Biomarkers In Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Articles

Biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease: current updates and future outlook

Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn′s disease (CD). Recently, the incidence of IBD in China has been growing rapidly and caused a major public health burden. Although several traditional diagnostic methods can directly evaluate intestinal inflammation in patients with IBD, there are still limitations in these methods such as invasive or unreliable results because of clinical and pathologists′ clinical experience. Therefore, there is urgent need for non-invasive, objective and reliable tool for IBD diagnosis or monitoring.With the development of technology and understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD, much progress has been achieved to discover novel IBD biomarkers in genetic, microecological, metabolomics and gut barrier field. In this review, we will demonstrate current updates of IBD related biomarkers and showed future prospective of these biomarkers.(Chin J Lab Med, 2018, 41: 712-715) Key words: Inflammatory bowel diseases; Biomarkers

Fecal calprotectin in assessing inflammatory bowel disease endoscopic activity: a diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis.

Fecal calprotectin (FC) has been suggested as a sensitive biomarker of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, its usefulness in assessing IBD activity needs to be more precisely defined. In this meta-analysis we aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of FC in assessing IBD endoscopic activity in adults. We searched the databases PubMed/Medline and EMBASE, and studies which examined IBD endoscopic activity in association to FC were identified. From each study pooled data and consequently pooled sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LR), diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) and areas under the curve (AUCs) were calculated, using suitable meta-analysis software. We analyzed extracted data using fixed or random effects models, as appropriate, depending on the presence of significant heterogeneity. We included 49 sets of data from 25 eligible for meta-analysis studies, with 298 controls and 2,822 IBD patients. Fecal calprotectin in IBD (Crohn's disease, CD and ulcerative colitis, UC) showed a pooled sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 75%, DOR of 16.3 and AUC of 0.88, in diagnosing active disease. The sub-group analysis revealed that FC performed better in UC than in CD (pooled sensitivity 87.3% vs 82.4%, specificity 77.1% vs 72.1% and AUC 0.91 vs 0.84). Examining the optimum FC cut-off levels, the best sensitivity (90.6%) was achieved at 50 μg/g, whereas the best specificity (78.2%) was found at levels >100 μg/g. This meta-analysis showed that in adults, FC is a reliable laboratory test for assessing endoscopic activity in IBD. Its performance is better in UC than CD.

Keep CALM and Use Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has a dramatic impact on patients and their families, as well as on society as a whole due to its significant economic impact around the world.1 Achieving the best outcomes for patients relies on early intervention, a treat-to-target (T2T) approach guided by a tight control (TC) strategy, and open dialogue with the patient allowing for individualisation of treatment.2 Dr Halfvarson discussed the current understanding of C-reactive protein (CRP) and faecal calprotectin (FC), both of which are useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, monitoring, adaptation of treatment, and prediction of relapse for IBD. Dr Bossuyt outlined that monitoring based on objective markers is very important in IBD because they can detect smouldering disease activity and also correlate with background inflammation.3,4 Dr Bossuyt also discussed new data emerging from the CALM study in Crohn’s disease (CD), concluding that using biomarkers as a TC strategy can be successful in IBD management because they reflect endoscopic outcomes independent of disease location and are the main drivers of treatment decisions during monitoring.5,6 Lastly, Prof Panaccione discussed the positive impact of the T2T approach on patient quality of life (QoL) and societal costs. In the CALM study, TC resulted in improved clinical outcomes, reduced CD-related hospitalisation, and improved QoL of patients.7–10 Furthermore, an extrapolated cost-effectiveness analysis of the CALM data over 2 years, taking into account indirect costs associated with improved work productivity, found that TC reduced overall societal costs and improved patient outcomes compared to clinical management (CM).11

Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the gut in Crohn\u2019s disease

