Biological Assets Research Articles

Biological Asset Disclosure in Indonesia

The development of companies in the agricultural sector is supported by the availability of information, which is also a consideration for decision-making by company owners or company management. As a result, the company's annual report must include as much information as possible. Agricultural companies are required to disclose their biological assets under PSAK 69. However, many agricultural companies have not fully disclosed their biological assets. The focus of the research is to observe how biological assets, company growth, auditor type, and public ownership influence biological assets disclosure. Plantation & crops companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) are the population for this study, with a total of 25 entities. 13 out of 25 companies became the research sample taken using a purposive sampling method. The research technique uses panel data regression in Eviews 10. The findings of this study are biological assets intensity and auditor type have a significant positive impact on biological assets disclosure. Company growth has an insignificant positive effect on the disclosure of biological assets, public ownership has an insignificant negative effect on the disclosure of biological assets.

Factors Affecting Indonesian Agriculture Companie’s Disclosure of Biological Assets

This study aims to test the effect of Biological Asset Intensity, Managerial Ownership, and Audit on Biological Asset Disclosure on agricultural sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) Year 2018-2021. Samples were taken using a purposive sampling method with certain criteria, during the study period. Based on the criteria that have been determined by the data using panel data, a total of 68 data were obtained. The analysis method used in this study was the regression analysis of panel data processed using Eviews 9. The results of this study show that (1) Biological Asset Intensity has a significant positive effect on the disclosure of biological assets. This is because the greater the value of biological assets, the higher the company provides more complete and detailed information to users of financial statements. (2) Managerial Ownership has a significant positive effect on the disclosure of biological assets. This is because managers who have a hand in the company's capital will carry out their duties according to applicable regulations and not only for their own interests but also for the sustainability of the company to remain sustainable in the future. (3) The audit has no negative effect on the disclosure of biological assets. This is because the role of kap is not determined by the characteristics of the Big Four or Non-Big Four levels because currently, the role of auditors is growing, many KAP who are not affiliated with the Big Four also revealed that detailed information according to the needs of users of financial statements and investors when choosing the company they will choose as a place to plant shares.

Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman) investigation, topological (QTAIM, RDG, ELF) analysis, drug-likeness and anti-inflammatory activity study on 2-methylaminobenzoic acid alkaloid

The main objective of the study is to provide deeper knowledge of the structural and spectroscopic features of the anti-inflammatory compound 2-methylaminobenzoic acid (2MABA) alkaloid based on monomer and dimer model with the aid of experimental and theoretical methods. Theoretical calculations are done by the density functional theory (DFT) method with B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) basis set. Potential energy surface scan analysis has been performed to identify the most stable conformer. The experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral data are compared with computed data. The distribution of vibrational modes is carried out with the help of normal coordinate analysis (NCA). The nature of inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds are analysed by using natural bond orbital (NBO), quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), reduced density gradient (RDG) and Hirshfeld surface analysis. Electron localization function (ELF) analysis provides a new insight into the chemical bonding of 2MABA. Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) and frontier molecular orbital analysis endorses the bioactivity of the molecule. The binding affinity and hydrogen bond interaction between the molecule 2MABA and the prostaglandin synthase protein are evaluated using molecular docking analysis. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of 2MABA against bovine serum albumin is determined by a denaturation assay. Drug-likeness parameters are calculated to scrutinize the biological assets of 2MABA.

Determinan pengungkapan aset biologis pada perusahaan agrikultur yang terdaftar di BEI

This study aims to empirically prove the effect of biological assets intensity, firm size, Ownership Concentration, type of KAP, firm growth, and profitability on the disclosure of biological assets.. This type of research is quantitative research. The population in this study is all financial data of agricultural companies listed on the IDX in 2019-2021 as many as 26 companies. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling technique for as many as 14 companies. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistical analysis, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, Coefficient of Determination, Simultaneous Test (F-Test), and Partial Test (T-Test) processed with SPSS 26. The results of this test indicate that the variable biological asset intensity and profitability have a significant positive effect on the disclosure of biological assets, and the type of KAP variable has a significant negative effect on the disclosure of biological assets. While the variables of firm size, ownership concentration, and firm growth do not affect the disclosure of biological assets.

Synthesis of vinyl selenides and tellurides: an updated review

Over the past years organochalcogen compounds have attracted the attention of many research groups due to their powerful chemical and biological activities. Vinyl selenides and tellurides have proved to be useful in organic synthesis as important tools in different reactions. Noteworthy, this important class of compounds has been shown to possess important biological assets, making them promising drug candidates. Herein, we present a comprehensive and updated review on the state of the art of the available methods developed in the last seven years to obtain vinyl selenides and vinyl tellurides. More than 130 articles were accessed, and their contents were critically revised through three main sections, highlighting the metal-free and metal-promoted synthesis of this valuable class of compounds. <br> The bibliography includes 139 references.

