Biomass-derived Carbon Materials Research Articles

One-pot synthesis of hybrid-ternary nickel-oxide decorated polypyrrole/activated carbon nanocomposite as cathode for record-high long life asymmetric supercapattery

Biomass-derived electrode materials, despite their low cost and sustainability, exhibit poor stability, energy density, and cyclic stability, thereby being unsuitable for high-performance supercapacitor applications. To overcome these limitations, we report a one-pot solvothermal synthesis of hybrid ternary nickel-oxide decorated polypyrrole/activated carbon nanocomposite (NPC) for high-performance asymmetric supercapattery applications, wherein NiO and AC are derived from low cost and abundantly available Cactaceae biomass. Detailed morphological studies reveal NiO microspheres decorated within the nanowire-like polypyrrole and carbon nanosheets in the NPC nanocomposite. The optimized NPC electrode delivers 833.06 Fg-1 (416.53 Cg-1) of half-cell specific capacitance of at 1 Ag-1. An asymmetric supercapattery (ASB) device assembled with the NPC and AC as a positive and negative electrode, respectively shows 361.4 Fg-1 (180.7 Cg-1) of cell-specific capacitance at 1 Ag-1 with 98.3 Wh kg−1 of specific energy at 9330.57 Wkg-1 of specific power at 1.4 V and record-high 100% capacitance retention even after 12,000 cycles. This outstanding performance is attributed to the synergetic features of rapid electrolyte-ion diffusion because of the small energy difference between the ions in the NiO, high conductivity of CP and the porous nature with a high surface area of the AC. Thus, the bioorganic framework of NiO nanomaterials and biomass-derived carbon materials has demonstrated a novel route for improving the NPC composite's electrochemical energy storage capability.

Ultrahigh surface area hierarchical porous carbon derived from biomass via a new KOH activation strategy for high-performance supercapacitor

The study presents a new two-step KOH activation strategy for the facile preparation of three-dimensionally (3D) O-doped interconnected hierarchical porous carbons with ultrahigh surface area (up to 4048.2 m2/g) derived from cost-effective biomass. The resulting porous carbon electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical performances, with specific capacitances reaching up to 419 F/g at 0.5 A/g and energy densities up to 30.3 W h/kg at 250 W/kg. Meanwhile, the electrodes showed outstanding cycling stability (up to 91.2%) after 20,000 cycles. Compared to the conventional KOH activation method, the new strategy was found to be more effective in improving the porous structure, increasing the specific surface area, and enhancing O-doping of the obtained porous carbons. As a result, the electrochemical performances of the obtained carbon electrode materials were significantly enhanced. The positive effects of this new strategy were confirmed for four types of biomass, including lotus seedpods, rice husk, reed straw and corn cob. Overall, this work provides a simple and effective way to produce superb porous biomass-derived carbon materials for supercapacitor with high performance.

Excellent electrocatalytic performance of rice straw-derived carbon catalysts activated by zinc halides for oxygen reduction reaction

Biomass-derived carbon materials have been proved to be a prominent catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The chemical activator used in the preparation process of biomass-derived carbon materials has an important impact on its ORR performance. Exploration of suitable chemical activator has become extremely important. Three zinc halides (ZnF2, ZnBr2, and ZnI2) and ZnCl2 used as the activators for the preparation process of rice straw-derived carbon (SDXNC) were carefully studied for the first time. The surface area, pore volume, doping N content and surface defect of as-prepared SDXNCs were effectively improved with the pyrolysis temperature of 1100 °C, further improving the ORR activity of SDXNC samples. The four rice straw-derived carbons activated by ZnX2 presented high onset potential, half-wave potential and limited current density, which can comparable to those of Pt/C. Moreover, they also occupy the typical 4-electron reduction pathway, ultrahigh methanol tolerance, and durability for ORR. Therefore, a class of low-cost and excellent chemical activators can be used for the preparation of biomass-derived carbon materials with prominent ORR activity.

