Biological Antioxidant Potential Levels Research Articles

Systemic Oxidative Balance Reflects the Liver Disease Progression Status for Primary Biliary Cholangitis (Pbc): The Narcissus Fountain.

Biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and Reactive Oxygen Metabolites (dROMs) are two tests complementarily assessing systemic oxidative statuses (SOSs) that are never applied in chronic liver disorders (CLDs). We enrolled 41 ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA)-naïve Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) patients [age: 58.61 ± 11.26 years; females (F): 39], 40 patients with metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic livers (age: 54.30 ± 11.21; F: 20), 52 patients with HBV (age: 52.40 ± 8.22; F: 34), 50 patients with (age: 56.44 ± 7.79, F: 29), and 10 controls (age: 52.50 ± 9.64; F: 7). Liver fibrosis and the steatosis severity were determined using transient elastography, and the SOS was balanced using d-ROMs and the BAP test. The gene expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD1; SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) were evaluated using real-time PCR in advanced fibrosis (AF: F3F4) in patients with PBC. In contrast to other CLDs, in PBC the dROMs and BAP levels were, respectively, directly and inversely correlated with hepatic fibrosis (dROMs, R: 0.883; BAP, R: -0.882) and steatosis (dROMs, R: 0.954; BAP, R: -0931) severity (p < 0.0001 all). Patients with PBC also revealed a progressively increasing trend of d-ROMs (F0-F2 vs. F3: p = 0.0008; F3 vs. F4: p = 0.04) and reduction in BAP levels (F0-F2 vs. F3: p = 0.0007; F3 vs. F4 p = 0.04) according to the worsening of liver fibrosis. In AF-PBC, the SOD1, SOD2, and GPx1 expressions were significantly downregulated in patients presenting SOS imbalance (SOD1, p = 0.02; SOD2, p = 0.03; GPx1, p = 0.02). SOS disequilibrium represents a leitmotiv in patients with PBC, perfectly reflecting their liver disease progression status.

Analysis of oxidative stress and antioxidative potential in premature ovarian insufficiency.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by an early decline in ovarian function, inducing secondary amenorrhea. While the cause of POI has not yet been identified, the function of mitochondria in the ovaries and the cytotoxicity associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in follicle pool depletion and a decline in follicle quality. Recently developed tests have enabled easy measurement of diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP). The combination of these two tests is used to comprehensively assess oxidative stress in the blood. To comprehensively assess the oxidative stress of d-ROMs and BAP in POI. Participants were classified into two groups: A POI group of 11 women aged < 40 years examined between January 2021 and June 2022 with a history of secondary amenorrhea for at least 4 mo in our hospital and an FSH value of ≥ 40 mIU/mL; and a control group of healthy women of the same age with normal ovarian function in our hospital. Plasma d-ROMs and BAP were measured in both these groups underwent. Differences between groups were assessed using the t-test. The mean age and mean body mass index (BMI) were 35.8 ± 3.0 years and 20.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2 in the control group and 35.8 ± 2.7 years and 19.4 ± 2.5 kg/m2 in the POI group, respectively. The mean gravidity and parity in control and POI groups were 0.6 ± 0.7 and 0.4 ± 0.5 and 0.6 ± 0.9 and 0.3 ± 0.5, respectively. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of mean age, BMI, gravidity, or parity. The d-ROMs level was significantly higher in the POI group than in the control group (478.2 ± 58.7 vs 341.1 ± 35.1 U.CARR; P < 0.001); however, the BAP level did not significantly differ between the two groups (2078.5 ± 157.4 vs 2029.0 ± 186.4 μmol/L). The oxidase stress index (d-ROMs/BAP × 100) was significantly higher in the POI group than in the control group (23.7 ± 3.3 vs 16.5 ± 2.1; P < 0.001). Oxidative stress was significantly greater in the POI group than in the control group, suggesting oxidative stress as a factor that can serve as a POI biomarker.

Feeding tannins to dairy cows in different seasons improves the oxidative status of blood plasma and the antioxidant capacity of cheese.