WHAT CAN FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE BE INFLUENCED BY THE INTENSITY OF GREEN BIOLOGICAL AND ACCOUNTING ASSETS

Abstract 
 This study aims to examine the effect of biological asset intensity and green accounting on Financial Performance. Quantitative research method with Multiple Linear Regression model is used as an analytical tool. Samples were taken using a purposive sampling technique as many as 90 years of agricultural companies. The results empirically prove that Biological Asset Intensity has no effect on Financial Performance in agricultural companies, Green Accounting has an influence on financial performance of agricultural companies, there is no relationship between Biological Asset Intensity and Green Accounting, and Biological Asset Intensity and Green Accounting together have an influence on the Financial Performance of agricultural companies listed on the IDX in 2017-2019.

Examining the Accounting Practice for Biological Assets among Malaysian Listed Companies: The Case of Aquaculture

Examining the Accounting Practice for Biological Assets among Malaysian Listed Companies: The Case of Aquaculture

Biological Assets and Firm Value: Do Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Matter?

This study aims to investigate whether value of biological assets measured by fair value and disclosure of biological assets has influence on firm value. The samples are agricultural companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2018 and 2020 with 51 firm-year observations. Using multivariate analysis, this study found that value of biological assets measured by their fair value has a significantly positive effect on firm value, while the disclosure level of biological assets does have impact on firm value. The control variables, namely profitability, leverage, and growth, significantly affect firm value. This study provides a new perspective and empirical evidence in the research topic because this research focuses on the impact of the application of Indonesian statement of financial standard No. 69 regulating fair value of assets and disclosure of biological assets on firm value.

Trichoderma longibrachiatum as a biostimulant of micropropagated banana seedlings under acclimatization

The use of growth-promoting microorganisms with biostimulant characteristics is an important biological asset for the acclimatization of micropropagated seedlings. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the application of Trichoderma spp. on the promotion of the growth of micropropagated banana seedlings during acclimatization. The experiment was performed in an 8 × 6 completely randomized design using the following treatments: water, seedlings fertilized with controlled-release fertilizer, commercial biological inputs (A: T. asperellum, B/C: T. harzianum), and LPPC299 and LPPC300 strains. Plant height, pseudostem diameter, number of leaves, total leaf area, root length, fresh and dry mass of the plant, and accumulation of sodium, macronutrients, and micronutrients were evaluated 60 days after inoculation. Strains LPPC299 and LPPC300 were subjected to molecular identification by DNA sequencing of the ITS/5.8S locus. In vitro detection of growth promotion-related mechanisms and mycelial growth of biostimulants were performed using scanning electron microscopy. LPPC299 and LPPC300 had a greater similarity to T. longibrachiatum. LPPC299 was able to promote greater pseudostem diameter, number of leaves, and total leaf area in banana seedlings. T. asperellum (A) favored seedling performance in terms of fresh and dry mass of the plants. The strains were able to produce siderophores, indoleacetic acid, and catalase in vitro. Seedlings inoculated with the strains accumulated Mn, S (LPPC300), and Mg (LPPC299). LPPC299 from the banana rhizosphere was efficient in promoting performance in banana seedlings, showing its potential as a biostimulant for this crop.

IAS 41 Agriculture

The accounting treatment and the information related to the agricultural activity that should be provided by entities operating in the agricultural sector and applying the International Financial Reporting Standards are stated by the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 41 Agriculture. In this article, we present aspects regarding the concept of agricultural activity, the scope of IAS 41, the recognition and measurement of biological assets, agricultural produce and bearer plants and financial statements disclosure, all these alongside a series of practical examples regarding the accounting treatments applicable according to the standard.

Molecular Structure, Spectroscopic Elucidation (FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-Visible and NMR) with NBO, ELF, LOL, RDG, Fukui, Drug Likeness and Molecular Docking Analysis on Dimethomorph

In the present study, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-morpholin-4-ylprop-2-en-1-one (dimethomorph) was characterized by spectroscopic investigations employing FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV-Vis and NMR (13 C, 1H) techniques. The optimized geometrical parameters and complete vibrational assignments of frequencies based on Potential Energy Distribution (PED) were determined by using Density Functional Theory (DFT) through the B3LYP with the level of 6-31G(d) basis set and compared with the experimental values. Besides, to gain better insight into structural features of title composite, HOMO-LUMO bandgap energy and electron excitation analysis was obtained. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) energy surface and Fukui function descriptor using natural atomic analysis charges were employed to investigate the most reactive sites of the title compound. Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) elucidates the delocalization of charge due to intermolecular interactions. The topological studies (RDG, ELF and LOL). Molecular docking done with antifungal, antiviral and antimicrobial proteins endorses the bioactivity of molecule. Drug likeness factors were calculated to comprehend the biological assets of dimethomorph. The stability of the title compound has been investigated via molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). In-vitro analysis was done with two fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans.