Unsymmetric design of self-supported sheet electrode: Breaking the tradeoff between electrical conduction and surface wetting for fast energy storage and excellent cycling stability

Biomass-derived porous carbon materials are suitable candidates for energy storage due to their rich pore structure, high specific area, and tunable surface functionality. Carbon electrodes are often required to have both excellent conductivity and wettability, while one needs to be compromised for optimized outcomes. Herein, we constructed a self-supported Carbonized Wood@Graphene Nanosheets (CW@GNs) composite electrode by growing GNs on one side of the CW surface with a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technology. Both electrical conductivity and interfacial wettability can be obtained simultaneously in CW@GNs electrodes. The CW@GNs-1h showed a satisfactory specific capacitance of 210.2F g−1, while the value of pure CW was 177.2F g−1. Furthermore, a symmetrical supercapacitor assembled with two CW@GNs-1h monoliths performed an excellent energy density of 7.8 Wh kg−1 at 250.8 W kg−1, retaining attractive cycling stability (99.02%) after 50,000 cycles. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the unsymmetric design in a double-sided sheet electrode that breakthrough the tradeoff of electrical conductivity and surface wettability, and thus enhanced energy storage capacity and cycling stability were achieved.

Facile elimination of alkali and alkaline earth metals from marine biomass-derived carbon for comparative analysis of chemical composition with standard coal and coke

Pyrolysis of marine biomass (MB) to create marine biomass-derived carbon materials (MBCs) for industry is a sustainable solution. In this study, we systematically examined pyrolysis processes and performed elemental composition analyses of MB and MBC. The results revealed that MBC contained 12.5–25.5 mass% of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs). As the pyrolysis temperature increased, some of these AAEMs underwent physical phase changes. Subsequently, we applied CO2 aeration washing for the first time or low-concentrated acetic acid washing to eliminate AAEMs from MBC, reducing potential hazards in the future industrial application.Characterization results suggested that both post-processes effectively removed AAEMs from MBC, reducing the average content of Na and K to 0 mass%, Ca to 1.4 mass%, and Mg to 1.9 mass%. The Cl content was also reduced to 0.1 mass%. After removing AAEMs, the final carbon content of MBCs was as high as 90.8 mass% (dry ash free basis) with a minimum ash content of 6.4 mass% (dry basis) according to ultimate analysis. Comparison with commercial coal products showed that carbon contents were superior and ash contents were lower than those of most coal samples, suggesting that the treated MBCs are of sufficient quality for the carbon cycle industry.

Biomass waste-derived carbon materials for sustainable remediation of polluted environment: A comprehensive review

In response to the growing global concern over environmental pollution, the exploration of sustainable and eco-friendly materials derived from biomass waste has gained significant traction. This comprehensive review seeks to provide a holistic perspective on the utilization of biomass waste as a renewable carbon source, offering insights into the production of environmentally benign and cost-effective carbon-based materials. These materials, including biochar, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have shown immense promise in the remediation of polluted soils, industrial wastewater, and contaminated groundwater. The review commences by elucidating the intricate processes involved in the synthesis and functionalization of biomass-derived carbon materials, emphasizing their scalability and economic viability. With their distinctive structural attributes, such as high surface areas, porous architectures, and tunable surface functionalities, these materials emerge as versatile tools in addressing environmental challenges. One of the central themes explored in this review is the pivotal role that carbon materials play in adsorption processes, which represent a green and sustainable technology for the removal of a diverse array of pollutants. These encompass noxious organic compounds, heavy metals, and organic matter, encompassing pollutants found in soils, groundwater, and industrial wastewater. The discussion extends to the underlying mechanisms governing adsorption, shedding light on the efficacy and selectivity of carbon-based materials in different environmental contexts. Furthermore, this review delves into multifaceted considerations, spanning the spectrum from biomass and biowaste resources to the properties and applications of carbon materials. This holistic approach aims to equip researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of the synergistic utilization of these materials, ultimately facilitating effective and affordable strategies for combatting industrial wastewater pollution, soil contamination, and groundwater impurities.