The antimicrobial glycoprotein neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is strongly expressed in several infectious, inflammatory and malignant disorders, among these inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fecal and serum NGAL is elevated during active IBD and we have recently shown that fecal NGAL is a novel biomarker for IBD with a test performance comparable to the established fecal biomarker calprotectin. This study examines expression of NGAL in the healthy gut and in Crohn’s disease (CD), with emphasis on the previously unexplored small intestine. Pinch biopsies were taken from active and inactive CD in jejunum, ileum and colon and from the same sites in healthy controls. Microarray gene expression showed that the NGAL gene, LCN2, was the second most upregulated among 1820 differentially expressed genes in terminal ileum comparing active CD and controls (FC 5.86, p = 0.027). Based on immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization findings, this upregulation most likely represented increased expression in epithelial cells. Double immunofluorescence showed NGAL expression in 49% (range 19–70) of Paneth cells (PCs) in control ileum with no change during inflammation. In healthy jejunum, the NGAL expression in PCs was weak to none but markedly increased during active CD. We further found NGAL also in metaplastic PCs in colon. Finally, we show for the first time that NGAL is expressed in enteroendocrine cells in small intestine as well as in colon.

Compliance With Fecal Calprotectin Testing in Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a highly sensitive biomarker for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Utilization of this assay has been steadily increasing. Adherence levels for FC have, however, yet to be examined in the pediatric IBD setting. We analyzed 100 consecutive patients diagnosed with IBD between 2014 and 2015 at Texas Children's Hospital. Fifty-six percent of patients were men and median age at diagnosis was 13.7 years. Following diagnosis of IBD, 84 patients had a minimum of 1 FC requested, and 95.2% of these patients completed the test at least once. An average of 2 FCs per patient was ordered each year, and the overall compliance was 76.6%. Patients who completed the initial testing with a minimum of 3 consecutive tests were more likely to remain compliant than those who failed to perform the first lab (P < 0.001). Our findings indicate good compliance with FC testing in pediatric patients with IBD.

2523 Noninvasive biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease: Drawbacks and potential

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Approximately 1.6 million Americans suffer from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), ulcerative colitis, and Crohn’s disease. It is a challenge for both physicians and patients alike to manage the disease, primarily due to lack of disease specific biomarkers. Endoscopy remains the gold standard to diagnose and evaluate IBD activity. Current biomarkers or their combinations cannot adequately predict IBD progression or relapse, and response to therapy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In total, 97 IBD patients recruited at University of Kentucky undergoing endoscopy. Patients medical information was collected from electronic database including C-reactive protein (CRP), fecal calprotectin (FC), endoscopy/pathology report. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The mean CRP and FC levels were 1.3 (normal &lt;1) and 679 (normal &lt;162), respectively. FC (sensitivity 74%) was more reliable to predict mucosal inflammation compare to CRP (sensitivity 36%). However, 52% of patients did not have FC performed (vs. CRP only 4%), and 45% of these patients failed to submit stool sample for analysis. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our data suggests FC is the most promising noninvasive marker for disease monitoring in IBD. It correlates well with endoscopic activity and mucosal inflammation. However, further analysis must be done to evaluate barriers to testing and issues with compliance from patients. We feel strongly that a blood biomarker for disease activity is vital for disease monitoring and response to therapy in IBD.

Evaluation of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor components sIL-6R and sgp130 as markers of inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases

