Biomarkers In Saliva Research Articles

Salivary citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis and associated periodontal disease

Periodontal disease (PD) can be an important precipitating factor in the production of citrullinated proteins. Its importance is emphasized, but it is not the only way to produce citrullinated proteins. The aim of the current study was to determine the periodontal conditions and the salivary citrullinated protein content in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared to healthy controls. We also wished to correlate citrullinated protein levels in the saliva and serum biomarkers with the periodontal status and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement of patients with RA. Twenty-three patients with RA and 17 healthy controls participated the study. Saliva samples were taken: citrulline content of saliva was measured. Blood test results for patients with RA were collected. TMJ disorders were described. Cariological and periodontal indices were registered. Periodontal conditions and periodontal staging were also registered. Comparison of measured values between groups was performed. Intragroup correlation of patients’ values was counted. The prevalence of TMJ complaints was significantly higher in the RA group (8/23) versus controls (1/17). The patients with RA had worse periodontal condition because more patients with RA had gingivitis with a significantly higher bleeding on probing (BOP) (RA: 22.4 ± 25.0%; controls: 6.36 ± 11.6%; p = 0.018). Gingival index (GI) was also significantly higher in the patients than in controls (RA: 0.68 ± 0.58; controls: 0.19 ± 0.38; p = 0.010). The citrullinated protein (relative) content of saliva did not differ significantly (p = 0.147) between patients with RA (1102.2 ± 530.8) and healthy controls (1873.1 ± 1594.9). In RA, the salivary anti-CCP levels positively correlated with PD staging (R = 0.464, p = 0.039). Control subjects more commonly had healthy gingiva than RA patients. Moreover, in the control group more individuals had intact and reduced height periodontium than periodontitis compared to the RA group. There was no significant difference in the levels of salivary citrulline between patients with RA and controls, despite the significant differences in their periodontal status. Thus, salivary citrulline levels are not associated with RA disease severity.

Sex, Age, BMI, and C-Reactive Protein Impact the Odds of Developing Hypertension-Findings Based on Data From the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).

Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases and premature death, therefore determining factors that contribute to such a high burden of disease is critically important. This study examined anthropometric and physical measurements, as well as blood and saliva biomarkers, as predictors for hypertension using datasets from the 2008 Health and Retirement Study. A total of 2,924 participants (aged 74.84 ± 6.45 years) were included. Binary logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effects of sex, age, telomere length, C-reactive protein (CRP), body mass index (BMI), and additional markers on the odds of developing hypertension. Males had 2.3 times the odds (odds ratio (OR) = 2.313, confidence interval (CI) 95% (1.391, 3.845); P = 0.001) of being hypertensive if they were obese, females had 1.7 times the odds (OR = 1.788, CI 95% (1.260, 2.536); P = 0.001) if overweight, and 2.4 times (OR = 2.479, CI 95% (1.693, 3.630); P < 0.001) if obese. Age in females was an independent predictor where every 1-year increase in age was tied to a 5.1% increase in being hypertensive (OR = 1.051, CI 95% (1.027, 1.075); P <0.001), and CRP (>3 mg/l) had 1.4 times the odds (OR = 1.447, CI 95% (1.079, 1.942); P = 0.014). This study provides verification for BMI as a predictor for hypertension and proposes age and CRP as predictors for females. Specific sex differences and life stage should be considered when evaluating hypertension risk to improve clinical outcomes and promote healthy aging.

(Invited) Laser-Engraved Graphene-Based Wearable/mHealth Biosensors

Wearable sensors have the potential to provide rapid, non-invasive, and in-home health monitoring by real-time analyzing biomarkers in human sweat and saliva. However, most current biosensors suffer from low sensing accuracy for low-level analyte detection in biofluids and are difficult to fabricate on a large scale. In this talk, I will review our latest advances in developing fully-integrated laser-engraved graphene-based biosensors which can selectively and accurately measure a wide spectrum of sweat and saliva biomarkers including metabolites, nutrients, hormones, and proteins. The clinical value of these telemedicine platforms is evaluated through multiple human studies involving both healthy and patient populations toward metabolic monitoring and stress assessment. I will also introduce our recent work on a multiplexed wireless platform for the rapid COVID-19 test which could provide information on infection status, severity, and immunity. We envision that these telemedicine devices could open the door to a wide range of personalized healthcare applications.