Large-Scale Oil Palm Trees Detection from High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images Using Deep Learning

Tree counting is an important plantation practice for biological asset inventories, etc. The application of precision agriculture in counting oil palm trees can be implemented by detecting oil palm trees from aerial imagery. This research uses the deep learning approach using YOLOv3, YOLOv4, and YOLOv5m in detecting oil palm trees. The dataset consists of drone images of an oil palm plantation acquired using a Fixed Wing VTOL drone with a resolution of 5cm/pixel, covering an area of 730 ha labeled with an oil palm class of 56,614 labels. The test dataset covers an area of 180 ha with flat and hilly conditions with sparse, dense, and overlapping canopy and oil palm trees intersecting with other vegetations. Model testing using images from 24 regions, each of which covering 12 ha with up to 1000 trees (for a total of 17,343 oil palm trees), yielded F1-scores of 97.28%, 97.74%, and 94.94%, with an average detection time of 43 s, 45 s, and 21 s for models trained with YOLOv3, YOLOv4, and YOLOv5m, respectively. This result shows that the method is sufficiently accurate and efficient in detecting oil palm trees and has the potential to be implemented in commercial applications for plantation companies.

Evaluation of Financial Determinants of Biological Assets of Agricultural Companies in Nigeria

This study examined the financial determinants of biological assets of agricultural companies in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the effect of leverage, profitability, and firms size on the biological assets of quoted Agricultural firms in Nigeria. The study adopted ex-post facto research design and made use of secondary data collected from annual reports and accounts of the sampled agricultural firms for a period of ten (10) years (2011-2020). Ordinary Least Squares (fixed effect model) were applied to evaluate the determinants (leverage, profitability, & firm size) of biological assets of quoted agricultural firms in Nigeria. The result of the analysis showed that leverage has a significant effect on the biological assets of quoted agricultural firms in Nigeria. The other variables which include profitability measured by return on assets and firm size have an insignificant effect on biological assets. The implication is that only leverage can cause a significant increase or decrease in the biological assets of agricultural firms in Nigeria. The study conclude that leverage is the only financial determinant that have significant effect on biological assets of agricultural firms in Nigeria.

Ginkgo to acquire rival Zymergen

The synthetic biology firm Ginkgo Bioworks is acquiring its competitor Zymergen in a deal worth about $300 million. Both Zymergen and Ginkgo engineer microbes to act as tiny chemical plants, but they pursue different business models. Ginkgo works with customers to design a microbe, and the customers are responsible for marketing and selling the product the microbe makes. Zymergen hoped to develop and sell its own products. Zymergen had a market capitalization of over $4 billion in June 2021. But the company’s valuation and investor confidence fell sharply later, when Zymergen announced problems with marketing of its first product, a polymer film used in electronic displays. Ginkgo says it wants Zymergen’s staff, software, biological assets, and data science tools—and especially its automated laboratory systems. The company hopes to sell or spin off Zymergen’s drug and materials businesses, signaling the end of the California-based firm’s product-focused approach. “They did choose a

Melanin protects Cryptococcus neoformans from spaceflight effects.

SummaryAs human activity in space continues to increase, understanding how biological assets respond to spaceflight conditions is becoming more important. Spaceflight conditions include exposure to ionizing radiation, microgravity, spacecraft vibrations and hypervelocity; all of which can affect the viability of biological organisms. Previous studies have shown that melanin‐producing fungi are capable of surviving the vacuum of space and Mars‐simulated conditions in Low Earth Orbit. This survival has been associated in part with the protective effects of melanin, but a comparison of fungal viability in the presence or absence of melanin following spaceflight has never been tested. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of melanin by comparing the viability of melanized and non‐melanized clones of Cryptococcus neoformans yeasts following a roundtrip to the International Space Station. Yeast colonies were placed inside two MixStix silicone tubes; one stayed on Earth and the other was transported inside for 29 days before returning to Earth. Post‐flight analysis based on colony‐forming unit numbers shows that melanized yeast viability was 50% higher than non‐melanized yeasts, while no difference was observed between the Earth‐bound control samples. The results suggest that fungal melanin could increase the lifespan of biological assets in space.

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF PSAK 69 ON BIOLOGICAL ASSETS AT PT AUSTINDO NUSANTARA JAYA Tbk.