PurposeInterleukin-6 (IL-6) production and signalling are increased in the inflamed mucosa in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). As published serum levels of IL-6 and its soluble receptors sIL-6R and sgp130 in IBD are from small cohorts and partly contradictory, we systematically evaluated IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 levels as markers of disease activity in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).MethodsConsecutive adult outpatients with confirmed CD or UC were included, and their disease activity and medication were monitored. Serum from 212 CD patients (815 measurements) and 166 UC patients (514 measurements) was analysed, and 100 age-matched healthy blood donors were used as controls.ResultsIL-6 serum levels were significantly elevated in active versus inactive CD and UC, also compared with healthy controls. However, only a fraction of IBD patients showed increased serum IL-6. IL-6 levels ranged up to 32.7 ng/mL in active CD (> 5000-fold higher than in controls), but also up to 6.9 ng/mL in inactive CD. Increases in active UC (up to 195 pg/mL) and inactive UC (up to 27 pg/mL) were less pronounced. Associations between IL-6 serum levels and C-reactive protein concentrations as well as leukocyte and thrombocyte counts were observed. Median sIL-6R and sgp130 levels were only increased by up to 15%, which was considered of no diagnostic significance.ConclusionsOnly a minority of IBD patients shows elevated IL-6 serum levels. However, in these patients, IL-6 is strongly associated with disease activity. Its soluble receptors sIL-6R and sgp130 do not appear useful as biomarkers in IBD.

Circulating and Fecal microRNAs as Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Assessment of the disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is essential for adequate treatment management and reliable noninvasive biomarkers for verification of mucosal healing are still needed. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are differentially expressed in IBD and cancer. We aimed to evaluate the potential of circulating and fecal miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for IBD. In this proof-of-principle study we used 2 independent patient cohorts. Testing cohort (n = 96) included serum and fecal samples from controls (n = 35) and IBD patients (n = 61) including 43 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 18 with ulcerative colitis (UC) with an active disease (n = 38), or in remission (n = 23). Validation cohort included fecal samples from patients with calprotectin/endoscopy-confirmed active disease (n = 30) or in remission (n = 15). Target-based approach (miR-16, miR-21, miR-155, and miR-223) has been used to evaluate miRNA expression. Sera samples from IBD patients showed higher level of miR-16, miR-21, and miR-223, but not miR-155, compared to controls and was higher in CD than in UC patients. Much stronger miRNA expression changes were observed in feces from IBD patients for all studied miRNAs with highest expression of miR-155 and miR-223 in testing and validation cohorts. MiRNA expression correlated with clinical remission, however, only fecal but not circulating miRNAs, correlated with surrogate parameters such as fecal calprotectin or C-reactive protein. Our data provide a novel evidence for differential expression level of fecal miRNAs in IBD. We demonstrate that miRNAs in feces correlate with disease activity and may be considered as potential tool for the further biomarker research in IBD. 10.1093/ibd/izy046_video1izy046.video15794822319001.

A systems pharmacology model for inflammatory bowel disease.

MotivationThe literature on complex diseases is abundant but not always quantitative. This is particularly so for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), where many molecular pathways are qualitatively well described but this information cannot be used in traditional quantitative mathematical models employed in drug development. We propose the elaboration and validation of a logic network for IBD able to capture the information available in the literature that will facilitate the identification/validation of therapeutic targets.ResultsIn this article, we propose a logic model for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) which consists of 43 nodes and 298 qualitative interactions. The model presented is able to describe the pathogenic mechanisms of the disorder and qualitatively describes the characteristic chronic inflammation. A perturbation analysis performed on the IBD network indicates that the model is robust. Also, as described in clinical trials, a simulation of anti-TNFα, anti-IL2 and Granulocyte and Monocyte Apheresis showed a decrease in the Metalloproteinases node (MMPs), which means a decrease in tissue damage. In contrast, as clinical trials have demonstrated, a simulation of anti-IL17 and anti-IFNγ or IL10 overexpression therapy did not show any major change in MMPs expression, as corresponds to a failed therapy. The model proved to be a promising in silico tool for the evaluation of potential therapeutic targets, the identification of new IBD biomarkers, the integration of IBD polymorphisms to anticipate responders and non-responders and can be reduced and transformed in quantitative model/s.