(Keynote) Blood, Sweat and Tears... – Sensing of Human Performance Biomarkers in Bodily Fluids Using Point-of-Use Devices

Hormones produced by glands in the endocrine system and neurotransmitters produced by the nervous system control many bodily functions. The concentrations of these molecules in the body are an indication of its state, hence the use of the term biomarker. Excess concentrations of biomarkers, such as cortisol, serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, are released by the body in response to a variety of conditions - emotional state (euphoria, stress), disease, etc. The development of simple, low-cost modalities for point-of-use (PoU) measurements of biomarkers levels in various bodily fluids (blood, urine, sweat, saliva) as opposed to conventional hospital or lab settings is receiving increasing attention. The presentation starts with a review of the basic properties of primary stress-related biomarkers: origin in the body (i.e. if they are produced as hormones, neurotransmitters or both), chemical composition, molecular weight (small/medium size molecules and polymers, ranging from ~100Da to ~100kDa), hydro- or lipo-philic nature. Next, a review of the published literature is presented regarding the concentration of these biomarkers found in several bodily fluids that can serve as the medium for determination of the condition of the subject: blood, urine, saliva, sweat and, to a lesser degree, interstitial tissue fluid. The concentration of various biomarkers in most fluids covers a range of 5-6 orders of magnitude, from 100s of ng/mL (~1µM) down to a few pg/mL (sub 1pM). Mechanisms and materials for point-of-use biomarker sensors are summarized and key properties are reviewed. Illustrative examples from the literature are discussed for several sensor device categories, including lateral flow (immuno)assay devices and microfluidic devices. Selected methods for detecting these biomarkers are reviewed, including antibody- and aptamer-based colorimetric assays, electrochemical and optical detection. Finally, the presentation outlines key challenges of the field and provides a look ahead to future prospects.A. J. Steckl and P. Ray, “A Review of Stress Biomarkers Concentrations in Bodily Fluids and Their Point-of-Use Detection”, ACS Sensors, 3 (10), 2025-2044, Sept 2018 (10.1021/acssensors.8b00726)V. Venkatraman and A. J. Steckl, “Quantitative Detection in Lateral Flow Immunoassay Using Integrated Organic Optoelectronics”, IEEE Sensors, 17 (24), 8343, Dec 2017 (10.1109/JSEN.2017.2764178 ).P. Ray and A. J. Steckl, “Label-Free Optical Detection of Multiple Stress Biomarkers in Sweat, Plasma, Urine and Saliva”, ACS Sensors 4, 2019. (10.1021/acssensors.9b00301)S. Dalirirad and A. J. Steckl, “Aptamer-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Point of Care Cortisol Detection in Sweat”, Sensors & Actuators 283, 79-86, Jan 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.11.161). Figure 1

Changes in saliva biomarkers during a standardized increasing intensity field exercise test in endurance horses

Salivary biomarkers could be useful to evaluate stress, fitness level, and skeletal muscle damage associated to exercise in horses in an easy and non-painful way. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate if cortisol in saliva (sCor), salivary alpha-amylase (sAMY) and butyrylcholinesterase (sBChE) and lactate (sLA) and creatine kinase (sCK) in saliva of horses can show changes during a standardized exercise test, and if they are related to heart rate variability (HRV) parameters related to sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, fitness level or skeletal muscle damage. For this purpose, ten endurance horses were submitted to a standardized exercise test in field conditions. Saliva and blood were obtained at basal time (TB), after the seven bouts of velocity (T + 01 to T + 07), and 5, 15, 30, and 45 min later (T + 5, T + 15, T + 30, and T + 45). Five endurance horses in resting condition (control group) were also enrolled. HRV and fitness level parameters, and plasma CK as a marker of muscle damage were also evaluated. Salivaryalpha-amylase increased at T + 30 (P = 0.03), sBChE at T + 5 (P = 008), and sCK at T + 07 (P = 0.009) after the exercise test, with significant differences between the exercise and control groups’ results. The sCor did not show significant changes during the exercise test in the exercise group but higher concentration compared to the control horses (P < 0.001) were observed. sCor, sAMY, sBChE, and sCK showed a positive correlation (r values between 0.47 and 0.64) with the sympathetic tone and a negative correlation (r values between −0.37 and −0.56) with the parasympathetic tone. In conclusion, sAMY, sBChE, and sCK showed significant increases in ten endurance horses after an increasing intensity velocity exercise. Values of sCor, sAMY, sBChE, and sCK were associated with HRV, which is used to evaluate stress, and therefore, they could be potentially used to assess the exercise-related stress after a physical effort.

