Biomass Resources Research Articles

The Influence of the Comonomer Ratio and Reaction Temperature on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Lignin Oil-Sulfur Composites.

Although lignin is a plentiful biomass resource, it continually exists as an underutilized component of biomass material. Elemental sulfur is another abundant yet underutilized commodity produced as a by-product resulting from the refining of fossil fuels. The current study presents a strategy for preparing five durable composites via a simple one-pot synthesis involving the reaction of lignin oil and elemental sulfur. These lignin oil-sulfur composites LOSx@T (where x = wt. % sulfur, ranging from 80 to 90, and T represents the reaction temperature in °C) were prepared via the reaction of elemental sulfur and lignin oil (LO) with elemental sulfur. The resulting composites could be remelted and reshaped several times without the loss of mechanical strength. Mechanical, thermal, and morphological studies showed that LOSx@T possesses properties competitive with some mechanical properties of commercial building materials, exhibiting favorable compressive strengths (22.1-35.9 MPa) and flexural strengths (5.7-6.5 MPa) exceeding the values required for many construction applications of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and brick formulations. While varying the amount of organic material did not result in a notable difference in mechanical strength, increasing the reaction temperature from 230 to 300 °C resulted in a significant increase in compressive strength. The results reported herein reveal potential applications of both lignin and waste sulfur during the ongoing effort toward developing recyclable and sustainable building materials.

Sustainable Production of Ulva Oligosaccharides via Enzymatic Hydrolysis: A Review on Ulvan Lyase.

Ulvan is a water-soluble sulfated polysaccharide extracted from the green algae cell wall. Compared with polysaccharides, oligosaccharides have drawn increasing attention in various industries due to their enhanced biocompatibility and solubility. Ulvan lyase degrades polysaccharides into low molecular weight oligosaccharides through the β-elimination mechanism. The elucidation of the structure, catalytic mechanism, and molecular modification of ulvan lyase will be helpful to obtain high value-added products from marine biomass resources, as well as reduce environmental pollution caused by the eutrophication of green algae. This review summarizes the structure and bioactivity of ulvan, the microbial origin of ulvan lyase, as well as its sequence, three-dimensional structure, and enzymatic mechanism. In addition, the molecular modification of ulvan lyase, prospects and challenges in the application of enzymatic methods to prepare oligosaccharides are also discussed. It provides information for the preparation of bioactive Ulva oligosaccharides through enzymatic hydrolysis, the technological bottlenecks, and possible solutions to address these issues within the enzymatic process.

Optimizing biomass supply chains: A probabilistic approach to managing uncertainties in southwest Nigeria

Efficient and sustainable use of biomass resources is crucial to meet the increasing demand for bio-based products and renewable energy. The biomass supply chain, which includes harvesting, collecting, logistics, storage, and pre-treatment, faces challenges due to uncertainties such as market fluctuations, equipment availability, weather conditions, and transportation constraints. These uncertainties often hinder the optimisation of the supply chain. This research work explores the performance of the biomass supply chain by optimizing operations while accounting for these uncertainties. Nigeria is faced with power issues and there are resources to combat the problem through generation of cleaner energy from biomass. Using mathematical modelling, the study evaluates the impact of uncertainty on key performance areas like feedstock supply, inventory management, transportation efficiency, and processing capacity. The research demonstrates the importance of incorporating uncertainty-aware solutions to minimize risks and improve the flexibility of the biomass supply chain. Sensitivity analyses and case studies shows that the proposed probabilistic modelling approach provides valuable insights into system vulnerabilities and effective strategies for optimizing operations under uncertain conditions. The findings highlight the potential of this approach to improve decision making, resource allocation, and promote sustainable practices in the biomass sector. Ultimately, the study contributes to advancing biomass supply chain management, paving the way for a more resilient and efficient use of bioresources.

