Biological Subject Research Articles

"БИОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА УГЛЕВОДНОГО И ЛИПИДНОГО ПРОФИЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ" КАК ЧАСТЬ ЛАБОРАТОРНОГО ПРАКТИКУМА ПО БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ХИМИИ

The purpose of higher medical education is to train qualified personnel. Biological chemistry is the medical and biological subject that forms the general professional competencies for the medical students that are necessary for further professional activity. Laboratory works is an integral part of the discipline program. Performing the laboratory practicum, students together with a teacher are involved in creative research activities directly related to their future profession. In a dynamically developing world, it is impossible to overestimate the importance of proper nutrition for the physical and mental health of the younger generation. This article is devoted to the biochemical assessment of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism of the students in order to identify and analyze an eating disorder or metabolic imbalance.

Large-view x-ray imaging for medical applications using the world’s only vertically polarized synchrotron radiation beam and a single asymmetric Si crystal

Objective. X-ray microangiography provides detailed information on the internal structure and function of a biological subject. Its ability to evaluate the microvasculature of small animals is useful for acquiring basic and clinical medical knowledge. The following three conditions are necessary to attain detailed knowledge of biological functions: (1) high temporal resolution with sufficient x-ray intensity, (2) high spatial resolution, and (3) a wide field of view. Because synchrotron radiation microangiography systems provide high sapatial resolution and high temporal resolution as a result of their high x-ray intensity, such systems have been developed at various synchrotron radiation facilities, starting with the photon factory, leading to numerous medical discoveries. However, the three aforementioned functions are incompatible with the use of synchrotron radiation because the x-ray intensity decreases when a wide field of view is obtained. To overcome these problems, we developed a new x-ray optical system for microangiography in rats using synchrotron radiation x-rays. Approach. Instead of using monochromatic synchrotron radiation x-rays with a conventional double-crystal monochromator, we used white synchrotron radiation x-rays and an asymmetric Si crystal to simultaneously monochromatize the beam and widen the field of view. Main results. The intensity profile and spatial resolution of the x-ray images were then evaluated. The proposed x-ray optics increased the x-ray intensity and beam width by factors of 1.3 and 2.7, respectively, compared with those of conventional monochromatic x-rays. In addition, in vivo studies on microangiography in rats were performed to confirm that the images had sufficient intensity, spatial resolution, and field of view. One of a series of images taken at 50 ms frame−1 was shown as an example. Significance. This x-ray optics provides sufficient x-ray intensity, high spatial resolution, and a wide field of view. This technique is expected providing new insights into the evaluation of the vascular system.

Passalidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia: synopsis, key, and new species description.

Bess beetles (Passalidae) are a subsocial family of Coleoptera with approximately 1000 known species of saproxylophagous diet and pantropical distribution, with few extratropical species. Because of their high levels of endemism (especially in mountains), feeding habits, and complex subsociability; Passalidae is considered an excellent biological subject for taxonomic, biogeographical, and evolutionary studies. Colombia is the richest country with more than 118 recorded species of Passalidae, most of the species being related to humid and mountain areas. Colombia's Caribbean region constitutes the northern portion of the country, extending for more than 130,000 km2 and includes four of the eight biogeographical provinces of Colombia. Since the 2000s this region has been the subject of systematic surveys for Passalidae; as a result, 18 passalid species have been recorded to date. After new explorations and review of entomological collections, the knowledge of the passalid fauna for the region is updated, recording 28 species (8 new records, 2 new species) for which are provided species diagnoses, photographs, and a taxonomic key. The dry plain, characteristic of the lowlands, is dominated by widely distributed species such as Passaluspunctiger and Passalusinterstitialis, while the mountainous systems provide species of more restricted distributions, some of them endemic to the Colombian Caribbean.

Making the Physical Real in the Psychical: How Intoxicants Intervened in the Formation of the Biological Subject in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract This paper explores the formative role of substances of intoxication in the social and scientific establishment of the biological subject in late nineteenth-century Germany. Sourcing the emergence of substances of intoxication as “vital substances” from Brunonianism, this narrative traces their initial significance for Romantic physiology, followed by their rejection from neo-mechanical scientific physiology. Emphasis is placed on late nineteenth-century psychological research on the effects of intoxicants on the mind as the site of a dynamic encounter between theories of the mind and the body, particularly through Kraepelin’s concept of intoxication as model psychosis, and his related research. The biological subject, here, is anti-vitalistic, and, yet, conceptually distinct from neo-mechanism.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS BIOMARCADORES INFORMATIVOS PARA TREINAMENTO DE FORÇA NOS ATLETAS DE VOLEIBOL