Salivary Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Therapy Monitoring in Patients with Heart Failure. A Systematic Review.

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review on the potential value of saliva biomarkers in the diagnosis, management and prognosis of heart failure (HF). The correlation between saliva and plasma values of these biomarkers was also studied. PubMed was searched to collect relevant literature, i.e., case-control, cross-sectional studies that either compared the values of salivary biomarkers among healthy subjects and HF patients, or investigated their role in risk stratification and prognosis in HF patients. No randomized control trials were included. The search ended on 31st of December 2020. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. 18 salivary biomarkers were analyzed and the levels of all biomarkers studied were found to be higher in HF patients compared to controls, except for amylase, sodium, and chloride that had smaller saliva concentrations in HF patients. Natriuretic peptides are the most commonly used plasma biomarkers in the management of HF. Their saliva levels show promising results, although the correlation of saliva to plasma values is weakened in higher plasma values. In most of the publications, differences in biomarker levels between HF patients and controls were found to be statistically significant. Due to the small number of patients included, larger studies need to be conducted in order to facilitate the use of saliva biomarkers in clinical practice.

55 Equine gastric ulcers; a pilot study: associated biomarkers and polysaccharide supplementation as a solution

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome affects roughly 90% of performance horses. The only reliable antemortem diagnostic method is endoscopy, which is an invasive process. The cornerstone of treatment is acid suppression, a cost-prohibitive option that is not viable for long-term use. The objectives of this study were to investigate the efficacy of a polysaccharide (PS) supplement on gastric ulcers in the squamous (SQ) and glandular (GL) regions of the equine stomach and identify associated serum and saliva biomarkers. It was hypothesized that severity of SQ and GL ulcers throughout the supplemental period would decrease and levels of serum and salivary proteins, as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), would fluctuate with ulcer scores. To test this hypothesis, 8 mature geldings were randomly assigned to a treatment (TRT) or non-treatment (CTRL) group, then underwent ulcer induction using a modified Murray method: alternating 12- and 24-h feed deprivations for a total of 108hr. Following the induction, TRT horses’ feed was top-dressed with 1oz of PS supplement twice daily. Horses were fed 1.0% BW in Fescue hay ( Festuca pratensis ) and 0.25% BW in concentrates daily (Nutrena Triumph Fiber Plus, Cargill, Inc., Holmesville, OH) with ad libitum water access, as recommended by the NRC. Horses were housed in 3.05mx3.65m stalls and turned out into 0.809ha pastures (native grasses, fescue, clover, and annual rye; 4 horses per pasture) from 0600hrs-1800hrs and 1800hrs-0600hrs, respectively. The experiment was divided into 3 periods: pre- (Day 0), mid- (Day 28), and post-supplementation (Day 43). Per period, endoscopic images were captured and saliva and blood samples were collected. The effects of date and treatment were analyzed with a factorial ANOVA. All statistical calculations were performed usuing the software JMP. The severity of ulcer scores decreased in all horses over the 6-week time span ( P = 0.001), with no difference found between TRT and CTRL horses in the SQ or GL regions. It is possible that the body's innate healing capacity was adequate in this study, which may have masked the treatment effect of the PS supplement. There was a correlation found between salivary TAC (R 2 = 0.559; P = 0.005) and serum TAC (R 2 = 0.620; P = 0.002) and ulcer score, which may indicate that oxidative stress decreases as ulcers heal. The investigation of PS supplementation as a preventative measure in ulcerative and non-ulcerative horses under stress is warranted. Additionally, the exploration of other salivary and serum biomarkers to further develop a panel for preliminary screening of equine gastric ulcers should be pursued.