The aim of the present study was to assess the dietary supplementation of tannins to grazing dairy cows in 2 seasons characterized by a good quality pasture (spring) or a poor-quality pasture (summer). The effects of dietary tannins were assessed on plasma antioxidant status and cytokines profile and on the antioxidant properties of cheese and cheese in vitro digestates. Fourteen lactating dairy cows were divided into 2 homogeneous groups (n = 7): a control group (CON), and an experimental group (TAN) receiving 150 g/head per day of tannins supplementation. The experiment was performed twice, in spring and in summer. The animals were free to graze on spontaneous pasture (spring) or on dry stubble (summer). Blood was sampled at the beginning (d 0), at the midpoint (d 11), and at the end (d 22) of the trial. Individual cheese was produced before the beginning (d -1) and at the end (d 22) of the trial from the milk collected from each cow. On blood plasma, the reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), nonesterified fatty acids quantification, and cytokines profile in terms of IL-10, IL-8, IL-1β, and IFN-γ were determined. Data on ROM demonstrated that tannins supplementation lowered oxidative stress both in spring and in summer. Accordingly, TAN diet increased BAP levels compared with the CON during summer trial. Thus, feeding tannins resulted in lower ratio between ROM and BAP (oxidative stress index) in both spring and summer. Cytokines' profile showed lower IL-1β values in TAN group at d 22 during spring season, with a concomitant higher IL-10 level, during summer season. Moreover, TAN group had a lower level of IFN-γ in plasma than CON group, both in spring and in summer. On cheese samples, the in vitro digestion was performed and on cheese and cheese digestates (gastric and intestinal digestate) the free radical scavenging antioxidant activity was evaluated. The intestinal digestate fraction registered the highest antioxidant activity compared with cheese and gastric digestate, in both spring and summer seasons. Furthermore, an improvement of the antioxidant property of cheese and cheese digestates was found. Present data demonstrated that tannins supplementation contributed to reduce the oxidative stress of lactating dairy cows and showed an increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines ratio.

Effect Of Exercise Habits On Oxidative Stress During Menstrual Cycle

It is known that the risk of oxidative stress differs between female athletes and non- athletes. However, the effect of exercise habits and oxidative stress in young women has not been fully investigated. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of exercise habits on oxidative stress during the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Seven healthy women who have exercise habits (EX) and nine women who do not have exercise habits (NE) provided blood samples and data of physical activity during the menstrual phase (MP), follicular phase (FP), early luteal phase (EL) and late luteal phase (LL). All participants have a regular menstrual cycle and have never taken oral contraceptives. We measured plasma reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP). Oxidative stress index was calculated by d-ROMs/BAP. RESULTS: The EX tended to have higher d-ROMs levels than the NE (EX MP: 326 ± 43, EX FP: 335 ± 47, EX EL: 311 ± 26 EX LL: 303 ± 28, NE MP: 319 ± 56, NE FP: 309 ± 38, NE EL: 292 ± 36, NE LL: 284 ± 33 U.CARR, NS). The d-ROMs and BAP levels were unaffected by the menstrual cycle. Oxidative stress index below 7.33 are classified as oxidized type, and those above 7.33 are classified as antioxidant type. The EX tended to be oxidized type, while the NE tended to be antioxidant type (EX MP: 7.53 ± 1.07, EX FP: 7.06 ± 1.04, EX EL: 7.59 ± 0.81, EX LL: 7.92 ± 0.98, NE MP: 7.60 ± 1.26, NE FP: 7.90 ± 1.42, NE EL: 8.39 ± 1.29, NE LL: 8.39 ± 1.22, NS). Negative correlation was found between physical activity and antioxidant power during the FP (r = -0.57, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Higher oxidative stress was found in women with exercise habits. The risk of oxidative stress with or without exercise habits was unaffected by the menstrual cycle. These findings indicate that women with high physical activity may be at increased risk of oxidative stress.

Assessment of Mancozeb Exposure, Absorbed Dose, and Oxidative Damage in Greenhouse Farmers.

