Biological Sensors Research Articles

Schiff base stabilized palladium nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, catalytic degradation of organophosphorus pesticides, and fluorometric detection of Cr6+ in aqueous media

As a stabilizing and reducing agent, the Schiff base (2-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylimino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol) was used to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) with an average particle size (12 ± 2 nm) and a spherical shape. The numerous methods, including UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the PdNPs. The Schiff base capped PdNPs have FCC structure with 10 ± 3 nm particle size was estimated from XRD and TEM analysis. The catalytic, sensing, antibacterial, and antioxidant abilities of the created PdNPs were assessed. The findings demonstrated that PdNPs followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and had superior catalytic activity in the degradation of pesticides (monocrotophos (MCP), 99.9%) and chlorpyrifos (CLP), 98.2%) using NaBH4 as a reducing agent in 1 h reaction. PdNPs were still stable and exhibited a high catalytic activity with only a marginal decrease from maximum degradation (99.9% of MCP and 98.2% of CLP) using the fresh catalyst to 92.6% (MCP) and 90.1% (CLP) of the used catalyst (recycled after 5 times) was observed. Additionally, at a concentration range of 10–100 µM, the PdNPs demonstrated selective fluorescence sensing for Cr6+ metal ions in aqueous media. The significant antimicrobial action was also shown by the PdNPs against pathogens such S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. niger, and C. albicans. The PdNPs also demonstrated antioxidant activity in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, with a 78.06% scavenging efficiency. This technique is efficient and cost-effective, and it may be used as an effective biological agent, sensor, and catalyst for a variety of environmental applications.

A simple BODIPY-based fluorescent probe for sequential recognition of Cu2+ and GSH and its application on test strips and bioimaging in living cells

A novel, highly sensitive “on-off-on” fluorescent probe (E)-N’-((1H-imidazol-2-yl) methylene) -4-(5, 5-difluoro-1, 3, 7, 9-tetramethyl-5H-4λ4,5λ4-dipyrrolo [1, 2-c:2′, 1′-f] [1,3,2] diazaborinin-10-yl) benzohydrazide (BDB) was developed in this study, and its structural and spectral properties were characterized by 13C NMR, 1H NMR, X-ray, ESI-MS, ultraviolet and fluorescence photometry. BDB could specifically and efficiently identify Cu2+ among many other metal ions with a fluorescence quenching efficiency of 92.7% and a recognition limit of 0.65 μM in CH3CN/HEPES (7:3, v/v, pH = 7.23) buffer. The energy difference between BDB and BDB-Cu2+ complex was calculated by DFT. The BDB-Cu2+ complex could continuously identify GSH in the same system and show an obvious fluorescence enhancement response with a recovery efficiency of approximately 91% and a low recognition limit of 0.02 μM, which is significantly lower than the physiological concentration of GSH in living cells. The applicability of BDB is verified by the strip test. BDB can also be used to detect GSH in HeLa cells, which expand the application of fluorescent chemical sensors in biology.

Wireless, Multi-Sensor System-on-Chip for pH and Amperometry Powered by Body Heat.

This article presents a body-heat-powered, multi-sensor SoC for measurement of chemical and biological sensors. Our approach combines analog front-end sensor interfaces for voltage- (V-to-I) and current-mode (potentiostat) sensors with a relaxation oscillator (RxO) readout scheme targeting << 10 μW power consumption. The design was implemented as a complete sensor readout system-on-chip, including a low-voltage energy harvester compatible with thermoelectric generation and a near-field wireless transmitter. A prototype IC was fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS process as a proof-of-concept. As measured, full-range pH measurement consumes 2.2 μW at maximum, where the RxO consumes 0.7 μW and measured linearity of the readout circuit demonstrates R 2 0.999. Glucose measurement is also demonstrated using an on-chip potentiostat circuit as the input of the RxO, with a readout power consumption as low as 1.4 μ W. As a final proof-of-principle, both pH and glucose measurement are demonstrated while powering from body heat using a centimeter-scale thermoelectric generator on the skin surface, and pH measurement is further demonstrated with an on-chip transmitter for wireless data transmission. Long-term, the presented approach may enable a variety of biological, electrochemical, and physical sensor readout schemes with microwatt operation for batteryless and power autonomous sensor systems.