Upregulation of interleukin-19 in severe asthma: a potential saliva biomarker for asthma severity.

Interleukin (IL)-19, a designated IL-20 subfamily cytokine, has been implicated in inflammatory disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and, lately, asthma. Here, through the analysis of transcriptomic datasets of lung tissue of large asthma cohorts, we report that IL-19 expression is upregulated in asthma and correlates with disease severity. The gene expression of IL-19 was significantly higher in lung tissue from patients with severe and mild/moderate asthma compared to healthy controls. IL-19 protein level, however, was significantly higher in the blood and saliva of patients with severe asthma compared to mild/moderate subgroups as measured by ELISA assay. IL-19 protein level was not affected by corticosteroid treatment in plasma. Our data provide insights into the potential use of IL-19 as a saliva marker for asthma severity and a potential therapeutic target.

Comparative Evaluation of Saliva and Serum Proteins in Diabetics and Normo-Glycemics

One of the most probable markers of inflammatory response is serum protein. Recently, serum levels of these some proteins have been proven to be useful in clinical diagnosis. In this study, we comparatively investigated serum and saliva C - reactive protein (CRP), α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in type II Diabetic and Normo-glycemic humans. Two hundred and thirteen (213) subjects of 173 Diabetics and 40 Non-diabetics (Control) were ethically recruited from the central hospital, warri, Delta State. For each participant, serum and saliva was collected and laboratorily analyzed for α-amylase, α-glucosidase and CRP levels, while comparing mean differences between groups with a student t-test and statistical measure of association (correlation). Result showed a statistically significant increase in CRP and α-amylase activity of diabetics than non-diabetic subjects, with a statistically significant increase in salivary and serum CRP, α-glucosidase and α-amylase levels across groups. This finding is suggestive that saliva and/or serum levels may be useful bioanalytes for non-invasive, alternative diagnosis of blood glucose levels. Similar studies that corroborate the efforts of this study is recommended. Further studies that assay other saliva and serum biomarkers may also be useful and thus recommended.

Role of salivary biomarkers for detection of systemic diseases

Objectives Analysis of inflammatory biomarkers in saliva could offer an attractive opportunity for the diagnosis of different systemic conditions specifically in epidemiologic surveys. The aim of this study was to investigate if certain salivary biomarkers could be used for detection of common systemic diseases. Methods A randomly selected sample of 1000 adults living in Belgaum, India, were invited to participate in a clinical study of oral health. A total of 451 individuals were enrolled in this investigation, and 50% were women. All participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire. Their histories were taken, clinical examinations were performed, and stimulated saliva samples were collected. Salivary concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, lysozyme, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Salivary IL-8 concentration was found to be twice as high in patients who had tumor diseases. In addition, IL-8 levels were also elevated in patients with bowel disease. MMP-8 levels were elevated in saliva of patients after cardiac surgery or in those with diabetes and muscle and joint diseases. The levels of IL-1b, IL-8, and MMP-8, as well as the MMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio, were higher in patients with muscle and joint diseases. Conclusions Biomarkers in saliva have the potential to be used for screening purposes in epidemiologic studies. The relatively unspecific inflammatory markers used in this study cannot be used for diagnosis of specific diseases but can be seen as markers of increased systemic inflammation.

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Technology offers sustainable nutrition solutions

Differences in Spectroscopic Properties of Saliva Taken From Normal Subjects and Oral Cancer Patients: Comparison Studies.