Research progress of serological biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease

Research progress of serological biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease

Alterations of the human gut Methanobrevibacter smithii as a biomarker for inflammatory bowel diseases

It is hypothesized that direct and indirect homeostasis between gut microbiota plays a key role in different intestine disorders. Archaea methanogens, an ancient domain of single-celled organism, are major archaea in the digestive system. Recent evidence has shown that the variable prevalence of methanogens in different individuals could have certain effects on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We aimed to assess the prevalence of Methanobrevibacter smithii between Iranian patients suffering from IBD and healthy control subjects. Stool DNA extracts from 47 healthy controls and 61 IBD patients were investigated. Quantitative real time PCR was performed for detecting Mbb. smithii load. We found a significantly decreased the Mbb. smithii load between IBD patients and healthy subjects. It is assumed that there is a reverse association between Mbb. smithii bacterial load and susceptibility to IBD, and this association could be extended to IBD patients in remission as we found that Mbb. smithii bacterial load is markedly higher among healthy subjects in comparison to IBD patients.

Evaluation of Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Potential Use as a Diagnostic Marker.

Background Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), encoded by SLC16A3 gene, is responsible for exporting lactic acid into the extracellular microenvironment, and an acidic microenvironment promotes cytokine production and remodels chronic inflammation, providing a link from glycolysis to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Objective The aim of this study is to explore the value of MCT4 as a potential biomarker in IBD. Methods The study group consisted of 39 cases with UC and 15 cases with CD. The centration of lactate level in serum was assessed by blood gas analysis, and MCT4 expression was analyzed by IHC. Results Lactate level was increased in the forty-three of 54 patients (79.6%) with IBD by blood gas analysis compared with normal level (P < 0.001), in line with the result that showed increased MCT4 expression in inflamed colonic mucosa analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Most importantly, abundance of MCT4 expression was significantly associated with mucosal inflammation, which could be a clinical prognosis marker. Conclusion The data suggested that increased lactate level in blood was possibly due to highly expressed MCT4 expression caused by inflammation in intestinal mucosal epithelial tissue, which could be a prognosis indicator of IBD in children.

Volatile organic metabolites as novel, non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease

Volatile organic metabolites as novel, non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease

Inducible nitric oxide synthase as a potential blood-based biomarker in inflammatory bowel diseases.

Here, we evaluated the role of (iNOS) as a blood-based biomarker of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the intestinal epithelial cells has been closely associated with the initiation and maintenance of intestinal inflammation in IBD. In a case-control design, 59 IBD patients and 30 healthy control subjects were participated in this study. A total of 10 ml blood sample was taken from each participant. Blood leukocytes were isolated and iNOS mRNA expression level was evaluated in the isolated leukocytes using relative quantitative Real-time PCR. The patients' population included 40 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 19 Crohn's disease (CD) patients. The flare and remission phase of disease were seen in 43 and 16 patients, respectively. The mean iNOS mRNA expression was not significantly different between the IBD patients and healthy controls (p=0.056). The mean iNOS mRNA expression was significantly higher in the flare phase of the disease compared to the remission phase (p=0.039). No significant difference was observed between the mean iNOS mRNA expression in the blood leukocytes of UC and CD patients (p=0.82). iNOS is differently expressed in the blood leukocytes of active vs. inactive IBD disease. Thus, it could be potentially used as a non-invasive blood-based biomarker of IBD.

Surrogate Fecal Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Rivals or Complementary Tools of Fecal Calprotectin?

Current noninvasive methods for assessing intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remain unsatisfactory. Along with C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fecal calprotectin (FC) is the standard test for assessing IBD activity, even though its specificity and accuracy are not optimal and it lacks a validated cutoff. Over the past few decades, several fecal markers released from intestinal inflammatory cells have been investigated in IBD; they are the subject of this systematic review. A systematic electronic search of the English literature up to April 2017 was performed using Medline and the Cochrane Library. Only papers written in English that analyzed fecal biomarkers in IBD were included. In vitro studies, animal studies, studies on blood/serum samples, and studies analyzing FC or fecal lactoferrin alone were excluded. Out of 1023 citations, 125 eligible studies were identified. Data were grouped according to each fecal marker including S100A12, high-mobility group box 1, neopterin, polymorphonuclear neutrophil elastase, fecal hemoglobin, alpha1-antitrypsin, human neutrophil peptides, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, chitinase 3-like-1, matrix metalloproteinase 9, lysozyme, M2-pyruvate kinase, myeloperoxidase, fecal eosinophil proteins, human beta-defensin-2, and beta-glucuronidase. Some of these markers showed a high sensitivity and specificity and correlated with disease activity, response to therapy, and mucosal healing. Furthermore, they showed a potential utility in the prediction of clinical relapse. Several fecal biomarkers have the potential to become useful tools complementing FC in IBD diagnosis and monitoring. However, wide variability in their accuracy in assessment of intestinal inflammation suggests the need for further studies.