Recent Developments and Emerging Opportunities for Biomass Derived Carbon Materials in Dye Sensitized Solar Energy Conversion

AbstractTo meet the ever‐increasing demand for solar energy conversion, the exploration of new materials that improve energy and cost efficiency is great significance. Particularly in dye‐sensitized solar cells, extensive efforts have been made to substitute the traditional metal‐based components with various carbon materials. As the result, carbon materials such as carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, grapheme, and porous carbon materials are explored for their components, which are traditionally derived from fossil resources. Recently these carbon materials are widely synthesized or derived from renewable biomasses and getting important in solar energy conversion due to their similar structural, physicochemical, morphological, and functional features of above stated traditional carbon materials. The utilization of these biocarbon materials offers numerous environmental and economic benefits over traditional carbon materials and creates a new pathway towards a sustainable future. Thus, this review summarizes the recent exploration of biocarbon materials in dye‐sensitized solar cells and discusses their emerging opportunities.

One stone for four birds: A “chemical blowing” strategy to synthesis wood-derived carbon monoliths for high-mass loading capacitive energy storage in low temperature

Biomass-derived carbon materials are promising electrode materials for capacitive energy storage. Herein, inspired by the hierarchical structure of natural wood, carbon monoliths built up by interconnected porous carbon nanosheets with enriched vertical channels were obtained via zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2)-assisted synthesis and served as thick electrodes for capacitive energy storage. Zn(NO3)2 is proved to function as expansion agent, activator, dopant, and precursor of the template. The dense and micron-scale thickness walls of wood were expanded by Zn(NO3)2 into porous and interconnected nanosheets. The pore volume and specific surface area were increased by more than 430 %. The initial specific capacitance and rate performance of the optimized carbon monolith was approximately three times that of the pristine dense carbon framework. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor possessed a high initial specific capacitance of 4564 mF cm−2 (0–1.7 V) at −40 °C. Impressively, the robust device could be cycled more than 100,000 times with little capacitance attenuation. The assembled zinc-ion hybrid capacitor (0.2–2 V) delivered a large specific capacitance of 4500 mF cm−2 at −40 °C, approximately 74 % of its specific capacitance at 25 °C. Our research paves a new avenue to design thick carbon electrodes with high capacitive performance by multifunctional Zn(NO3)2 for low-temperature applications.

Improving the adsorption performance of non-polar benzene vapor by using lignin-based activated carbon.

Both indoor and outdoor contamination continually contain benzene vapor. It has primary concerns about long-term health risks to the living environment. Benzene is a crucial airborne pollutant in the environment due to its apparent acute toxicity, high volatility, and poor degradability. It is especially urgent to restrain benzene emissions due to the persistent concentration increase and stringent processes. Benzene adsorption is a highly efficient mechanism with low cost, low energy consumption, and a simple process. In this study, biomass-derived porous carbon materials (TCACs) were synthesized by pyrolysis activation combined with H3PO4, HNO3, and HCl. TCAC44 has the best activation conclusion, showing that surface area and pore volume were 1107 m2/g and 0.58 cm3/g treated with H3PO4 and so was chosen for subsequent benzene adsorption/desorption tests. The adsorption capacities of benzene for TCAC44 were increased from 58 mg/g for 35 °C + 95% RH to 121 mg/g for 25 °C + 15% RH and presented a higher adsorption capacity of benzene than TCAC101 and TCAC133. Otherwise, well recyclability of TCAC44 was revealed as the benzene adsorption capacity reductions were 22.49% after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Furthermore, the present study established the property-application relationships to promote and encourage future research on the newly synthesized innovative TCAC44 for benzene removal.

Bimetallic nanocubes embedded in biomass-derived porous carbon to construct magnetic/carbon dual-mechanism layered structures for efficient microwave absorption

Biomass-derived porous carbon materials have great potential for the development of lightweight and efficient broadband microwave absorbers. In this study, we reported the successful immobilization of Co3O4/CoFe2O4 nanocubes on porous carbon derived from ginkgo biloba shells by activated carbonization and electrostatic self-assembly processes. The optimal reflection loss value of the prepared BPC@Co3O4/CoFe2O4 reaches −68.5 dB when the filling load is 10 wt%, and the effective absorption bandwidth is 6.2 GHz with a matching thickness of 2 mm. The excellent microwave absorption (MA) performance is attributed to the rational three-dimensional structural design, the modulation of magnetic/carbon components, the optimized impedance matching, and the coordinated action of multiple mechanisms. It was further demonstrated by high-frequency structural simulation that the composite can effectively dissipate microwave energy in practical applications. Therefore, the results indicate a favorable potential of the synthesis and application of semiconductor/magnetic component/biomass-derived carbon microwave absorbing materials.