Oral cancer disease is among the most common cancers in the world and are associated with mortality and morbidity. The characterization of saliva samples may help to distinguish patients with oral cancer disease from normal subjects. To characterize spectra of saliva samples from normal subjects and oral cancer patients by use of fluorescence, absorption, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients with oral cancer disease and normal subjects. The saliva samples were analyzed by absorption, fluorescence and 1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The characteristic spectra of saliva samples from patients with oral cancer disease and normal subjects were compared. For fluorescence spectroscopic studies, six fluorophores were found in saliva samples. Autofluorescence emission spectra and synchronous spectra of saliva were different between normal subjects and oral cancer patients. For absorption spectroscopic studies, the typical absorption spectra of saliva samples from normal subjects and oral cancer patients were also different in absorption intensity, 1st and 2nd derivative of absorption spectra values. For 1H-NMR studies, nine metabolites and four metabolites were found in saliva samples taken from normal subjects and oral cancer patients, respectively. The metabolic profiles of saliva samples from normal subjects and oral cancer patients were not similar. The characteristic spectra of saliva samples from normal subjects and oral cancer patients were found. These results showed differences in the spectra of saliva samples between both that groups. The spectra from each spectroscopic techniques could determine a candidate saliva biomarkers for distinguishing patients with oral cancer disease from normal subjects.

Salivary biomarkers associated with the progression of disease in people living with HIV: A scoping review

Background: Biomarkers are measurable indicators of normal biological processes, which provide an objective assessment of the physiologic state of living systems. Saliva contains several biomarkers that serve as a diagnostic tool in health and disease. Evaluation of a multitude of salivary components could potentially predict the clinical outcome. This is especially critical in a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Scrupulous evaluation of relevant biomarkers could facilitate the early detection of HIV, determine the stage of infection and monitor the disease progression. Currently, there is a paucity of validated biomarkers in saliva predicting the disease progression in people living with HIV. In this scoping review, we aim to provide an overview of the available evidence on salivary markers associated with the progression of disease in people living with HIV. Methods: The authors shall develop a tailored search strategy for each database using relevant keywords. We will search for eligible studies indexed in the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and gray literature. We will restrict the search to studies published in the English language. Following deduplication, all search results will be exported to the EPPI reviewer web, where two independent reviewers using a data extraction tool developed and pretested by the review authors will screen eligible studies. The result of this review will be reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist and reporting guidelines. Discussion: The proposed scoping review protocol will enable the identification and assessment of salivary biomarkers, which can predict disease progression in patients with HIV infection. The synthesis of evidence from this review will assist in improving our current understanding of biomarkers used to evaluate the progression of HIV infection.

Efficacy of hypermethylated DNA biomarkers in saliva and oral swabs for oral cancer diagnosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

This study aims to determine the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) of hypermethylated DNA biomarkers in saliva and oral swabs for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) detection from the prevalidation studies available. Electronic database searching of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS was conducted to identify relevant articles that were published between January 1, 2000, and August 1, 2020. Meta-analysis was conducted based on 11 of 20 studies selected for review. Included studies had high bias concerns on the QUADAS-2 study assessment tool. We found that salivary and oral swab hypermethylation markers had better specificity than sensitivity for oral cancer detection. Summary sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) of hypermethylation panels were 86.2% (60-96.2) and 90.6% (85.9-93.9) while for individual markers, summary sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 70% (56.9-80.5) and 91.9% (80.3-96.9), respectively. Respective positive and negative likelihood ratios for combined markers were 9.2 (5.89-14.36) and 0.15 (0.05-0.5), and 8.61 (3.39-21.87) and 0.33 (0.22-0.49) for single-application biomarkers. DNA hypermethylation biomarkers especially in combination have acceptable DTA that warrants further optimization with rigorous biomarker evaluation methods for conclusive determination of their efficacy.

A distinguishing profile of chemokines, cytokines and biomarkers in the saliva of children with Sjögren's syndrome.