Road Map of Semiconductor Metal-Oxide-Based Sensors: A Review.

Identifying disease biomarkers and detecting hazardous, explosive, flammable, and polluting gases and chemicals with extremely sensitive and selective sensor devices remains a challenging and time-consuming research challenge. Due to their exceptional characteristics, semiconducting metal oxides (SMOxs) have received a lot of attention in terms of the development of various types of sensors in recent years. The key performance indicators of SMOx-based sensors are their sensitivity, selectivity, recovery time, and steady response over time. SMOx-based sensors are discussed in this review based on their different properties. Surface properties of the functional material, such as its (nano)structure, morphology, and crystallinity, greatly influence sensor performance. A few examples of the complicated and poorly understood processes involved in SMOx sensing systems are adsorption and chemisorption, charge transfers, and oxygen migration. The future prospects of SMOx-based gas sensors, chemical sensors, and biological sensors are also discussed.

APPLICATION OF SPECTRAL METHODS OF BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS FOR MODELING OF NANOOPTICAL DEVICES

Efficiency of modeling of optical nanostructures depends not only on the accuracy of the description of the new physical processes which appear in the new configurations of resonantly scattering and resonantly absorbing structures, but also on the selection of appropriate algorithms for solving the corresponding mathematical problem and numerical parameters of modeling depending on parameters of elements. This is why solving complicated problems of modeling complex resonantly scattering and resonantly absorbing electrodynamic nanostructures involves deep learning of all groups of new unknown effects. In this work a semi-analytical algorithm is developed based on parametrized by conformal mapping techniques spectral method of boundary integral equations with analytical regularization based on singularity subtraction enhanced by Fast Fourier transform, that contrary to the classical schemes, which are based on finite difference and finite element methods, allows to take into account the complex-valued functional dependence of dielectric permittivity of plasmonic materials on the wavelength (even when its value is tabulated) and to solve the problems with static and dynamic singularities in integral equations. Due to sensibility of plasmon resonances to changes in external medium such nanostructures are used in modern medicine, pharmacy and also as chemical and biological sensors. In this work main efforts are directed on generation of algorithm for investigation of dielectric nanostructures with static singularities.

A Review of Paper-Based Sensors for Gas, Ion, and Biological Detection

Gas, ion, and biological sensors have been widely utilized to detect analytes of great significance to the environment, food, and health. Paper-based sensors, which can be constructed on a low-cost paper substrate through a simple and cost-effective fabrication process, have attracted much interests for development. Moreover, many materials can be employed in designing sensors, such as metal oxides and/or inorganic materials, carbon-based nanomaterials, conductive polymers, and composite materials. Most of these provide a large surface area and pitted structure, along with extraordinary electrical and thermal conductivities, which are capable of improving sensor performance regarding sensitivity and limit of detection. In this review, we surveyed recent advances in different types of paper-based gas, ion, and biological sensors, focusing on how these materials’ physical and chemical properties influence the sensor’s response. Challenges and future perspectives for paper-based sensors are also discussed below.

Fully Integrated 3D Microelectrode Arrays with Polydopamine-Mediated Silicon Dioxide Insulation for Electrophysiological Interrogation of a Novel 3D Human, Neural Microphysiological Construct.

Advances within in vitro biological system complexity have enabled new possibilities for the "Organs-on-a-Chip" field. Microphysiological systems (MPS) as such incorporate sophisticated biological constructs with custom biological sensors. For microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors, the dielectric layer is critical for device performance, where silicon dioxide (SiO2) represents an excellent candidate due to its biocompatibility and wide utility in MEMS devices. Yet, high temperatures traditionally preclude SiO2 from incorporation in polymer-based BioMEMS. Electron-beam deposition of SiO2 may provide a low-temperature, dielectric serving as a nanoporous MPS growth substrate. Herein, we enable improved adherence of nanoporous SiO2 to polycarbonate (PC) and 316L stainless steel (SS) via polydopamine (PDA)-mediated chemistry. The resulting stability of the combinatorial PDA-SiO2 film was interrogated, along with the nature of the intrafilm interactions. A custom polymer-metal three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode array (3D MEA) is then reported utilizing PDA-SiO2 insulation, for definition of novel dorsal root ganglion (DRG)/nociceptor and dorsal horn (DH) 3D neural constructs in excess of 6 months for the first time. Spontaneous/evoked compound action potentials (CAPs) are successfully reported. Finally, inhibitory drugs treatments showcase pharmacological responsiveness of the reported multipart biological activity. These results represent the initiation of a novel 3D MEA-integrated, 3D neural MPS for the long-term electrophysiological study.