ABSTRACT Introduction The relevance in studying the characteristics of biochemical markers on the training process of volleyball players is conditioned to the specificity of these parameters for such sport, considering the degree and nature of physical activity mostly in open kinetic chain. Objective To select the most relevant biomarkers for strength training in volleyball athletes and to verify their consistency with other biochemical status parameters. Methods A review of the scientific and methodological literature in the field of volleyball training was performed and the biochemicals were tested with statistical-mathematical methods. The optimal set of biochemical markers for an effective control of the training process in open kinetic chain sport was established, which can be used to evaluate the tolerability of training loads in several of its stages. Results Effective clinical and laboratory tests were determined to solve medical and biological monitoring tasks in the training process. The possibility of using biochemical control data to assess the prospects of a high level of functional status in the pre-competition period was demonstrated. Conclusion The results obtained can be used as part of the medical and biological support in the training process of volleyball athletes, and can be introduced in national medical and biological subject cycles. Evidence level II; Therapeutic studies - outcomes research.

Historicism as a hermeneutic oriented approach to a history

In this article, we are trying to grasp the role of hisroricism in the understanding of epistemology in the late of XX century. From Bacon to enlightenment, it has been understood that the only criterion of science based on natural sciences. The extent of science has also been determined as study according to the method of the natural sciences, therefore the sciences concerned with history and society has also determined according to method of the natural sciences. In this article authors aims to introduce to movement called Historicism. Which is emerged in XIX century as a critical viewpoint against classical approach to the science. Most influential figure of this movement was German thinker Wilhelm Dilthey. Dilthey had an anti-positivist attitude towards the established methodology by natural science. Which was saying that in order to be a science every researcher must have rigorous set of rules and their research must based on experiment results, observable facts, and objective evidence. Starting from Dilthey and with help of other philosophical schools new movement called historicism starts its journey to establishing new methodology to human and social science. And this movement made a classification of science. They divided science into natural and spiritual science. Each of science has its own methods and object of study. They believed that to social and human study we cannot apply natural science methods of research due to it is not a physical or biological subject but it is social life and human destiny and history. Considering this process of change, is it possible to talk about historicism as a contemporary epistemological approach? As a methodology, can we talk about history in the separation of positive science? What is the subject of history in social and human sciences? By moving from this questions, we will try to understand the role of historicism in the contemprory philosophy on the hermeneutical phenomenological approach.

Regulation at Drosophila's Malic Enzyme highlights the complexity of transvection and its sensitivity to genetic background.

Transvection, a type of trans-regulation of gene expression in which regulatory elements on one chromosome influence elements on a paired homologous chromosome, is itself a complex biological phenotype subject to modification by genetic background effects. However, relatively few studies have explored how transvection is affected by distal genetic variation, perhaps because it is strongly influenced by local regulatory elements and chromosomal architecture. With the emergence of the "hub" model of transvection and a series of studies showing variation in transvection effects, it is becoming clear that genetic background plays an important role in how transvection influences gene transcription. We explored the effects of genetic background on transvection by performing two independent genome wide association studies (GWASs) using the Drosophila genetic reference panel (DGRP) and a suite of Malic enzyme (Men) excision alleles. We found substantial variation in the amount of transvection in the 149 DGRP lines used, with broad-sense heritability of 0.89 and 0.84, depending on the excision allele used. The specific genetic variation identified was dependent on the excision allele used, highlighting the complex genetic interactions influencing transvection. We focussed primarily on genes identified as significant using a relaxed P-value cutoff in both GWASs. The most strongly associated genetic variant mapped to an intergenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), located upstream of Tiggrin (Tig), a gene that codes for an extracellular matrix protein. Variants in other genes, such transcription factors (CG7368 and Sima), RNA binding proteins (CG10418, Rbp6, and Rig), enzymes (AdamTS-A, CG9743, and Pgant8), proteins influencing cell cycle progression (Dally and Eip63E) and signaling proteins (Atg-1, Axo, Egfr, and Path) also associated with transvection in Men. Although not intuitively obvious how many of these genes may influence transvection, some have been previously identified as promoting or antagonizing somatic homolog pairing. These results identify several candidate genes to further explore in the understanding of transvection in Men and in other genes regulated by transvection. Overall, these findings highlight the complexity of the interactions involved in gene regulation, even in phenotypes, such as transvection, that were traditionally considered to be primarily influenced by local genetic variation.