Endogenous iron-enriched biochar loaded nickel-foam cathode in electro-Fenton for ciprofloxacin degradation: performance, mechanism and DFT calculation

Steel mill wastewater sludge, with abundant endogenous iron resources, could be pyrolyzed into iron-enriched biochar (SBC) in one step and loaded onto nickel foam cathode (Ni-Foam) to construct a heterogeneous electro-Fenton system (SBC@Ni-Foam/EF). The purpose of this study were to optimize SBC@Ni-Foam/EF for efficient ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal, and its degradation mechanism and pathway in the presence of endogenous iron were elucidated by DFT calculation. The results showed that the highest CIP degradation efficiency (95.11 %) was achieved at a SBC pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C, an initial solution pH of 3, a Na2SO4 concentration of 0.05 mol L−1, a current density of 40 mA cm−2, and an aeration rate of 200 mL min−1. The degradation of CIP by SBC@Ni-Foam/EF was dominated by cathodic catalytic oxidation, and ·OH played a major role in the CIP degradation process. Combined with characterization and DFT calculation, the endogenous iron was dispersed in the stable Fe3O4 crystalline phase, which provided surface defects and catalytic sites for the cathode and promoted H2O2 activation to generate ·OH through iron cycling. The possible degradation pathways of CIP were proposed to include the cleavage of piperazine and quinolone rings, hydroxylation, and substitution or detachment of fluorine, etc., and the overall toxicity of the intermediates was alleviated after SBC@Ni-Foam/EF treatment. Therefore, this study was expected to achieve a win–win situation for iron-enriched sludge biomass resource utilization and CIP wastewater treatment.

Enhancing enzymatic conversion of castor stalk through dual-functional ethanolamine pretreatment

Castor stalk from hemp plants is an attractive lignocellulosic feedstock for biomass refining valorization due to its similar chemical composition to hardwoods. In this study, the castor stalk fibers were pretreated with efficient dual-functional ethanolamine to achieve delignification and swelling of the cellulosic fibers, followed by cellulase enzymatic digestion for biomass conversion. Experimental results showed that ethanolamine pretreatment at 160 °C for 1 h effectively removed 69.20 % of lignin and 43.18 % of hemicellulose. In addition to efficient delignification and removal of hemicellulose, the study also revealed that supramolecular structure of cellulose was another major factor affecting enzymatic hydrolysis performance. The lowered crystallinity (60–70 %) and swelled crystal sizes (2.95–3.04 nm) promoted enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency during the heterogeneous reaction process. Under optimal conditions (160 °C, 1 h; enzyme loading: 15 FPU/g substrate), promoted yields of 100 % glucose and over 90 % xylose were achieved, which were significantly higher than those obtained from untreated castor stalk. These findings highlighted the effectiveness of the dual-functional ethanolamine pretreatment strategy for efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the development of new strategies for the efficient utilization of biomass resources, which is essential for the sustainable development of our society.

Regulation of thermal migration channel in cellulose hydrogel to enhance thermopower

Ionic thermoelectric material is gaining increasing attention, and many attempts have been devoted to obtain huge ionic thermopower, which remains a big challenge. Herein, the idea of “ion thermal migration channel” was propose, and a high ionic thermopower was achieved by regulating the thermal migration channel in cellulose hydrogel system. It is found that the channels size as well as the channel-ion interaction played dominant roles. Initially, the channel size in cellulose/KCl hydrogel were optimized to enlarge the channel-Cl− interactions via counter-ion condensation effect, which improved the thermopower from 2.45 mV·K−1 to 8.13 mV·K−1. Then, sodium alginate as polyanion was doped and multi-valance ion cross-linking was carried out, to further enhance the channel-Cl− interaction, and a high thermopower of 22.09 mV·K−1 was realized. In addition, the cellulose based ionic thermoelectric hydrogel displayed viable basis for energy harvesting and temperature sensing as wearable flexible devices. The present work not only provides a systematic strategy for the thermopower regulation, but also supplies an applicable approach for the preparation of sustainable thermoelectric materials with biomass resources, demonstrating great potential in sustainability and green energy.

Bright green cellulose-based fluorescent probe toward Au3+ smartphone technology recognition and its visualization application

In this study, a novel fluorescent probe, MAC-2, for the detection of Au3+ was designed and synthesised using cellulose as a carrier combined with benzothiazole derivatives. The structure of the probe was confirmed by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and 1H NMR, also the optical properties of the product were investigated. MAC-2 showed bright green fluorescence under a 365 nm UV lamp and exhibited significant quenching behaviour toward Au3+. MAC-2 utilises more sustainable biomass resources, featuring green and biodegradable characteristics that meet environmental requirements. Compared with most reported probes, it exhibits notable fluorescence properties. The limit of detection (LOD) is as low as 0.057 μM, and the response time is 1 min. It also demonstrates good specific recognition and anti-interference abilities. In addition, a smartphone was used as a portable signal processing device to achieve rapid detection of Au3+ concentration. Meanwhile, MAC-2 was successfully prepared as a fluorescent test strip, providing a potential application for the convenient detection of Au3+. The high sensitivity and selectivity exhibited by cellulose-based fluorescent probes in detecting Au3+ offer valuable insights and new ideas for the detection of other metal ions and biomolecules. These inspirations will help promote the continuous development of research and applications in related fields.