Mancozeb (MNZ) is a fungicide commonly employed in many countries worldwide. This study assesses MNZ absorption dynamics in 19 greenhouse farmers, specifically following dermal exposure, aiming to verify the efficacy of both preventive actions and protective equipment. For data collection, a multi-assessment approach was used, which included a survey to record study population features. MNZ exposure was assessed through the indirect measurement of ethylene thiourea (ETU), widely employed as an MNZ biomarker. The ETU concentration was measured with the patch method, detecting environmental ETU trapped in filter paper pads, applied both on skin and working clothes, during the 8 h work shift. Urine and serum end-of-shift samples were also collected to measure ETU concentrations and well-known oxidative stress biomarkers, respectively, namely reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), and biological antioxidant potential (BAP). It was observed that levels of ETU absorbed and ETU excreted were positively correlated. Additionally, working clothes effectively protected workers from MNZ exposure. Moreover, following stratification of the samples based on the specific working duty (i.e., preparation and spreading of MNZ and manipulation of MNZ-treated seedlings), it was found that the spreading group had higher ETU-related risk, despite lower chronic exposure levels. AOPP and ROM serum levels were higher in MNZ-exposed subjects compared with non-exposed controls, whereas BAP levels were significantly lower. Such results support an increase in the oxidative stress upon 8 h MNZ exposure at work. In particular, AOPP levels demonstrated a potential predictive role, as suggested by the contingency analysis results. Overall, this study, although conducted in a small group, confirms that ETU detection in pads, as well as in urine, might enable assessment of the risk associated with MNZ exposure in greenhouse workers. Additionally, the measurement of circulating oxidative stress biomarkers might help to stratify exposed workers based on their sensitivity to MNZ. Pivotally, the combination of both ETU measurement and biological monitoring might represent a novel valuable combined approach for risk assessment in farmhouse workers exposed to pesticides. In the future, these observations will help to implement effective preventive strategies in the workplace for workers at higher risk, including greenhouse farmers who are exposed to pesticides daily, as well as to clarify the occupational exposure levels to ETU.

Increased plasma glutamate in non-smokers with vasospastic angina pectoris is associated with plasma cystine and antioxidant capacity

Objectives. Endothelial dysfunction caused by oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of vasospastic angina pectoris (VSAP). Glutamate causes endothelial dysfunction by generating oxidative stress, and it inhibits cystine import into endothelial cells via the cystine/glutamate antiporter (XC –), which leads to depletion of antioxidant glutathione. However, whether glutamate and cystine are implicated in the pathogenesis of VSAP remains unclear. We investigated plasma glutamate and cystine levels, oxidative stress markers and antioxidant capacity in non-smoker patients with VSAP to determine whether glutamate and cystine are associated with the development of VSAP. We assessed 49 non-smokers assigned to groups with (n = 27) and without (n = 22) VSAP, and also measured plasma glutamate, cystine, nitrotyrosine, reactive oxygen metabolites and biological antioxidant potential. Results. Plasma glutamate and cystine values were significantly higher in the group with, than without VSAP (59.8 ± 25.7 vs. 43.5 ± 18.7 µmol/L, p = .016 and 35.3 ± 14.2 vs. 25.2 ± 9.1 µmol/L, p = .0056, respectively). Plasma glutamate and cystine values were significantly and positively associated (r = 0.32, p = .027). Levels of the oxidative stress markers nitrotyrosine and reactive oxygen metabolites, and biological antioxidant potential of as a measure of antioxidant capacity, did not significantly differ between the two groups. However, glutamate and biological antioxidant potential values were significantly and negatively associated (r = −0.3, p = .036). Conclusion. Plasma glutamate levels were increased in patients with VSAP who did not smoke, and they were positively associated with plasma cystine and negatively associated with the biological antioxidant potential levels.

Correlation between Severity of Fetal Growth Restriction and Oxidative Stress in Severe Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants.