Works About the Formative Assessment of Biological Subjects and Its Implementation Methods

This article hands us information about formative assessment in biological class's subjects. So, we conducted a research about it. Formative assessment is not a sort of the assessment in which students are given the score or they are graded by, but it used to engage the students in high qualitative and elite learning. It actually happens while the lecturer is teaching. So, it doesn't have a specific time. The Formative assessment can easily be applied through four popular methods: 1- The method of asking questions, 2- The method of giving feedback on students' work, 3- self-rectification, 4- Using the pre-test for learning. The teachers can carry the formative assessment through these methods in biological subject’s class in order to be get the accurate learning in the students.

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND SUBJECT: RELATIONSHIPS PROBLEMS

The article is devoted to problem of reflection a basic science in school subject. Characteristics of biology and school knowledge and cognition are distinguished. The ties between them are established. The question about their dynamic is considered for biological courses in 7-9 forms.

Body perception in virtual worlds: The case of Second Life

Researchers have studied the body at first as a biological subject and then as a social one. At the same time, with the evolution of technology, a new way of viewing the body is proposed, namely the virtualization of the body resulting in the emergence of the “virtual body” (avatars, cyborgs). Thanks to the “virtualized” body, the body that man now has, can be the subject of prediction, control and therefore experimentation with infinite possibilities - as everyone wishes, in virtual environments and worlds. The current study examines body-perception in the context of Second Life (SL); a virtual social world. Data is presented from the first content analysis of YouTube comments by SL users. Data are also presented from the second content analysis of ten (10) interviews of people having experienced worlds similar to Second Life. The results show that Second Life users seem more willing to experiment with the avatar and consider Second Life an environment that inspires creativity and facilitates the expression of desires regarding to the appearance of the avatar. Participants introduced to the virtual world of Second Life for the first time, claimed that SL and its avatars are attractive, with many features and in some cases very "close to reality". However, they stressed the inability of the virtual body to take on a completely “real” state and function. Finally, some limitations are mentioned as well as ideas for future research.

Effects of delay in a biological environment subject to tumor dynamics

In the present work, we perform a study investigating a generic model of tumor growth with a delay distribution in the proliferation of tumor-stimulating effectors using combinations of analytical and numerical methods. We examine two borderline cases of the distribution: the first limit case is the Dirac distribution, leading to a model with constant delay and the second limit case is the exponential distribution leading to a model with an additional equation. The main objective is to assess the effect of delays in the response of the immune system on the dynamic stability of interaction between tumor, immune and host cells. Analytical and numerical investigations reveal that in the absence of delay, the stationary states of the two models can be stable or unstable for all the parameters used. In the case of constant delay, the analysis focuses on the stability switch with increasing delay. We show using the generalized Sturm criterion that the space of the parameters of concern is divided into four regions determined by a sequence of discrimination and the Routh-Hurwitz conditions: the system can undergo no stability switch and remain unstable regardless of the delay or undergo exactly a stability switch causing the coexisting equilibrium to pass from stable to unstable when the parameters are chosen in a well-defined region. This shows that the delay plays the role of destabilizer and not of stabilizer. We also show in this case that the destabilization of the system by the delay induces a chaotic behavior in the a priori non-chaotic system in the absence of delay. In the case of exponential distribution, we show that the delay induces certain phenomena such as the Hopf bifurcation, the doubling of periods, the intermittence by saddle-node bifurcation and chaos. We show the importance of characterizing the delay-induced chaos and dynamic states of the system by examining the maximum tumor size for each dynamic state. In both cases of study, it is observed that small delays guarantee stability at the stable equilibrium level, but delays greater than a critical value can produce periodic solutions by Hopf bifurcation and larger delays can even lead to chaotic attractors. The implications of these results are discussed. We examined the other scenarios by showing the influence of the probability density parameters on the behavior of the solutions as well as the dynamics of the model. It is shown that, the region of stability for distributed delays is relatively larger than that of the presence of any discrete delay.

The Symptom of Ethics; Rethinking Ethics in the Face of the Machine

This essay argues that it is the machine that constitutes the symptom of ethics— “symptom” understood as that excluded “part that has no part” in the system of moral consideration. Ethics, which has been historically organized around a human or at least biological subject, needs the machine to define the proper limits of the moral community even if it simultaneously excludes such mechanisms from any serious claim on moral consideration. The argument will proceed in five steps or movements. The first part will define and characterize “the symptom” as it has been operationalized in the work of Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek. Although Žižek appropriates this term from Jacques Lacan, he develops the concept in a unique way that exceeds Lacan’s initial psychoanalytic formulations. The second and third parts will demonstrate how the machine constitutes the symptom of moral philosophy, showing how and why it comprises the always already excluded element necessary to define the proper limits of moral subjectivity. The fourth part will then consider two alternatives that promise, but ultimately fail, to accommodate this symptom. And the final section will draw out the consequences of this analysis for ethics and its excluded others.