Elevation of serum pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in IBD and its relationship to IBD indices

ObjectivesEndoscopy remains the gold standard to diagnose and evaluate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity. Current biomarkers or their combinations cannot adequately predict IBD risk, diagnosis, progression or relapse, and response to therapy. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is emerging as a significant mediator of the inflammatory process. We aimed to assess levels of serum PKM2 in healthy and newly diagnosed IBD patients and its relationship with IBD indices and microbiota changes. Design and methodsIBD serum samples from newly diagnosed patients were collected and analyzed using a PKM2-ELISA and correlated with disease activity scores, IBD disease type, and intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, we tested the genetic and protein expression of PKM2 in an in vitro intestinal cell model of inflammation. ResultsSerum PKM2 levels were 6-fold higher in IBD patients compared to healthy controls, with no sensitivity to disease phenotype (Crohn's Disease or Ulcerative Colitis) or localization of inflammation. Serum PKM2 had considerably less interindividual variability than established IBD fecal biomarkers. A positive Pearson correlation (r=0.6121) existed between serum PKM2 and Bacteroidetes fecal levels in Crohn's disease (CD), while a negative (r=−0.6128) correlation was observed with Actinobacteria fecal levels. Furthermore, LPS (500ng/mL) significantly increased PKM2 expression in vitro, which was significantly suppressed by an anti-inflammatory flaxseed bioactive agent. ConclusionOur data suggests PKM2 as a putative biomarker for IBD and the dysbiosis of microflora in CD. Investigations involving larger number of clinical patients are necessary to validate its use as a serum biomarker of IBD.

Total α1-acid glycoprotein determination in serum samples using disposable screen-printed electrodes and osmium (VI) as electrochemical tag

Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) or Orosomucoid is a serum glycoprotein which belongs to the group of acute phase proteins. It is a potential biomarker for inflammatory bowel diseases. In this sense, there is a need for developing fast and cheap analytical methods for diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of these diseases.In this work, we propose a simple and cheap electrochemical method for total AGP determination using disposable carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPE) and using a selective acidic precipitation of the rest of proteins. This method avoids the use of biological components, decreasing dramatically the analysis cost. Firstly, AGP is labeled with an electrochemical tag (osmium (VI) complex) and then the total amount of AGP is quantified by adsorptive transfer stripping square wave voltammetry. The method optimized showed a good linear correlation (r = 0.9992) and limit of detection of 1.6mgl−1. The methodology was successfully applied to quantify AGP in a commercial serum sample. This methodology could be useful in clinical diagnosis because of AGP levels increase two or three times when inflammatory processes happen. Moreover, the inherent advantages of SPE technology (low sample consumption, low cost and point of care testing) make this methodology very attractive in this field.