Engineering Biological Nanopore Approaches toward Protein Sequencing.

Biotechnological innovations have vastly improved the capacity to perform large-scale protein studies, while the methods we have for identifying and quantifying individual proteins are still inadequate to perform protein sequencing at the single-molecule level. Nanopore-inspired systems devoted to understanding how single molecules behave have been extensively developed for applications in genome sequencing. These nanopore systems are emerging as prominent tools for protein identification, detection, and analysis, suggesting realistic prospects for novel protein sequencing. This review summarizes recent advances in biological nanopore sensors toward protein sequencing, from the identification of individual amino acids to the controlled translocation of peptides and proteins, with attention focused on device and algorithm development and the delineation of molecular mechanisms with the aid of simulations. Specifically, the review aims to offer recommendations for the advancement of nanopore-based protein sequencing from an engineering perspective, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts across multiple disciplines. These efforts should include chemical conjugation, protein engineering, molecular simulation, machine-learning-assisted identification, and electronic device fabrication to enable practical implementation in real-world scenarios.

A Review of Marine In Situ Sensors and Biosensors

The exploration of the ocean is essential for the exploitation of marine resources and the sustainable development of human society. In order to assess both the health and the resources of the marine environment, a variety of chemical and biological sampling is needed. Traditionally, marine samples are collected on site and transported to a laboratory for analysis. Analytical methods are often tedious, and it is difficult to know the in situ real-time status. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the development of in situ chemical and biological sensors for the typical compounds in the ocean, including methane, radon, ferrous ion, carbon dioxide, microorganisms, pollutants, nutrients and seafood. Different types of sensors for each compound are highlighted, such as novel electrochemical and optical sensors. Commercial status of different sensors is introduced, and performance of representative sensors is compared and discussed deeply. The advantages and disadvantages of each sensing technique are analyzed and evaluated in detail. Finally, future prospects and work directions are presented, such as the deployment of these in situ sensors on fixed and/or moving platforms, development of microfluidic sensors and exploration of new antifouling materials and methods. This paper could serve as a resource for developing more advanced in situ chemical sensors and biosensors for marine scientific research, as well as related practical applications for monitoring marine resource exploration and exploitation and for environmental protection.

Security In Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Using Blockchain

In this era of increased technological and medical advancements, remote monitoring of patients and elderly people has become more popular. Even in situations like the Covid'19 pandemic, the hospital and medical facilities are in demand. In such scenarios, elderly people who need medical care and patients who need round-the-clock medical attention can be made to stay in their homes and can be monitored remotely with the help of a remote patient monitoring system. Such a system can be built by incorporating Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). WBAN encompasses various biological wearable sensors which monitor the patient’s health around the clock. The accumulated sensor data is then shared with hospitals and medical professionals through wireless sensor networks. This data includes personnel details, various vital parameters, medical images, etc. which are highly confidential. So providing security and confidentiality in such networks is mandatory. Several cryptographic mechanisms and algorithms are available for ensuring security in WBANs. In recent days several works have been proposed to incorporate the emerging Blockchain technology to improve the privacy, security, and confidentiality in WBANs. In this survey, we discuss various research that proposed blockchain-based solutions for ensuring security, integrity, and data privacy in WBAN.