Severe small-for-gestational-age (sSGA) infants exhibit increased mortality and morbidity. Oxidative stress is suggested to be involved in intrauterine growth restriction. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress level at birth in an sSGA population. Sera of 28 sSGA (sSGA group) and 31 non-sSGA (control group) infants, born at our hospital between March 2017 and March 2020, were evaluated. Oxidative stress (derivative of reactive oxidative metabolites: d-ROM level), biological antioxidant potential (BAP) level, and the ratio of d-ROM/BAP level (oxidative stress index: OSI) were measured. The sSGA group had a significantly lower birth weight (BW), BW z-score, head circumference, and height than the control group (all p < 0.05). No significant difference was noted in the BAP level; sSGA infants exhibited a significantly higher d-ROM level than control infants. sSGA infants showed a significantly increased OSI compared with control infants, and the BW z-score was inversely correlated with d-ROM levels and OSI in sSGA infants (R2 = 0.300; p < 0.01 and R2 = 0.319; p = 0.02, respectively) but not in controls. In conclusion, sSGA infants, including preterm infants, exhibited higher oxidative stress at birth. The severity of fetal growth restriction was significantly correlated with oxidative stress levels at birth in sSGA infants.

Exhausted with foraging: Foraging behavior is related to oxidative stress in chick-rearing seabirds

To understand foraging strategies and behavioral flexibility in wild animals, it is important to evaluate the physiological costs imposed by foraging efforts and how these costs affect foraging and provisioning behavior. Oxidative stress is a possible physiological indicator associated with foraging behavior in wild seabirds, and may also affect their reproductive performance. However, no previous study has simultaneously recorded foraging behavior and the associated oxidative stress in wild seabirds. Using an integrative approach based on oxidative stress measurements and bio-logging techniques (i.e., the use of animal-borne sensors), we determined the relationships between foraging behavior and oxidative stress in chick-rearing streaked shearwaters Calonectris leucomelas in 2018 and 2019. To quantify their oxidative stress, we measured reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) in their plasma. We found that the d-ROMs levels were positively related to the maximum distance from the colony and the number of takeoffs, especially in 2019 when shearwaters flew further to forage. In 2018, when they flew relatively short distances, the BAP levels were positively related to the levels of their physical activity (overall dynamic body acceleration; ODBA). We conclude that longer and less successful foraging may lead to increase oxidative stress, while successful foraging may mitigate the oxidative stress of foraging by providing dietary antioxidants. Our results highlight that the combined data from bio-logging and oxidative stress measurements aid in evaluating the underlying physiological costs of foraging behavior in wild animals.

Uric acid shown to contribute to increased oxidative stress level independent of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in MedCity21 health examination registry

Uric acid has both antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties in vitro by scavenging and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This cross-sectional study examined whether uric acid possesses effects on oxidative stress under physiological conditions independent of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), which is involved in uric acid and ROS production. Serum uric acid level was measured, while plasma XOR activity was determined using our high-sensitive assay in 192 participants (91 males, 101 females) who underwent health examinations and were not taking an antihyperuricemic agent. For antioxidant potential and oxidative stress level, biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and derivative of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) in serum, respectively, were measured. Median uric acid level and plasma XOR activity were 5.6 mg/dL and 26.1 pmol/h/mL, respectively, and BAP and d-ROMs levels were 2112.8 μmol/L and 305.5 Carr U, respectively. Multivariable regression analyses revealed no significant association of serum uric acid level with BAP level, whereas serum uric acid level showed a significant association with d-ROMs level independent of plasma XOR activity (p = 0.045), which was prominent in females (p = 0.036; p for interaction = 0.148). Uric acid might contribute to increased oxidative stress independent of XOR activity by increasing ROS production, without affecting ROS scavenging, especially in females.

Effect of Food Containing Paramylon Derived from Euglena gracilis EOD-1 on Fatigue in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Trial.