Faecal volatile organic compounds analysis using field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry: non-invasive diagnostics in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease

Background and Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), remains challenging to diagnose. Diagnostic work-up carries a high burden, especially in paediatric patients, due to invasive endoscopic procedures. IBD is associated with alterations in intestinal microbiota composition. Faecal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) reflect gut microbiota composition. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of faecal VOC profiling as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for paediatric IBD. Methods: In this diagnostic accuracy study performed in two tertiary centres in the Netherlands, faecal VOC profiles of 36 de novo, treatment-naïve paediatric IBD patients (23 CD, 13 UC), and 24 healthy, matched controls were measured by field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (Owlstone Ltd, Lonestar®, UK). Results: Faecal VOC profiles of de novo paediatric IBD patients could be differentiated from healthy controls (AUC ± 95% CI, p-value, sensitivity, specificity; 0.76 ± 0.14, p < 0.001, 79%, 78%). This discrimination from controls was observed in both CD (0.90 ± 0.10, p < 0.0001, 83%, 83%) and UC (0.74 ± 0.19, p = 0.02, 77%, 75%). VOC profiles from UC could not be discriminated from CD (0.67 ± 0.19, p = 0.0996, 65%, 62%). Conclusion: Field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry allowed for discrimination between faecal VOC profiles of de novo paediatric IBD patients and healthy controls, confirming the potential of faecal VOC analysis as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for paediatric IBD. This method may serve as a complementary, non-invasive technique in the diagnosis of IBD, possibly limiting the number of endoscopies needed in children suspected for IBD.

KIF9‑AS1, LINC01272 and DIO3OS lncRNAs as novel biomarkers for inflammatory bowel disease.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel group of non-coding RNAs that are associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis. At present, the diagnostic efficacy of lncRNAs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unclear. The present study aimed to identify lncRNAs that may be used as potential biomarkers for IBD. The mRNA expression levels of various lncRNAs (KIF9-AS1, LINC01272 and DIO3OS) were detected in tissue and plasma samples from patients with IBD by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that the mRNA expression levels of KIF9-AS1 and LINC01272 were significantly upregulated in tissue and plasma samples from patients with IBD compared with in the healthy controls; conversely, the mRNA expression levels of DIO3OS were significantly downregulated in tissue and plasma samples from patients with IBD compared with in the healthy controls. Subsequently, the specificity and sensitivity of KIF9-AS1, LINC01272 and DIO3OS were determined using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The results indicated that KIF9-AS1, LINC01272 and DIO3OS had potential diagnostic value for the detection of IBD. Furthermore, there were significantly positive correlations in KIF9-AS1, LINC01272 and DIO3OS expression between IBD tissue and plasma samples. Therefore, the present study indicated that KIF9-AS1, LINC01272 and DIO3OS may be potential diagnostic biomarkers for IBD.

Association of Inflammatory Bowel Disease with Arthritis: Evidence from In Silico Gene Expression Patterns and Network Topological Analysis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic prolonged ailment accountable for inflammatory conditions of the intestine. Moreover, arthritis is responsible for joints' stiffness and painful inflammation. IBD shows certain articular extra-intestinal manifestations associating IBD with arthritis. IBD associated arthritis is found to be linked with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The present study insights for the potential and putative drug targets and biomarkers of IBD associated with arthritis using in silico approaches. Microarray data analysis of datasets involving IBD affected and AS affected vs controls were done to explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In majority of the datasets, the common DEGs found were sterile alpha motif domain containing 9 like (SAMD9L), inhibin beta A subunit (INHBA), transmembrane protein 45A (TMEM45A) and transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat containing 1 (TMTC1). The common functions and pathways found between the DEGs were control of macromolecule metabolism process, control of metabolic process, control of primary metabolic process, and control of protein metabolic process, cell differentiation, organ development, single-organism development process, multicellular organism development process, development of system, single-multicellular organism development process, developmental process, development of anatomical structure, multicellular organismal development process, control of biological process, cell proliferation, hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation and immune system process. TMTC1 and INBHA were found to be more biologically significant genes according to the topological properties of the network. This study also suggests that TMTC1, INBHA, TMEM45A and SAMD9L DEGs and their accompanying pathways might have the potential to be exploited as drug targets and biomarkers in the diagnosis and/or treatment of IBD linked arthritis and warrants for further experimental validation.