Synthesis of Nanocellulose Facilitated by Ionic Liquid using Pongamia pinnata as Biomass Resource

Synthesis of Nanocellulose Facilitated by Ionic Liquid using Pongamia pinnata as Biomass Resource

Catalytic depolymerization of Camellia oleifera shell lignin to phenolic monomers: Insights into the effects of solvent, catalyst and atmosphere

Camellia oleifera shell (COS) is a renewable biomass resource abundant in lignin with significant potential for producing phenolic monomers. However, the dearth of research has led to considerable resource wastage and environmental pollution. Herein, reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of COS was performed using noble metal catalysts in different solvents. An 11.1 wt% yield of phenolic monomers was achieved with 91% selectivity toward propylene-substituted monomers in H2O/EtOH (3:7, v/v) cosolvent under N2 atmosphere. Notably, the highest phenolic monomer yield of 17.0 wt% was obtained with impressive selectivity (86.9%) toward propanol-substituted monomers in the presence of H2. The GPC analysis and 2D HSQC NMR spectra indicated the effective depolymerization of lignin oligomers with catalysts. Phenolic monomers with ethyl, propyl, or propanol side chain could be produced from lignin-derived oligomers through hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation, and decarboxylation reactions. Overall, this study has paved the way for the valorization of COS lignin through the RCF strategy.

Straw Tar Epoxy Resin for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plastic: A Review.

The massive consumption of fossil fuels has led to the serious accumulation of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere and global warming. Bioconversion technologies that utilize biomass resources to produce chemical products are becoming widely accepted and highly recognized. The world is heavily dependent on petroleum-based products, which may raise serious concerns about future environmental security. Most commercially available epoxy resins (EPs) are synthesized by the condensation of bisphenol A (BPA), which not only affects the human endocrine system and metabolism, but is also costly to produce and environmentally polluting. In some cases, straw tar-based epoxy resins have been recognized as potential alternatives to bisphenol A-based epoxy resins, and are receiving increasing attention due to their important role in overcoming the above problems. Using straw tar and lignin as the main raw materials, phenol derivatives were extracted from the middle tar instead of bisphenol A. Bio-based epoxy resins were prepared by replacing epichlorohydrin with epoxylated lignin to press carbon fiber sheets, which is a kind of bio-based fine chemical product. This paper reviews the research progress of bio-based materials such as lignin modification, straw pyrolysis, lignin epoxidation, phenol derivative extraction, and synthesis of epoxy resin. It improves the performance of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) while taking into account the ecological and environmental protection, so that the epoxy resin is developed in the direction of non-toxic, harmless and high-performance characteristics, and it also provides a new idea for the development of bio-based carbon fibers.

Parametric studies on energy utilization of the Chinese medicine residues: Preparation and properties of densified pellet

The depletion of fossil fuels has fueled an increased interest in biomass resources usage for heat and electricity generation. As an important biomass resource, Chinese medicine residues have great potential in substituting fossil fuels. However, that is basically limited by its poor properties, including low bulk density, high moisture content, and inhomogeneous structure. Herein, a safe and sustainable strategy was reported to prepare a high-quality densified pellet derived from Chinese medicine residues to address these worries. In this process, mixed and simple size materials were densified under various moisture content and pressure using a laboratory electronic tablet press machine equipped a single pellet mold. Results showed that higher pressure, ideal moisture content (∼6.5 %), and mixed particle size could densify better quality pellets. These findings pave the way for the safely and efficient resource utilization of Chinese medicine residues, as well as providing theoretical guidance and technical support for the household heating.