Euglena gracilis EOD-1, a kind of microalgae, is known to contain a high proportion of paramylon, a type of β-1,3-glucan. Paramylon derived from E. gracilis EOD-1 is presumed to suppress cellular oxidative injury and expected to reduce fatigue and fatigue sensation. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether food containing paramylon derived from E. gracilis EOD-1 (EOD-1PM) ingestion reduced fatigue and fatigue sensation in healthy adults. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison study in 66 healthy men and women who ingested a placebo or EOD-1PM daily for 4 weeks (daily life fatigue). Furthermore, at the examination days of 0 and 4 weeks, tolerance to fatigue load was evaluated using mental tasks (task-induced fatigue). We evaluated fatigue sensation using the Visual Analogue Scale, the work efficiency of the advanced trail making test and measured serum antioxidant markers. The EOD-1PM group showed significantly lower levels of physical and mental fatigue sensations and higher levels of work efficiency as well as serum biological antioxidant potential levels than the placebo group. These results indicate that EOD-1PM ingestion reduced fatigue and fatigue sensation, which may be due to an increase in antioxidant potential and maintenance of selective attention during work.

Study on Health/Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Capacity Among Female Care Workers and Female General Workers

Background: Care workers have been considered to have higher work-related stress than general workers, which can have a considerable effect on their lifestyle. Hence, psychological and physiological stress levels should be examined. While several studies have investigated psychological stress among care workers, none have examined physiological stress. In addition, very few studies have been investigated the relationship between lifestyle and physiological stress.Aims: This study aimed to examine the relationship between health/lifestyle and physiological stress among female care workers and general workers and identify differences therein.Methods: Subjects included 30 workers (average age: 49.8) and 33 general workers (average age: 51.9). No significant difference in their age was noted. The “Diagnostic Inventory of Health and Life Habit” developed by Tokunaga et al. was used to examine lifestyle habits. Physiological stress was examined by measuring diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) using FRAS4 manufactured by WISMERLL Co., Ltd. during the subjects’ working hours.Results: Care workers were taller, heavier, woke up later, and slept longer than general workers. Both care workers and general workers had average health/lifestyle parameter scores that fell within the “moderate” category, with no differences between both groups. Both care workers and general workers had a poor health rating and were evaluated as “caution required,” which indicated undesirable lifestyle habits. No significant differences in d-ROMs and BAP were observed between both groups, many of whom fell under the “high oxidative stress” category for d-ROMs and “borderline” for BAP. Regarding the relationship between d-ROMs and BAP values and health/lifestyle parameters, our results found some relationship between exercise habits and d-ROMs only among care workers.Conclusion: General workers and care workers included herein had similarly poor health levels and undesirable lifestyle habits. Moreover, both groups were both had high d-ROM and normal BAP levels, with no significant differences in both indexes. Several care workers confirmed to have high d-ROMs tended to not participate in sport activities or exercise and did not to expect to benefit from them.

Effects of 3-Month Astaxanthin Supplementation on Cardiac Function in Heart Failure Patients with Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction-A Pilot Study.

Astaxanthin has strong antioxidant properties. We conducted a prospective pilot study on heart failure (HF) patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction to investigate improvements in cardiac function and exercise tolerance in relation to suppression of oxidative stress by 3-month astaxanthin supplementation. Oxidative stress markers—serum Diacron reactive oxygen metabolite (dROM), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentrations, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and 6-min walk distance (6MWD) were assessed before and after 3-month astaxanthin supplementation. Finally, the data of 16 HF patients were analyzed. Following 3-month astaxanthin supplementation, dROM level decreased from 385.6 ± 82.6 U.CARR to 346.5 ± 56.9 U.CARR (p = 0.041) despite no changes in BAP and urinary 8-OHdG levels. LVEF increased from 34.1 ± 8.6% to 38.0 ± 10.0% (p = 0.031) and 6MWD increased from 393.4 ± 95.9 m to 432.8 ± 93.3 m (p = 0.023). Significant relationships were observed between percent changes in dROM level and those in LVEF. In this study, following 3-month astaxanthin supplementation, suppressed oxidative stress and improved cardiac contractility and exercise tolerance were observed in HF patients with LV systolic dysfunction. Correlation between suppression of oxidative stress and improvement of cardiac contractility suggests that suppression of oxidative stress by astaxanthin supplementation had therapeutic potential to improve cardiac functioning.

The Oxidative Stress Markers of Horses-the Comparison with Other Animals and the Influence of Exercise and Disease.