ObjectiveSS is an autoimmune disease most commonly diagnosed in adults but can occur in children. Our objective was to assess the presence of chemokines, cytokines and biomarkers (CCBMs) in saliva from these children that were associated with lymphocyte and mononuclear cell functions.MethodsSaliva was collected from 11 children diagnosed with SS prior to age 18 years and 16 normal healthy children. A total of 105 CCBMs were detected in multiplex microparticle-based immunoassays. ANOVA and t test (0.05 level) were used to detect differences. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to assess whether elevated CCBMs were in annotations associated with immune system diseases and select leukocyte activities and functions. Machine learning methods were used to evaluate the predictive power of these CCBMs for SS and were measured by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC).ResultsOf the 105 CCBMs detected, 43 (40.9%) differed in children with SS from those in healthy study controls (P < 0.05) and could differentiate the two groups (P < 0.05). Elevated CCBMs in IPA annotations were associated with autoimmune diseases and with leukocyte chemotaxis, migration, proliferation, and regulation of T cell activation. The best AUC value in ROC analysis was 0.93, indicating that there are small numbers of CCBMs that may be useful for diagnosis of SS.ConclusionWhile 35 of these 43 CCBMs have been previously reported in SS, 8 CCBMs had not. Additional studies focusing on these CCBMs may provide further insight into disease pathogenesis and may contribute to diagnosis of SS in children.

Expression of saliva biomarkers in patients with squamous cell carcinoma in various regions of the oral mucosa

BACKGROUND: Oral fluid as a means for early detection and differential diagnosis of diseases of the oral mucosa and for assessing the overall somatic status of the body attracts the attention of researchers due to the non-invasiveness of material sampling and the exclusion of risks possible during blood analysis, as well as a simpler, compared with blood samples, material storage regime.&#x0D; AIM: The study aimed to evaluate the levels of oral fluid biomarkers of 170 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa (RCC-MOP) depending on the localization of the oncopathology.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study analyzed the levels of oral fluid biomarkers of 170 patients with RCC-MOP depending on the localization of oncopathology. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2, 8, and 9, as well as their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) 1 and 2, were chosen as biomarkers. For a comparative analysis, lesions of the tongue, cheek, floor of the oral cavity, alveolar ridge of the jaw, and oropharynx were selected.&#x0D; RESULTS: The study showed significant differences in the biomarker levels in the localization of squamous cell carcinoma in different parts of the oral mucosa.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the expression of oral fluid biomarkers with RCC-MOP revealed a link between the localization of the oncopathology and the level of synthesized biomarkers. The peak values of MMPs in the lesions of the tongue and floor of the oral cavity may be associated with the high number of salivary glands in these anatomical areas. The expression level is influenced by a number of factors, such as the localization of the pathological process, dental status, age, gender, and general condition of the patient.

Exposure to ultrafine particles and oral flora, respiratory function, and biomarkers of inflammation: A panel study in children.

Particulate matter (PM) is the most important air pollution problem that leads to substantial health effects. However, very few studies focused on the effects of ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles< 0.1μm) on children respiratory health. We performed a panel study with 3 rounds of follow-up among 65 pupils at the Elementary School Affiliated to Shanghai Normal University in China from November 2018 to June 2019. Real-time concentrations of UFPs were measured in the campus. In each visit, we detected biomarkers in saliva and microflora in buccal mucosa, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and lung function. We applied a linear mixed-effect (LME) model to examine the associations of UFPs and each health outcome. We found increased levels of FeNO and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and reduced lung function in association with higher UFP exposure. For each interquartile range increase of UFPs, the largest changes were found in lag 0-72h for forced vital capacity [-69.02ml (95% CI:-114.20,-23.84)], TNF-α [13.41pg/ml (95% CI: 7.08, 19.73)], and FeNO [26.85% (95% CI: 11.84%, 43.88%)]. UFP exposure was associated with reduced diversity in buccal microflora with largest reduction in lag 0-72h [12.24 (95% CI: 7.76, 16.71) for Ace index; 8.78 (95% CI: 2.96, 14.60) for Chao1 index]. UFP exposure was also associated with increased Streptococcus, Gemella, and decreased Actinomyces. Short-term UFP exposures may impair the respiratory system by inducing inflammation, decreasing lung function and attenuating buccal microbe diversity in children.

Stress/Immune Biomarkers in Saliva among Children with ADHD Status.