Life cycle analysis of ethanol obtained from lignocellulosic biomass: A case study of a native perennial grass from Argentina

The increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) are the main cause of climate change. The scientific community agree that transition to renewable energies will play a key role as a mitigation strategy for this problem. In this work, an abundant biomass resource of central-eastern zone of Argentina is evaluated: rangelands of the Submeridional Lowlands dominated by Spartina argentinensis (espartillo). Bioethanol production from this species would not change the current land use; it has been assessed using a consequential Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodology. LCA was carried out with comparative objectives with the fuel to replace (gasoline). The functional unit was defined as “The production and use of 1 MJ of liquid fuel”. Two impact categories were considered: (i) Climate Change and (ii) Energy Use through global warming potential and energy return on investment (EROI), respectively. Gasoline's GHG emissions were 96.9 g of CO2eq per MJ while the bioethanol obtained from espartillo was carbon negative in most scenarios. The EROI of gasoline had a value of 0.7 while bioethanol presented a range of 0.7 to 1.8. This LCA was realized with a consequential approach except for the by-products of fermentation at the biorefinery which were not considered to be used for any activity due to not having real data of such by-product; hence the obtained figures could be improved if these by-products were able to replace another product. The energy self-sufficiency of the plant and the avoided fires in rangelands are key factors to improve the environmental performance of bioethanol.

One-Pot Effective Approach to 2,5-Diformylfuran From Carbohydrates Using MoS2-Decorated Carbonaceous Sugarcane Bagasse.

Exploring the transformation of carbohydrates into valuable chemicals offers a promising and eco-friendly method for utilizing renewable biomass resources. Developing a bi-functional, sustainable heterogeneous catalyst is of utmost importance to attain a high level of selectivity for the desired product, 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), in this direct conversion process. In this study, we developed a highly effective catalytic system to convert diverse carbohydrates into DFF. Our approach involved utilizing a MoS2 catalyst supported by amorphous carbon derived from sulfonated sugarcane biomass. The MoS2@SBG-SO3H composite was successfully synthesized using a facile and highly efficient method. The transformation of fructose into DFF achieved a significant yield of 70 % for 5 h at 160 °C using a one-step and one-pot reaction through dehydration and oxidation with oxygen. The oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into DFF using MoS2@SBG-SO3H was obtained at 94 % DFF within 5 h; the activation energy was 38.3 kJ . mol-1. The catalyst displayed convenient recovery and reusability. The direct synthesis of DFF from various carbohydrates, such as sucrose, glucose, maltose, and lactose, resulted in favorable yields. Our research provides a quick, green, and efficient process for preparing carbon-based solid acid catalysts and DFF.

Constructing an artificial in vitro multi-enzyme cascade pathway to convert glycerol and CO2 into L-aspartic acid

Developing utilization technologies for biomass resources, exploring their applications in the fields of energy and chemical engineering, holds significant importance for promoting sustainable development and constructing a green, low-carbon society. In this study, we designed a non-natural in vitro multi-enzyme system for converting glycerol and CO2 into L-aspartic acid (L-Asp). The coupled system utilized eight enzymes, including alditol oxidase (ALDO), catalase-peroxidase (CAT), lactaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), glycerate 2-kinase (GK), phosphopyruvate hydratase (PPH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC), L-aspartate dehydrogenase (ASPD), and polyphosphate kinase (PPK), to convert the raw materials into L-Asp in one-pot coupled with NADH and ATP regeneration. Under optimal reaction conditions, 18.6 mM of L-Asp could be produced within 2.0 h at a total enzyme addition of 4.85 mg/mL, demonstrating the high efficiency and productivity characteristics of the designed system. Our technological application provides new insights and methods for the development of biomass resource utilization technologies.

An integrated biorefinery of Madhuca indica for co-production of biodiesel, bio-oil, and biochar: Towards a sustainable circular bioeconomy

The advancement of non-waste biorefinery technology has proved beneficial in effectively using waste biomass resources. The potential of various biorefinery designs to transform biomass into a range of commercially viable products and bioenergies has piqued attention worldwide among the several scenarios proposed to commercialize biofuels. This paper describes the biorefinery of Madhuca indica (M. indica) seeds to generate biochar, bio-oil, and biodiesel. Pyrolization was used on the de-oiled cake to produce charcoal and bio-oil. The M. indica seed's biochar was utilized as a useful supporting particle to immobilize the enzyme. Through transesterification, the immobilized enzyme transformed the oil extracted from the seed into biodiesel. Using an optimum methanol-to-oil ratio of 7.5:1, 3 % (w/w) of catalyst, and 16 % (v/v) of water content, the method yielded a maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion of 93.4 %. Diesel and 20 % biodiesel have been assessed in terms of performance and emissions analysis. Comparing a 20 % blend of biodiesel to commercial diesel at full load, the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) were reduced by 21.2 %, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by 18.02 %, and nitric oxide (NO) emissions by 4.33 %. In addition, the capital flow of the suggested biorefinery was assessed using a techno-economic analysis. The biorefinery process payback period for the biodiesel, bio-oil, and charcoal made from M. indica was determined to be 3.1358 years using the Aspen Plus Economic Analyzer. Techno-economic studies reveal that the biorefinery process is highly lucrative and practical. The current study therefore shows methods to use the Madhuca indica seed biorefinery to produce sustainable energy and byproducts with no net emissions of carbon.