Differential identification of GSH for acute coronary syndrome using a colorimetric sensor based on nanoflower-like artificial nanozymes

The ability to detect glutathione (GSH) concentrations in human blood offered a simple and non-invasive method to monitor changes associated with cardiovascular diseases, cancers and diabetes. We showed the potential of employing catalytically active protein-directed nanoflower-like artificial nanozymes (apo-TF-MnOx NFs) by bio-mineralization method to produce simple and visible colorimetric sensor for GSH. The experiments proved that apo-TF-MnOx NFs exhibited peroxidase, catalase- and superoxide dismutase-like activities, but the most notable feature was the excellent peroxidase-like activity, which could efficiently catalyze the oxidation reaction of 3,3′,5,5′- tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the existence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to generate a blue product. Some outcomes also indicated that the apo-TF-MnOx NFs had stronger peroxidase-like activity, which was proved by the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximum initial velocity (Vmax). Hence, we used the peroxidase-like activity to develop a GSH colorimetric biosensor. Fortunately, the colorimetric platform exhibited a sensitive response to H2O2 and GSH in the range of 5 μМ to 300 μМ and 0.5 μМ to 35 μМ with a limit of detection of 3.29 μM and 0.15 μM (S/N = 3) under optimal conditions. The feasibility of the simple method was confirmed by qualitative detection of H2O2 and GSH in blood samples from acute coronary syndrome patients. A key outcome of our study was the ability to realized differential identification of GSH for acute coronary syndrome and healthy human without invasive treatment which was an advantage over other methods. This work not only proposed a new type of nanozymes, but also showed the multiple advantages of the apo-TF-MnOx NFs for the construction of biosensors. Thus, we believe that apo-TF-MnOx NFs with strong peroxidase-like activity can be employed as nanozymes and be widely applied in the fields of medicine and biological sensors.

Significance of melting heat in bioconvection flow of micropolar nanofluid over an oscillating surface

Pharmaceuticals, biological polymer synthesis, eco-friendly uses, sustainable fuel cell innovations, microbial-enhanced extraction of petroleum, biological sensors, biological technology, and continual mathematical modeling refinement are all examples of how bioconvection is applied. This study examines the bio convectional viscoelastic-micropolar nano liquid flow with non-uniform heat sink/source, motile microorganisms that move across a stretched sheet. Thermal radiation and thermal conductivity are also explored. Brownian and thermophoresis diffusion effects are taken into account. The system of a higher partial differential equation is transformed to ODEs by using the appropriate similarity functions. Such reported equations are implemented with the computational tool MATLAB shooting approach using a bvp4c solver. The variations of numerous flow parameters comprise velocity, temperature, concentration, and motile microorganism profile. Various important, interesting transport numbers are numerically and graphically demonstrated with physical justifications. The bouncy ratio parameter reduces the fluid's velocity profile whereas the material parameter increases it. For increased melting parameters, the micro rotation profile improves, but it deteriorated. For the Prandtl number and temperature ratio parameters, the temperature profile is negative. The melting parameter influences the concentration profile. The microorganism’s profile is decreased bioconvective Lewis numbers and is higher for the magnetic parameter. The current model has many features in the manufacturing industries, engineering works, physics, and applied mathematics.

CuO@AgNPs nanozyme cavity arrays on screen-printed electrodes for ultrasensitive and on-site SERS detection

The research on the use of metal–semiconductor hybrid systems for constructing chemical and biological sensors has received increasing attention. In this work, a screen-printed electrode (SPE) with peroxidase activity was developed using AgNPs decorated CuO cavity array (CuO@Ag SPE) for on-site SERS detection of Leuco crystal violet (LCV) in aquatic products. The low Michaelis-Menten constant (Km = 42.8 μM) and the high maximum reaction velocity (Vm = 5.1 × 10−8 mol·L−1s−1) indicate that the CuO@Ag SPE has a strong affinity and excellent catalytic efficiency. Moreover, this substrate has a considerable SERS enhancement with EF of 6.1 × 106, resulting from the synergetic effect of the electromagnetic enhancement (EM) and chemical enhancement (CM) after modifying noble metal onto semiconductor materials. The CuO@Ag SPE can efficiently catalyze the oxidation of the Raman-inactive reporter (LCV) and simultaneously act as SERS-active substrates for detecting the generated Raman-active crystal violet (CV), providing a relatively wide linear range (2.0 nM-2.0 μM) and a lower detection limit (0.3 nM). The recoveries obtained from the proposed SPE range from 100.1 to 109.2% and RSD from 4.9 to 10.4%, demonstrating that the SPE has high accuracy and reliability in real sample detection.