Simple SummaryAlthough oxidative stress is detrimental in biological systems, direct analysis of the active oxygen species that causes the stress has been difficult at a clinical level. In the current study, we analyzed the levels of diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) in the serum of horses. These are easy to measure and they provide information on the level of oxidative stress in an animal. The mean d-ROM level in horses was higher than those in dogs or dairy cattle, and the levels in horses can be used to distinguish those with a disease.Diacron-reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROM) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels in the serum of horses were measured (ponies, n = 15; thoroughbred, n = 31; other full-sized horses, n = 7). The mean d-ROM levels in horses were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those in dairy cattle (n = 25) and dogs (n = 31). However, d-ROM levels in horses were lower than the standard levels reported in humans. When d-ROM and BAP levels were plotted graphically, the points for horses with a disease (ringbone in 1 Japanese sports horse, cellulitis in 1 thoroughbred, melanoma in 1 Lipizzaner) fell outside the group of points for other (non-diseased) horses. A similar separation was seen (using data from other authors) for a horse with Rhodococcus equi, a horse following castration surgery, and a mare following delivery. These results, comparing horses, other animals, and humans, are interesting from the standpoint of comparative medicine, and they contribute to the sparse literature available on d-ROM and BAP levels in animals. Because the level of d-ROM and BAP levels were changed depending on the situation of health, those indexes are promising as indices of health in horses.

Early responsiveness to continuous erythropoietin receptor activator predicts renal prognosis and is determined by a novel antioxidative marker in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease: a prospective, observational, single-center study.

Responsiveness to erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) is important for anemia management in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We assessed the effects of a continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) on renoprotection beyond anemia management and the correlation between the responsiveness to ESAs and oxidative stress markers in CKD. This single-center, prospective, observational study was conducted over 24months. We administered CERA to 35 non-dialysis patients with hemoglobin (Hb) < 11g/dL and examined the results of the serum diacron-reactive oxygen metabolite (dROMs) test for oxidative stress markers and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) test for antioxidant markers. We then examined the renoprotective effects of CERA and the responsiveness to CERA. Eighteen patients experienced renal events (doubling of serum creatinine levels, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate to < 6.0mL/min/1.73 m2, or initiation of renal replacement therapy), seventeen of which survived. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that responsiveness to CERA during the initial 3-month treatment period was a good predictor of renal events. Moreover, a high response to CERA during the 3months independently suppressed renal events (hazard ratio, 0.344). High BAP levels at baseline were significantly associated with high responsiveness to CERA during the initial 3-month treatment period. Responsiveness to CERA during the first 3months was an important indicator of CKD progression. Moreover, BAP test results determined responsiveness to CERA. This is the first report to show how antioxidant levels can be a potential marker of CERA's ability to control anemia in CKD patients.

Association between oxidative stress biomarkers and PON and GST polymorphisms as a predictor for susceptibility to the effects of pesticides.

Low levels of pesticides persist in the environment and can affect the health of exposed subjects. Oxidative stress is considered as one of the mechanisms responsible for the adverse effects on human health and some molecules may represent useful biomarkers for the evaluation of this physiological balance. This study investigated the role of these biomarkers, such as advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), advanced glycation end‑products (AGE) and reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) in relation to genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase (PON)1, PON2, glutathione S‑transferase pi1 (GSTP1), glutathione S‑transferase theta1 (GSTT1) and glutathione S‑transferase mu1 (GSTM1). An increase in the levels of these biomarkers is usually inversely associated with the depletion of the biological antioxidant potential (BAP). The results revealed a statistically significant difference in the sex‑dependent variation of AGE, BAP, AOPP and ROM protein levels. Furthermore, an association between the PON2 S331C gene polymorphism and the serum levels of AOPP, ROMs and BAP was found. Thus, compared with AGE, the levels of AOPP and ROMs provided a more sensitive biomarker, with an improved association with the PON2 genotype. Such an association strengthen the importance of PON in the occurrence of oxidative stress. According to these results, an individual's genetic background may be taken into account for the health surveillance of individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides, in order to define a cluster of highly susceptible workers so as to guarantee greater protection.

Oxidative state in the estrus cycle of the buffaloes: a preliminary study.