Thermo-catalytic reforming pyrolysis of ensiled Saccharina latissima dominated macroalgal pellets for bioenergy production

Marine macroalgae is a biomass resource for the manufacture of fuels and chemicals, which can be sustainably harvested from seaweed farms or from man-made structures where it accumulates as a biofouling organism. However, in temperate regions farmed macroalgae can only be harvested between late Spring and early Summer, limiting year-round availability. Here we show that a conventional grass ensilage procedure preserves Saccharina latissima dominated biomass on the tonne scale for 30 months, enabling year-round use of this biomass. Following processing, the resulting dried and pelletised ensiled macroalgae material was subject to Thermo-Catalytic Reforming™, comprising sequential pyrolysis (450 °C) and either dry or steam catalytic reforming (700 °C) processes. Both processing methods produced a mixture of bio-oil (1.6–1.9 wt%) and hydrogen-rich permanent gases (30.9–31.1 wt%) with higher heating values of 34.8–35.4 MJ/kg and 18.0–24.2 MJ/m3, respectively, together with char (45.5–48.5 % wt). The permanent gases can be used directly for heat generation, while hydro-treatment of the bio-oil would afford a material that can be blended with traditional transport fuels. This work demonstrates that if operated at scale, the combined harvesting, ensilaging and Thermo-Catalytic Reforming™ of preserved macroalgal biomass offers a year-round decentralised energy resource.

Biomass-derived epoxy resin and its application for high-performance natural fiber composites

The development of bio-based materials with superior comprehensive properties from biomass resources remains a significant challenge, providing an alternative to conventional petroleum-based materials. This study explores the lignin-derived vanillyl alcohol epoxy (VAE) resin-containing mono and di (m&d) epoxy structure as an adhesive to develop environment-friendly natural fiber-reinforced composites to reduce the carbon footprint. The synthesized m&dVAE containing mono and di-epoxidized (m&d) aromatic rings, when cured with 4, 4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) hardener, exhibits higher record tensile strength ∼124.0 ± 8.43 MPa and tensile modulus ∼2.88 ± 0.35 GPa compared to a commercial petroleum-based epoxy, diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGEBA) thermoset. Additionally, it demonstrated higher adhesion shear strength (∼19.16 ± 0.58 MPa) with cellulose nanofibers film than DGEBA. Moreover, fabricated green composite possesses excellent flexural strength of ∼203.72 ± 2.08 MPa and stiffness of ∼11.58 ± 0.38 GPa than the petroleum-based thermoset composite. The composite’s fracture surface morphology shows that the resin and fibers have good interfacial adhesion. Notably, the sustainable composite showed good hydrophobicity and an excellent heat-resistant index of 144.4°C. The m&dVAE resin can be an alternative to petroleum-based resins as an adhesive, and its environment-friendly sustainable composite could be a promising candidate to replace synthetic materials for high-performance structural applications.

High performance biochar derived from mycelium-based leather composites waste for energy storage applications

The mycelial waste generated during the production of mycelium-based leather composites presents both opportunities and challenges in maximizing biomass resource efficiency. In this study, we synthesized mesoporous biochar (AGLM-5) with a specific surface area of 3151.9 m2/g through the KOH activation method using Ganoderma lucidum mycelium waste as the precursor material. AGLM-5 exhibited exceptional performance in a three-electrode system test, demonstrating a specific capacitance of 303.5 F/g. In a two-electrode system test, it achieved an energy density of 45.5 Wh/kg at a power density of 450.7 W/kg. The symmetric supercapacitor assembled using AGLM-5 demonstrated outstanding cycling stability over 10,000 cycles, exhibiting a capacitance loss of less than 4 % throughout the entire testing period. Additionally, we employed a hydrothermal method to synthesize composite electrode sheets (δ-MnO2/AGLM-5), which not only supported the layered structure of δ-MnO2 but also significantly improved the cycling stability and electrical conductivity of aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIB). This study presents an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for utilizing Ganoderma lucidum mycelial biomass, with particular emphasis on the potential application of mycelial carbon materials in battery energy storage.