This research aims to analyze the theory and practice of preparing financial statements carried out, especially on the recognition, measurement, and disclosure of biological assets. This research is a case study of PT Austindo Nusantara Jaya Tbk. (ANJ). The method used in this study is a qualitative research method where the data source in this study is secondary data, namely the financial statements and annual reports of PT Austindo Nusantara Jaya Tbk. (ANJ). The data analysis technique used in this study is a descriptive method of comparative qualitative approach. According to the Financial Report of PT Austindo Nusantara Jaya Tbk. (ANJ) in 2020, it shows that biological assets lie in current assets. This means that the asset has a useful life or undergoes a biological transformation in less than a year. Meanwhile, biological assets are measured by fair value minus costs for sale. The estimated fair value of biological assets will increase (decrease) if: (1) The estimated price of tbs and edamame beans is higher (lower), (2) The estimated yield is higher (lower), and (3) The estimated cost of maintenance, harvest, and transportation is lower (higher). PT Austindo Jaya Nusantara Tbk. has recognized all its biological assets with reference to the realization of production. Thus, the asset is recognized in the harvested crop.

Improving the analysis of financial results from biotransformation of plant biological assets

The article deals with the management of financial results from the biotransformation of biological assets and the sale of crop products on the basis of the formation of control and analytical information in organizations. A method of factorial economic analysis of profit from the biotransformation of biological assets and the sale of crop products is proposed, which makes it possible to determine the quantitative parameters of the factors affecting the amount of profit with the highest degree of reliability. This methodology provides a system for managing relevant information for making and executing science-based economic decisions to increase profits from the biotransformation of biological assets and the sale of crop products.

Ukuran Perusahaan Memoderasi Pengaruh Penilaian Aset Biologi dan Income Smoothing terhadap Volatilitas Laba

PSAK 69 effective January 1, 2016 has provided direction regarding the valuation of biological assets from historical value to Fair value which uses the basis of market prices which always fluctuate in line with the demand and supply of biological assets.The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of valuation of biological assets on earnings volatility by moderating firm size in manufacturing companies in the agricultural sector in Indonesia and Malaysia for the period 2016 to 2020. This study uses quantitative methods with secondary data sources with samples used through purposive sampling where the total data is 220 company year data. The results of this study are that Biological Asset Valuation and Income Smoothing have a positive effect on earnings volatility, then for the moderating variable Firm size cannot strengthen the effect of biological asset valuation on Earning Volatility and can strengthen the effect of Income Smoothing on Profit Volatility.

Issues and Challenges of Adoption of IFRS for SMEs in Malaysia

The purpose of this research is to look into issues and challenges associated with the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium Enterprises (IFRS for SMEs) or so-called MPERS (Malaysian Private Entity Reporting System). Using keywords like "IFRS for SMEs," "MPERS in Malaysia," and so on, this study examines existing literature in the form of articles in the Emerald database, as well as press releases and publications published by the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA). The MPERS version of IFRS is a shortened version of the complete IFRS. It reduces the substance of the whole IFRS by about 85%. Certain topics are excluded because they are not normally relevant to SMEs. SMEs, on the other hand, still consider IFRS for SMEs to be excessively complicated. MPERS is a performance-based standard, not a cost-based one. Almost everything must be of reasonable value. As a result, businesses owning investment properties or biological assets will have to pay extra for the valuation of these assets at fair value. For preparers, there are two major obstacles to overcome. Constant changes in standards, as well as a scarcity of skilled accountants, are also issues. Some data suggests that the decision usefulness model is inappropriate for smaller businesses. SMEs have a small number of account users, lack accounting competence to deal with complexity, and are managed by their owners. Furthermore, for SMEs, a reporting approach focused on stewardship and employing simplified historical cost accounting would be more appropriate.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENGUNGKAPAN ASET BIOLOGIS PADA PERUSAHAAN PERKEBUNAN DI INDONESIA DAN MALAYSIA

The purpose of this research is to evaluate and assess the impact of biological asset intensity, company size, KAP type, and profitability on the disclosure of biological assets by plantation companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange and Malaysia Stockbiz between 2016 and 2018. The method used in this study is the method of documentation observation of the sample determined using purposive sampling method. The total samples of this study were 15 samples Indonesian plantation companies and 25 samples Malaysian plantation companies. Hypothesis testing is carried out by using multiple linear regression analysis techniques with the statistical test instrument by using SPSS 25. The results show that biological asset intensity and profitability have an effect on the disclosure of biological assets. Meanwhile, company size and type of KAP have no effect on the disclosure of biological assets in Indonesian plantation companies. Furthermore, in Malaysian plantation companies show that biological asset intensity affects the disclosure of biological assets. Meanwhile, company size, type of KAP and profitability have no effect on disclosure of biological assets.