NGHIÊN CỨU THIẾT KẾ NỘI DUNG VÀ TỔ CHỨC DẠY HỌC CHỦ ĐỀ SINH HỌC THEO ĐỊNH HƯỚNG GIÁO DỤC STEM

STEM education is a teaching and learning approach that integrates all four disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) into a single. STEM education gives students opportunities to see the connection between the content they are studying and the application of that content in the real-world. However, this is a new teaching philosophy that is not widely applied for teaching in Vietnam. In order to make STEM education become familiar with Biology teachers, in the present study we suggest 8 steps for preparing a biological subject and 7 steps for teaching the prepared subject oriented STEM education. We hope that this paper will be usefull for Vietnamese teachers, particularly teachers in Biology.

Microteaching Lesson Study of Biology Prospective Teacher to Develop Lesson Plan Design and Teaching Ability

This research aimed to develop the learning tools of the biological subject in high school and the teaching biology ability of the teacher candidates through microteaching-lesson study (MLS). The combination of MLS activities was unfolded in preparing the real learning conditions for prospective teachers who will conduct the field practice in the actual classroom. Data were collected through the observation sheets, interviews, and microteaching scores that represented the students' teaching ability. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that each student capable of designing three learning plans with good and excellent categories. The teaching ability and classroom management of students increase by the three activities that conducted, as can be seen from the mean of first (55,77), the second (71,88), and the third (84,38) practice values. However, the students experienced difficulties in the stages of preparation and implementation concerning the more time needed as well as the more cycle activities. Therefore, the students argued that by the only three cycles of activities they experienced, then the LS would be constrained to introduce in the field practice program at school. The more cycles of MLS and guidance from the lecturer is still needed to make prospective teacher ready to implement LS in their field practice at school.

Light and Autofluorescence, Multitasking Features in Living Organisms

Organisms belonging to all life kingdoms may have the natural capacity to fluoresce. Autofluorescence events depend on the presence of natural biomolecules, namely endogenous fluorophores, with suitable chemical properties in terms of conjugated double bonds, aromatic or more complex structures with oxidized and crosslinked bonds, ensuring an energy status able to permit electronic transitions matching with the energy of light in the UV-visible-near-IR spectral range. Emission of light from biological substrates has been reported since a long time, inspiring unceasing and countless studies. Early notes on autofluorescence of vegetables have been soon followed by attention to animals. Investigations on full living organisms from the wild environment have been driven prevalently by ecological and taxonomical purposes, while studies on cells, tissues and organs have been mainly promoted by diagnostic aims. Interest in autofluorescence is also growing as a sensing biomarker in food production and in more various industrial processes. The associated technological advances have supported investigations ranging from the pure photochemical characterization of specific endogenous fluorophores to their possible functional meanings and biological relevance, making fluorescence a valuable intrinsic biomarker for industrial and diagnostic applications, in a sort of real time, in situ biochemical analysis. This review aims to provide a wide-ranging report on the most investigated natural fluorescing biomolecules, from microorganisms to plants and animals of different taxonomic degrees, with their biological, environmental or biomedical issues relevant for the human health. Hence, some notes in the different sections dealing with different biological subject are also interlaced with human related issues. Light based events in biological subjects have inspired an almost countless literature, making it almost impossible to recall here all associated published works, forcing to apologize for the overlooked reports. This Review is thus proposed as an inspiring source for Readers, addressing them to additional literature for an expanded information on specific topics of more interest.

TO COMPARE THE GROWTH IN VARIOUS ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS LEADING TO SHORT STATURE IN THE PAEDIATRIC POPULATION IN THE AGE GROUP BETWEEN 1-15 YEARS.