Synergistic effects of cellulose nanocrystal on the mechanical and shape memory properties of TPU composites

Cellulose nanocrystal is a nanomaterial that has a large specific surface area, high surface energy, and high strength. As well, it is biocompatible, environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and can be extracted from biomass resources. Because of these features, cellulose nanocrystals can be used to improve the mechanical properties of polymer matrices with a shape memory effect and as a shape memory switch. In this study, a polytrimethylene ether glycol-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) composite was prepared via an in-situ polymerization process to create a self-healing polymer matrix. Also, the effect of CNC doses in low concentrations (≤2 wt%) on the different properties of the resulting bio-nanocomposite was investigated. The results showed that the introduction of CNCs affects the hydrogen bonding within the polymer matrix and provides better thermal stability in the high temperature range than pure TPU. Furthermore, the samples with 0 wt%, 0.75 wt%, 1 wt%, and 2 wt% of CNC exhibited an increasing trend in tensile strength with values of 11.71 MPa, 18.95 MPa, 17.88 MPa, and 26.18 MPa, respectively, which indicates a remarkable improvement in mechanical strength. The shape memory behavior was also notably prominent in this polymer composite, where the composite containing 2 wt% of CNC showed the fastest recovery time (240 s) at 75 °C with the highest shape retention. Moreover, their flow behavior and deformation capacity were examined through rheology tests. Besides, docking simulations were conducted in silico to assess the interaction of the TPU/CNC composite with the DNA gyrase enzyme. The interaction between CNC/TPU composite and DNA gyrase was meticulously analyzed across 10 distinct conformations, yielding docking scores ranging from −6.5 Kcal/mol to −5.3 Kcal/mol. Overall, the physico-mechanical properties of the TPU/CNC composites were substantially enhanced with the incorporation of nanofillers.

Biomass: The accelerator for moving MOFs to practical applications

Mitigating the increasingly prominent energy and environmental issues arising from the rapid expansion of industry through the realization of green and sustainable development has become a global focus. Compared to traditional fossil energy sources, biomass resources offer a diverse range of supply channels. Therefore, in an industrial system dominated by fossil energy, the deep exploration and utilization of biomass resources are crucial for environmental restoration. Against the backdrop of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutrality,” replacing traditional fossil fuels with biomass resources presents broad application prospects, promoting the utilization of environmental resources and pointing the way towards future green and circular development. Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs), characterized by their high specific surface area, large porosity, and tunable properties, have garnered significant attention. However, due to the inherent powdered nature of MOFs, they pose challenges in practical applications, such as difficulties in recovery, pipeline blockages, and even secondary pollution. This issue can be addressed by compositing MOFs with other eco-friendly and renewable materials. Biomass resources are precisely such eco-friendly and renewable materials. Biomass/MOF composites, formed by integrating biomass with MOFs, combine the advantages of both materials, thereby expanding their practical application domains. This review explores the methods of preparing and applying functionalized new materials facilitated by the incorporation of biomass into MOFs, starting from various biomass raw materials. It thoroughly summarizes the research advancements of such materials in adsorption, catalysis, sensing, energy, and other fields. Additionally, it provides constructive suggestions on the issues encountered during the preparation and application processes, offering a scientific basis for researchers in designing and developing novel biomass/MOF composite materials.Abbreviations: MOFs, Metal-Organic Frameworks; NRs, combined with nanorods; PSM, post-synthetic modification; –OH, hydroxyl; –COOH, carboxyl; –CHO, aldehyde; MB, methylene blue; MD-Wood, modified wood; MS, cell walls of waste corn stalks; CS, corn stalks; PS, pine sawdust; PMS, peroxymonosulfate; OTC, oxytetracycline; DFT, density functional theory; AAMOFs, Amino acid metal–organic frameworks; SO, sage; CO, calendula; hetero-fNCs, flexible nitrogen-doped carbon heterostructures; BUBS, bionic ultra-black sponge; SO4•−, sulfate radicals; MN, melanin nanoparticles; CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose; ACW, eutrophic water; DC, desert cyanobacteria.