Nanowires Framework Supported Porous Lotus-Carbon Anode Boosts Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries.

The novel design of carbon materials with stable nanoarchitecture and optimized electrical properties featuring simultaneous intercalation of lithium ions (Li+ ) and sodium ions (Na+ ) is of great significance for the superb lithium- sodium storage capacities. Biomass-derived carbon materials with affluent porosity have been widely studied as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, it remains unexplored to further enhance the stability and utilization of the porous carbon skeleton during cycles. Here, a lotus stems derived porous carbon (LPC) with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and intrinsic carbon nanowires framework (CNF) is successfully fabricated by a self-template method. The LPC anodes show remarkable Li+ and Na+ storage performance with ultrahigh capacity (738mAhg-1 for LIBs and 460mAhg-1 for SIBs at 0.2 C after 300 cycles, 1C≈372mAhg-1 ) and excellent long-term stability. Structural analysis indicates that the CNFs-supported porous structure and internal GQDs with excellent electrical conductivity contribute significantly to the dominant capacitive storage mechanism in LPC. This work provides new perspectives for developing advanced carbon-based materials for multifunctional batteries with improved stability and utilization of porous carbon frameworks during cycles.

Review on the Applications of Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries.

The development of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) requires the exploration of effective and affordable electrodes. In order to increase the electrochemical activity of these electrodes and decrease the polarizations, they are doped with an electrocatalyst. In this context, the use of biomass-derived materials as electrocatalysts in VRFBs has received much attention recently due to their widespread availability, renewable nature, low cost, and high energy efficiency. This paper aims to review the synthesis methods of biomass-derived carbon materials and their applications in VRFBs. In line with this aim, recent developments in carbon-based electrode modification methods and their electrochemical performance in VRFBs are summarized. The studies show that porous carbon electrocatalysts increase energy efficiency by reducing overpotentials and improving electrocatalytic activation. In addition, it is thought that biomass carbon doped electrocatalysts can improve the hydrophilicity of the electrodes, the transfer of vanadium ions, and the reaction kinetics. The highest charge voltage decrease rate of 8.61% was obtained in the Scaphium scaphigerum, whereas the highest discharge voltage increase rate of 14.29% was observed in the twin cocoon, as in all reviewed studies. Furthermore, the maximum energy efficiency (75%) was achieved in a VRFB equipped with an electrode doped with carbon derived from Scaphium scaphigerum and cuttlefish. It can be concluded from the reviewed studies that the electrochemical performances of electrodes doped with biomass-derived carbons in VRFBs are more effective than those of the bare electrodes.

Wheat-bran-based hierarchically porous biochar as electrode materials for supercapacitors

Biomass-derived carbon materials have been considered one of the ideal electrode materials for supercapacitors. Herein, functioning as electrode materials, wheat-bran-based porous biochar (WBPC) was wielded for supercapacitors utilizing hydrothermally carbonized wheat bran as a carbon source and KMnO4 as the activator under the nitrogen environment for carbonization at 600 °C for 2 h with the mass ratio of 1:1 (KMnO4 to hydrothermally carbonized wheat bran). The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis showed that the resulting biochar, designated as WBPC1-2-600, possesses a hierarchical porous configuration with a specific surface area of 544 m2 g−1, XRD and Raman spectroscopy demonstrated a certain degree of graphitization occurred in WBPC1-2-600 and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that heteroatoms of oxygen have been successfully doped into WBPC1-2-600 after KMnO4 activation and modification. Electrochemical tests show that the WBPC1-2-600 electrode has good capacitance properties in the three-electrode system, with a specific capacitance of 312.1F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. The symmetrical supercapacitor assembled with the 2 identical WBPC1-2-600 electrodes, denoted as SSC-WBPC1-2-600, has good cyclic stability within a two-electrode system while the capacitance retention rate maintains 91.2% even after 5000 cycles, and exhibits an imminent energy density of 16.63 W h kg−1 when the power density was at 250 W kg−1 and 11.72 W h kg−1 at 10000 W kg−1.

