their end-of-life phase could lower GHG emissions by 1980 kt CO2-eq per year, reduce landfill waste by 490 kt per year, and decrease mismanaged waste by 987 kt per year in comparison to the 2020 baseline (conventional plastics). However, to achieve this scenario, a remarkable amount of biomaterial is required. The demand for sugarcane as a feedstock for biomaterial production (15 million t/y) accounts for 20 % of Thailand's total output or half of its sugar exports. However, the need for cassava as a feedstock for biomaterial production (1 million t/y) accounts for only 1 % of the entire output or less than 10 % of cassava exports. To enhance the productivity of biomass feedstocks, additional land and water resources will be necessary compared to the 2020 base case. This could result in a doubling of the water demand, which would exacerbate water scarcity compared to the 2020 base case. Using biomaterials in packaging can be an effective way to decrease plastic waste and its related environmental impacts. However, proper waste management should be prioritized. Policymakers should carefully consider the environmental impacts and resource security implications of bio-based packaging.

Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Essential Oils of Zingiber officinale, Citrus sinensis, Cinnamomum camphora, and Cinnamomum cassia

Essential oils have recently received a lot of attention due to their numerous uses in natural functional ingredients, Cosmetics, pharmaceutical formulations, and biomedical products. In our research,, the chemical composition and biological effects of four commercial essential oils obtained extracted from four different plants, Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Citrus sinensis (Orange), Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor), and Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon cassia) were analyzed and determined. GC-MS was used to analyze the chemical composition of four essential oils. The disc diffusion technique, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) analysis were used to determine the antibacterial effect of essential oils against Gram positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli) bacteria. The cytotoxic activity was also evident against cervical carcinoma cells and prostate Carcinoma cells. By GC-MS analysis, the four essential oils, Z. officinale, C. inensis, C. camphor, and C.cassia contained 32, 8, 16, and 9 components in total, respectively. Results, Most of studied essential oils showed antibacterial activities; C. cassia recorded the highest effect against tested strains, followed by C. inensis and C. camphor. C. cassia EO showed a strong inhibitory action against B. cereus and E. coli by inhibiting the region 45.7±0.55, and 40.5±0.53 respectively, while Z. officinale showed no effect against B. cereus, and S. aureus Gve+. The lowest value of MIC and MBC for C. cassia EO is ∼25 μL/mL against B.cereus. C. cassia was the most effective against used mammalian Cell Lines (IC50 values of 52.5±1.59 and 47.46±1.28 μg/mL) followed by C. camphora (IC50 values of 53.23±1.68 and 60.64±1.76 μg/mL). Finally, essential oils have shown a good alternative to replace antibiotics and anti cancer drugs.

Effects of Flex Fuel in Light Duty Power Generators on the Environment and Circular Bio-Economy

Environmental sustainability encompasses various problems, including clean air, renewable energy, climate change, safe environments, and the capacity to live in a healthy community. One possible strategy for addressing these global problems is the circular bio-economy. Cleaner and lower-carbon environments may be fostered via the production of bioenergy and biomaterials, which can also help to maintain the energy-environment connection. To improve sustainability and the state of the planet, scientists are looking at renewable energy sources like ethanol. Compared to gasoline, ethanol has a reduced carbon footprint and a greater energy density, making it a viable alternative fuel. This study gives an overview of ethanol as a possible alternative fuel for flex-powered power generators in India to meet the goals of the circular bio-economy. This paper details the results of flex-fuel testing conducted on a light-duty power generator using an ethanol-gasoline mix. The findings reveal improved thermal efficiency and lower fuel consumption rates than basic fuel. The emissions of both carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons were shown to be reduced.

Decellularized Vascular Scaffolds Derived from Bovine Placenta Blood Vessels.

Diseases associated with the circulatory system are the main causes of worldwide morbidity and mortality, implying the need for vascular implants. Thus, the production of vascular biomaterials has proven to be a promising alternative to therapies used in studies and research related to vascular physiology. The present project aims to achieve the artificial development of blood vessels through the recellularization of vascular scaffolds derived from bovine placental vessels. The chorioallantoic surface of the bovine placenta was used to produce decellularized biomaterials. For recellularization, 2.5 x 104 endothelial cells were seeded above each decellularized vessel fragment during three or seven days, when culture were interrupted, and the fragments were fixed for cell attachment analysis. Decellularized and recellularized biomaterials were evaluated by basic histology, scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. The decellularization process produced vessels that maintained natural structure and elastin content, and no cells or gDNA remains were observed. Endothelial precursor cells were also attached to lumen and external surface of the decellularized vessel.Conclusion: Our results show a possibility of future uses of this biomaterial in cardiovascular medicine, as in the development of engineered vessels.

Recent Advances in Processing of Titanium and Titanium Alloys through Metal Injection Molding for Biomedical Applications: 2013-2022.

Metal injection molding (MIM) is one of the most widely used manufacturing processes worldwide as it is a cost-effective way of producing a variety of dental and orthopedic implants, surgical instruments, and other important biomedical products. Titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys are popular modern metallic materials that have revamped the biomedical sector as they have superior biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance, and high static and fatigue strength. This paper systematically reviews the MIM process parameters that extant studies have used to produce Ti and Ti alloy components between 2013 and 2022 for the medical industry. Moreover, the effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical properties of the MIM-processed sintered components has been reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that by appropriately selecting and implementing the processing parameters at different stages of the MIM process, defect-free Ti and Ti alloy-based biomedical components can be produced. Therefore, this present study could greatly benefit future studies that examine using MIM to develop products for biomedical applications.