Background & Method: Growth is a continuous biological process subject to genetic, environmental, nutritional and hormonal influences. Altered growth potential may result from disturbance of any of these factors. Short stature, a common problem in the child population of developing countries. The present study was carried out in RKDF Medical College and Research Centre, Bhopal, M.P. This is a Prospective Cross Sectional study performed on All Children (Age 1-15 Years) Presenting to Out Patient Department. 151 cases were found to have short stature. These children were further evaluated for short stature.
 Result: Type of short stature Proportionate short stature is more common (92.7 %) than disproportionate short stature (7.3%) in our study. Shows etiology wise distribution of proportionate short stature, Systemic disease leads the table with 45 %, followed by normal variant 37 %, endocrinal cause 15.8 % and genetic 2%. Chi square test revealed p value of 0.254 (<0.05) which is not significant. Shows various etiology of disproportionate short stature. Skeletal deformity due to rickets is most common being 55% followed by achondroplasia 27 %, TB spine 1 child (9%) and perthes disease 1 Child (9 %).
 Conclusion: It is important to use appropriate growth charts and monitor growth velocity in a child with short stature and all school going children Conducting school health checkups maintaining proper school records of height and weight and counseling parents can help treating physicians to refer selected children and adolescents for further evaluation to specialist clinics. The shortcomings of this study include failure to calculate and plot growth velocity which requires a regular follow-up at six months to twelve months interval, which was not possible in this cross-sectional study. Secondly, it was a hospital based study where patients of chronic systemic diseases and critical illnesses are referred. Thirdly, the hospital is situated in an urban slum area so the majority of the patients belong to low socio-economic status with malnutrition being very common among them. 
 Keywords: Short stature, Constitutional growth delay (CGD), Familial short stature (FSS), Growth hormone deficiency (GHD)

Robust spike timing in an excitable cell with delayed feedback.

The initiation and regeneration of pulsatile activity is a ubiquitous feature observed in excitable systems with delayed feedback. Here, we demonstrate this phenomenon in a real biological cell. We establish a critical role of the delay resulting from the finite propagation speed of electrical impulses in the emergence of persistent multiple-spike patterns. We predict the coexistence of a number of such patterns in a mathematical model and use a biological cell subject to dynamic clamp to confirm our predictions in a living mammalian system. Given the general nature of our mathematical model and experimental system, we believe that our results capture key hallmarks of physiological excitability that are fundamental to information processing.

Analysis of hyperbolic Pennes bioheat equation in perfused homogeneous biological tissue subject to the instantaneous moving heat source

The one-dimensional hyperbolic Pennes bioheat equation under instantaneous moving heat source is solved analytically based on the Eigenvalue method. Comparison with results of in vivo experiments performed earlier by other authors shows the excellent prediction of the presented closed-form solution. We present three examples for calculating the Arrhenius equation to predict the tissue thermal damage analysis with our solution, i.e., characteristics of skin, liver, and kidney are modeled by using their thermophysical properties. Furthermore, the effects of moving velocity and perfusion rate on temperature profiles and thermal tissue damage are investigated. Results illustrate that the perfusion rate plays the cooling role in the heating source moving path. Also, increasing the moving velocity leads to a decrease in absorbed heat and temperature profiles. The closed-form analytical solution could be applied to verify the numerical heating model and optimize surgery planning parameters.

Optimal Neural Tracking Control with Metaheuristic Parameter Identification for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems with Disturbances

In this paper, we propose an inverse optimal neural control strategy for uncertain nonlinear systems subject to external disturbances. This control strategy is developed based on a neural observer for the estimation of unmeasured states and inverse optimal control theory for trajectory tracking. The stabilization of states along the desired trajectory is ensured via a control Lyapunov function. The optimal parameters of the control law are identified by different nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms, namely: Ant Lion Optimizer, Grey Wolf Optimizer, Harris Hawks Optimization, and Whale Optimization Algorithm. Finally, a highly nonlinear biological system subject to parameter uncertainties and external disturbances (Activated Sludge Model) is proposed to validate the control strategy. Simulation results demonstrate that the control law with Ant Lion Optimizer outperforms the other optimization methods in terms of trajectory tracking in the presence of disturbances. The control law with Harris Hawks Optimization shows a better convergence of the neural states in presence of parameter uncertainty.

Uncertainty quantification analysis of the biological Gompertz model subject to random fluctuations in all its parameters

In spite of its simple formulation via a nonlinear differential equation, the Gompertz model has been widely applied to describe the dynamics of biological and biophysical parts of complex systems (growth of living organisms, number of bacteria, volume of infected cells, etc.). Its parameters or coefficients and the initial condition represent biological quantities (usually, rates and number of individual/particles, respectively) whose nature is random rather than deterministic. In this paper, we present a complete uncertainty quantification analysis of the randomized Gomperz model via the computation of an explicit expression to the first probability density function of its solution stochastic process taking advantage of the Liouville-Gibbs theorem for dynamical systems. The stochastic analysis is completed by computing other important probabilistic information of the model like the distribution of the time until the solution reaches an arbitrary value of specific interest and the stationary distribution of the solution. Finally, we apply all our theoretical findings to two examples, the first of numerical nature and the second to model the dynamics of weight of a species using real data.