3D Biomass‐Derived Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Biosensors

3D biomass‐derived carbon (3D‐BC) materials are widely developed for various electrochemical sensors due to their structural diversity and high electrical conductivity, and are gradually experiencing their most prosperous moment. A timely and comprehensive review of structure‐strategy‐property will greatly broaden this research field. In this paper, the mechanism of biomass‐derived carbon conversion is presented and the recent progress of 3D‐BC materials for constructing high‐performance electrochemical sensors, including biomass sources, carbonization methods, and synthesis strategies for 3D‐BC is summarized, as well as their applications in different electrochemical sensors are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for the future development of biomass‐derived carbon (BC) materials are emphasized. In conclusion, this review will assist researchers in selecting suitable precursors and strategies to design BC materials and facilitate their application in future electrochemical sensors.

Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing: A Review.

The diverse composition of biomass waste, with its varied chemical compounds of origin, holds substantial potential in developing low-cost carbon-based materials for electrochemical sensing applications across a wide range of compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and heavy metals. This review highlights the latest developments and explores the potential of these sustainable electrodes in electrochemical sensing. Using biomass sources, these electrodes offer a renewable and cost-effective route to fabricate carbon-based sensors. The carbonization process yields highly porous materials with large surface areas, providing a wide variety of functional groups and abundant active sites for analyte adsorption, thereby enhancing sensor sensitivity. The review classifies, summarizes, and analyses different treatments and synthesis of biomass-derived carbon materials from different sources, such as herbaceous, wood, animal and human wastes, and aquatic and industrial waste, used for the construction of electrochemical sensors over the last five years. Moreover, this review highlights various aspects including the source, synthesis parameters, strategies for improving their sensing activity, morphology, structure, and functional group contributions. Overall, this comprehensive review sheds light on the immense potential of biomass-derived carbon-based electrodes, encouraging further research to optimize their properties and advance their integration into practical electrochemical sensing devices.

Nitrogen doped soap-nut seeds derived hard carbon as an efficient anode material for Na-ion batteries

Biomass-derived hard carbon materials have received promising research interest because of their low cost, high abundance, and renewability. In the present study, high-performance hard carbon material is prepared from soap-nut seeds (SNS-0) using a simple pyrolysis process. Further, N (nitrogen) heteroatoms are introduced into the hard carbon matrix to modify its structure using melamine as the N source. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images reveal the development of the localized graphite-like structure after the introduction of N atoms in the hard carbon, which are found to be beneficial for the storage and transport of the larger Na ions in the battery. The optimal doping of N (1:1 wt. ratio, SNS-1) in the hard carbon has improved the storage performance of the SNS-0 electrode, providing a reversible capacity of 353 mA h g−1 at a current density of 25 mA g−1. The improved electrochemical characteristics of the SNS-1 electrode over the other compositions are associated with its lesser specific surface area (282.87 m2 g−1) and higher interlayer spacing (0.38 nm). The present study not only reveals the useful conversion of a biomass waste, soap-nut seeds, into a low-cost and sustainable eco-friendly hard carbon material but also its potential use as an efficient anode for Na-ion battery applications.

High-performance supercapacitors prepared on the base of nitrogen-doped tubular porous carbon from polypyrrole coated Juncus effusus

Renewable biomass-derived carbon materials are beneficial for the sustainable development of energy. Herein, we propose a strategy to fabricate nitrogen-doped tubular porous carbon (PPy@JEC) by depositing Polypyrrole (PPy) on the surface of Juncus effusus (JE) microtubes and then carbonizing and activating with KOH. Changing the activation temperature and dosage of the activator could effectively regulate the pore structure of PPy@JEC. Such tubular porous carbon retains JE's natural microtubule structure for improving electrolyte ions transfer efficiency. The optimal carbon materials exhibited a high specific surface area (1955 m2 g−1), good electrochemical performance (326 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), and the capacitance retention reached 66 % at 20 A g−1. The symmetric supercapacitor constructed using the optimal PPy@JEC exhibits an energy density of 15 Wh kg−1. The capacitance retention rate can remain 90.9 % after 15,000 cycles at 5 A g−1. This work demonstrates that PPy@JEC can be a potential candidate for low-cost and sustainable supercapacitor electrode materials.