General Capacitance Upper Limit and Its Manifestation for Aqueous Graphene Interfaces

Double-layer capacitance (Cdl) is essential for chemical and biological sensors and capacitor applications. The correct formula for Cdl is a controversial subject for practically useful graphene interfaces with water, aqueous solutions, and other liquids. We have developed a model of Cdl, considering the capacitance of a charge accumulation layer (Cca) and capacitance (Ce) of a capacitance-limiting edge region with negligible electric susceptibility and conductivity between this layer and the capacitor electrode. These capacitances are connected in series, and Cdl can be obtained from 1/Cdl = 1/Cca + 1/Ce. In the case of aqueous graphene interfaces, this model predicts that Cdl is significantly affected by Ce. We have studied the graphene/water interface capacitance by low-frequency impedance spectroscopy. Comparison of the model predictions with the experimental results implies that the distance from charge carriers in graphene to the nearest molecular charges at the interface can be ~(0.05–0.1)nm and is about a typical length of the carbon-hydrogen bond. Generalization of this model, assuming that such an edge region between a conducting electrode and a charge accumulating region is intrinsic for a broad range of non-faradaic capacitors and cannot be thinner than an atomic size of ~0.05 nm, predicts a general capacitance upper limit of ~18 μF/cm2.

Evaluating the application of using biological pulse sensor in aerobics

Evaluating the application of using biological pulse sensor in aerobics

Molecules that Generate Fingerprints: A New Class of Fluorescent Sensors for Chemical Biology, Medical Diagnosis, and Cryptography.

ConspectusFluorescent molecular sensors, often referred to as "turn-on" or "turn-off" fluorescent probes, are synthetic agents that change their fluorescence signal in response to analyte binding. Although these sensors have become powerful analytical tools in a wide range of research fields, they are generally limited to detecting only one or a few analytes. Pattern-generating fluorescent probes, which can generate unique identification (ID) fingerprints for different analytes, have recently emerged as a new class of luminescent sensors that can address this limitation. A unique characteristic of these probes, termed ID-probes, is that they integrate the qualities of conventional small-molecule-based fluorescent sensors and cross-reactive sensor arrays (often referred to as chemical, optical, or electronic noses/tongues). On the one hand, ID-probes can discriminate between various analytes and their combinations, akin to array-based analytical devices. On the other hand, their minute size enables them to analyze small-volume samples, track dynamic changes in a single solution, and operate in the microscopic world, which the macroscopic arrays cannot access.Here, we describe the principles underlying the ID-probe technology, as well as provide an overview of different ID-probes that have been developed to date and the ways they can be applied to a wide range of research fields. We describe, for example, ID-probes that can identify combinations of protein biomarkers in biofluids and in living cells, screen for several protein inhibitors simultaneously, analyze the content of Aβ aggregates, as well as ensure the quality of small-molecule and biological drugs. These examples highlight the relevance of this technology to medical diagnosis, bioassay development, cell and chemical biology, and pharmaceutical quality assurance, among others. ID-probes that can authorize users and protect secret data are also presented and the mechanisms that enable them to hide (steganography), encrypt (cryptography), and prevent access to (password protection) information are discussed.The versatility of this technology is further demonstrated by describing two types of probes: unimolecular ID-probes and self-assembled ID-probes. Probes from the first type can operate inside living cells, be recycled, and their initial patterns can be more easily obtained in a reproducible manner. The second type of probes can be readily modified and optimized, allowing one to prepare various different probes from a much wider range of fluorescent reporters and supramolecular recognition elements. Taken together, these developments indicate that the ID-probe sensing methodology is generally applicable, and that such probes can better characterize analyte mixtures or process chemically encoded information than can the conventional fluorescent molecular sensors. We therefore hope that this review will inspire the development of new types of pattern-generating probes, which would extend the fluorescence molecular toolbox currently used in the analytical sciences.

Microscopic Mechanism of Macromolecular Crowder-Assisted DNA Capture and Translocation through Biological Nanopores.