Background. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate stress and immune biomarkers in saliva samples of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD compared to healthy non-ADHD children. Material and methods. A total of 132 children under 11 years old (8.5 ± 1.1) enrolled in a cross-sectional study: with confirmed ADHD (n = 60) and healthy controls (n = 72). The clinical evaluation included physical measurements (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, body mass index BMI, BMI z-score) and unstimulated saliva collection and measurements of free cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), and secreted immunoglobulins (sIgA, IgG, and IgM) with quantitative assay (ELISA) analysis. Unpaired t-test, Welch test, or Mann–Whitney U test were applied for group comparisons when appropriate, and the correlation between variables was analyzed with Spearman’s rank coefficient. Results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results. In the ADHD group, body weight (p ≤ 0.01), BMI (p ≤ 0.009), and hip circumference (p ≤ 0.001) significantly differed, while waist size and BMI z-score did not (p > 0.05). Significant elevation of the salivary sAA (p = 0.03), sIgA (p = 0.02), and IgM (p ≤ 0.001) biomarkers were detected, without differences in the morning cortisol (p > 0.05). Significant correlations between cortisol and BMI, hip size, and IgA, as well as between IgG and sAA and IgA were obtained. Conclusions. Saliva can be used to monitor ADHD status with regard to biomarkers indicating the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, as HPA axis, and sympathetic activity. The results indicate that morning collection of saliva in contrast to unchanged salivary cortisol, may evaluate mentioned above system dysregulations by measurements of sAA and immunoglobulins among ADHD children.

Role of sialic acid, protein, and sugar parameters of saliva and serum as a diagnostic biomarker tool among oral squamous cell carcinoma patients at rural Kanpur: An evaluative case—control assessment

Context: It is essential to identify cancer at an early stage to reduce the disease's morbidity and mortality. Noninvasive methods such as serum and saliva analysis, in comparison to existing biopsy, can provide a cost-effective approach for screening a large population. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate sialic acid (SA), protein, and sugar in serum and saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients with controls to assess their role as a diagnostic marker. Settings and Design: Unstimulated whole saliva and serum were collected. Subjects and Methods: Unstimulated whole saliva and serum were collected. From sixty controls and 78 squamous cell carcinoma patients. Serum and salivary total sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar estimation were carried out. Statistical Analysis Used: The results were tabulated and analyzed statistically using the t-square test, Pearson correlation with SPSS 21 version statistical software. Results: A significant rise in the salivary and serum SA as well serum protein was observed in OSCC study patients as compared to controls. Salivary protein, serum, and salivary sugar also show significant results. Furthermore, serum and salivary SA levels were found to be significantly increased with histopathological grading. Conclusions: The present study showed a significant and gradual increase in serum and salivary SA, protein, and sugar from control to oral cancer. From this study, we can suggest that SA can be used as a reliable biomarker in saliva for screening and early detection of oral cancer.

Non-invasive estimation of sialic acid in saliva among patients with oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer

Background: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) account for about 2.5% of all the oral lesions, among which 37.5% show malignant transformation. Clinical appearances of any lesion which are deceived are finally confirmed and diagnosed using routine gold standard histological H and E stains. However, with newer technologies, cancer biomarkers in saliva are found to be highly sensitive. So, the early detection of cellular alterations at a non-lesional stage is of utmost importance to prevent its progression. Aim: To analyze the salivary sialic acid levels in the spectrum of patients having habits with no clinically visible lesion, leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) along with the healthy groups and compare the levels with clinical and histological parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 subjects were enrolled in this study. Sialic acid levels, total protein (TP) and total carbohydrate (TC) levels were estimated in saliva using appropriate biochemical analysis. Results: Results were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and Student's t test. Salivary sialic acid levels were significantly increased in leukoplakia, OSMF and OSCC. There is a significant difference in sialic acid levels in smokers and chewers yielding a mean value of 18.97 mg/dL and 23.4 mg/dL, respectively, against the mean value of 15.29 mg/dL of healthy controls. The sialic acid levels showed a statistical difference between clinical staging and histological grading of leukoplakia, OSMF and OSCC. Salivary sialic acid, protein and carbohydrate levels also showed significance. Conclusion: The present study highlights the altered expression of sialic acid among various groups suggesting that aberrant glycosylation in cell surface molecules during malignant transformation can give a clue on the tumor burden.