Green synthesized carbon aerogel for electric double layer capacitor

As new-generation biomass-derived carbon materials, carbon aerogels offer opportunities in supercapacitor applications. Owing to their excellent properties viz., a synergy of unique interconnected hierarchical porous structure, high specific surface area (SSA), and electrical conductivity they prove their candidature in electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). In this article, we represent a green synthesis of carbon aerogel using sugarcane juice as a carbon source via cost effective hydrothermal method instead of the traditional supercritical drying method which is more toxic, time-consuming, and expensive. The structural and compositional studies confirm the formation of Sugar Aerogel (SA). Additionally, the surface analysis shows the interconnected porous scoop-like structure with a high SSA of 2028 m2/g and a low bulk density of 0.08 g/cc. Furthermore, the synthesized powder was screen printed on flexible stainless-steel mesh to conduct electrochemical study at various Na2SO4 electrolyte concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 M). In 1.0 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, the SA showed 70% retention rate after 5500 cycles at 30 mA/cm2 current density over 1.9V potential window and also provides high energy density and power density 61.72 Wh/kg and 1588.33 W/kg respectively. Also, the SA||SA device exhibits stability over 1000 cycles with a 30% increment in capacitance with energy and power density 86 Wh/kg and 7920 W/kg. This study signifies the great potential of sugarcane juice to get SA via a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly hydrothermal route for the fabrication of SC electrodes in neutral electrolyte Na2SO4.

Biomass-derived carbon materials for vanadium redox flow battery: From structure to property

Biomass-derived carbon (BDC) materials are suitable as electrode or catalyst materials for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), owing to the characteristics of vast material sources, environmental friendliness, and multifarious structures. A timely and comprehensive review of the structure and property significantly facilitates the development of BDC materials. Here, the paper starts with the preparation of biomass materials, including carbonization and activation. It is designed to summarize the lastest developments in BDC materials of VRFB in four different structural dimensions from zero dimension (0D) to three dimension (3D). Every dimension begins with meticulously selected examples to introduce the structural characteristics of materials and then illustrates the improved performance of the VRFB due to the structure. Simultaneously, challenges, solutions, and prospects are indicated for the further development of BDC materials. Overall, this review will help researchers select excellent strategies for the fabrication of BDC materials, thereby facilitating the use of BDC materials in VRFB design.

Fabrication and Enhanced Supercapacitive Performance of Fe2N@Cotton-based Porous Carbon fibers as Electrode Material

With the emergence of supercapacitors (SCs), the creation of bio-based electrode materials has grown in significance for the advancement of energy storage. However, it is particularly difficult for cathode materials to meet the demands of practical uses due to their low energy density. Herein, MIL-88 was fabricated in situ on the surface of cotton fibers used in cosmetics, followed by creating Fe2N@porous carbon fiber composite (Fe2N@PCF) through heat treatment at various temperatures. Fe2N@PCF-800 demonstrates excellent specific capacitance performance (552 F g−1 at 1 A g−1). Meanwhile, The AC//Fe2N@PCF-800 device exhibits the largest energy density of 38 Wh kg−1 at 800 W kg−1 and a long cycling stability (83.3% capacity retention after 6000 cycles). Our elaborately designed Fe2N@PCF demonstrate multiple advantages: i) the Fe2N@PCF-800 shows abundant mesopores, providing abundant ion-diffusion pathways for mass transport and rich graphite microstructures, improving electrical conductivity for electron transferowning; ii) the rich nitrogen dopants and Fe2N structure within all carbon components increase the capacitance through their pseudocapacitive contribution. These findings highlight the importance of biomass derived carbon materials for SCs applications.