Biological nanopore sensors are widely used for genetic sequencing as nucleic acids and other molecules translocate through them across membranes. Recent studies have shown that the transport of these polymers through nanopores is strongly influenced by macromolecular bulk crowders. By using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecules as crowders, experiments have shown an increase in the capture rates and translocation times of polymers through an α-hemolysin (αHL) nanopore, which provides high-throughput signals and accurate sensing. A clear molecular-level understanding of how the presence of PEGs offers such desirable outcomes in nanopore sensing is still missing. In this work, we present a new theoretical approach to probe the effect of PEG crowders on DNA capture and translocation through the αHL nanopore. We develop an exactly solvable discrete-state stochastic model based on the cooperative partitioning of individual polycationic PEGs within the cavity of the αHL nanopore. It is argued that the apparent electrostatic interactions between the DNA and PEGs control all of the dynamic processes. Our analytical predictions find excellent agreements with existing experiments, thereby strongly supporting our theory.

Thermal annealing induced linear/nonlinear properties of Ag2S/As2Se3 heterojunction films for optoelectronic applications

The present study reports the annealing induced structural as well as optical properties of Ag2S/As2Se3 heterostructure film at different annealing temperatures. The trigonal AgAsSe2 phase formation was confirmed from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selective area electron diffraction (SAED) study. The bandgap of as-prepared Ag2S/As2Se3 film decreased on annealing. The reduction in bandgap increased the static refractive index with annealing. The Urbach energy increased from 422±3 meV to 464±2 meV whereas the optical density and extinction coefficient increased by annealing due to the formation of AgS–AsSe solid solution. The dispersion energy increased and consequently increased the oscillator wavelength and oscillator strength upon annealing. The carrier concentration and optical conductivity increased whereas the optical electronegativity decreased with annealing. The 3rd order nonlinear susceptibility (χ(3)) increased from 2.804x10−11 esu (as-prepared Ag2S/As2Se3) to 5.132 x10−11 esu upon annealing at 200 °C. The n2 value increased upon annealing which increased the nonlinear absorption coefficient but decreased the figure-of-merit. The contact angle value decreased (93°–47.6°) that shows the transformation of hydrophobicity to hydrophilic nature which is good for sensor applications like biological sensor. The surface roughness decreased upon annealing. The change in optical parameters upon annealing makes them the appropriate candidate for optoelectronics, dielectric and nonlinear optical applications such as memory devices, optical switch, etc.

Recent Applications and Prospects of Nanowire-Based Biosensors

High-sensitivity biomedical sensors could make it possible to detect and classify chemical and biological species in a variety of applications, from disease diagnosis to medication discovery, thus, boosting the likelihood of life-saving intervention. Synthesized nanowires have already produced advancements in a variety of sectors, including biological sensors over the last decade. When compared to macro-sized materials, the nanowires’ large surface area-to-volume ratio increased sensitivity. Their applications for biomarker, viral, and DNA detection, as well as drug discovery, are also discussed. Self-powering, reusability, sensitivity in high ionic strength solvents, and long-term stability are all examples of recent developments. Shortly, the nanowire is likely to lead to major improvements in biomedical sensors. This review provides a full overview of the nanowire sensor’s working principle and production procedure. We have discussed how to produce nanowires that can be utilized as biosensors for different bacteria and pathogens, protease, DNA and RNA, neurotransmitters, and chemical compounds. Biosensing technology has dramatically improved because of the introduction of nanowires in biosensors. This is a result of the application of new biorecognition components and transducers, improvements in the manufacture, design, and miniaturization of nanostructured devices at the micron scale, and unique approaches for the synthesis of nanowires. The versatility, robustness, and dynamic nature of sensing technologies have all improved thanks to the usage of nanowires.

AN OVERVIEW OF NANOSENSORS AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS : PERSPECTIVES AND PROSPECTS

Advancements in nanomaterials and enhancement in fabrication techniques have made it possible for nanosensors and nanotechnology to reach a wide spectrum of applications. This review briefs the broader aspects of physical, chemical, optical, and biological sensors and their fabrication methods. The types of nanosensors mentioned in the article are used to detect specific characteristics over several applications varying from biological and chemical to automotive and aerospace industries. This study provides an overview of present nanosensor technologies, and it also gives the reader an idea of what the future beholds for this crucial segment of nanotechnology. The study also provides an overview of the findings achieved in the use-specific detections that vary from existing processes.