The oxidative status, the relationship between oxidizing agents (free radicals) and antioxidant system, is able to influence the correct performance of the estrus cycle. The aim of the experimentation was to define a first range of physiological values of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the biological antioxidant potential (BAP), found during the phases of the buffalo estrus cycle. In this study, blood samples were taken from 30 buffaloes in various phases of the estrus cycle (estrus, diestrus, anestrus), on which serum determinations, by a photometer, of BAP and ROS have been carried out. The highest ROS values were detected during estrus and this is due to the primary role they play in determining ovulation. The highest levels of BAP have been found in diestrus, when they perform protective action against oxidative damage in the ovaries and uterus.

Changes in the blood redox balance during a simulated duathlon race and its relationship with athletic performance.

The duathlon is an endurance multisport event that consists of sequential running, cycling, and further running. Imbalance in the redox homeostasis is associated with fatigued status and underperformance in various sports; however, there are no corresponding reports regarding the duathlon. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in the blood redox balance during a simulated duathlon race and to determine the relationship between performance and the redox balance. Eight male triathletes participated in a simulated race, consisting of a 5‐km run, 30 km cycling, and a further 5‐km run, with 5 min rest between two parts to collect the blood samples. The serum levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (d‐ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were measured and BAP/d‐ROMs ratio and oxidative stress index (OSI) were calculated. The d‐ROMs levels after the first Run were significantly increased compared with the levels observed before the race. Moreover, BAP levels increased significantly over the race. The BAP/d‐ROMs ratio also gradually increased through the race, while the OSI was gradually decreased. In addition, a significant relationship was observed only between d‐ROMs levels after the first Run and the first Run performance. These results suggest that the redox balance shifts toward reduction (antioxidation) during the duathlon race and increased oxidant potential levels are negatively correlated with performance in the early stages of the race.

Association between Abdominal Obesity and Oxidative Stress in Korean Adults.

BackgroundObesity causes several changes in the body and is associated with both inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the relationship between abdominal obesity, diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs), and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels in Korean adults has not yet been proved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between d-ROMs, BAP levels, and abdominal obesity in the Korean adult population using clinical data.MethodsA total of 2,367 individuals, aged 18–86 years, were identified from health check-up examination records at a university hospital, between January 2015 and August 2016. Clinical and biochemical parameters, including waist circumference, lipid profile, alcohol drinking status, and smoking status, were investigated. Oxidative stress levels, viz., d-ROM concentration and antioxidant capacity, viz., BAP, were measured.ResultsSubjects with abdominal obesity presented significantly higher levels of d-ROMs compared to those with a normal waist circumference (P<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, alcohol drinking status; smoking status; and triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein levels were found to have a significant positive correlation with abdominal obesity (P<0.001). BAP did not significantly correlate with abdominal obesity.ConclusionWe observed a positive association between abdominal obesity and d-ROM concentration. This result indicates that abdominal obesity can increase oxidative stress and may affect the pathways involved in obesity, such as the inflammatory pathway. Such correlation analyses were helpful in revealing the causes, as well as methods to reduce, oxidative stress.

The relationship between increased oxidative stress and visual field defect progression in glaucoma patients with sleep apnoea syndrome

Sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) is often associated with glaucoma, and intermittent hypoxia, present in SAS, can contribute to glaucoma pathogenesis. However, the relationships between SAS, high systemic oxidative stress and the speed of glaucoma progression are unclear. Thus, we investigated these relationships in glaucoma patients with and without SAS. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 166 eyes of 166 Japanese patients: 42 controls, 109 open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients without SAS and 15 OAG patients with SAS. Prognostic factors for visual field defect progression were determined with logistic regression. Diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (dROM) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) were measured with a free radical analyser. Clinical parameters were also recorded. Intergroup comparisons used the Mann-Whitney U test. Multiple regression analysis showed that SAS was a statistically significant contributing factor to fast visual field defect progression, defined as mean deviation (MD) slope ≤-2.0 dB/Y (SAS: odds ratio (OR)=14.48; p=0.002). The non-SAS and SAS groups had similar age, sex, intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length and antiglaucoma drug use. The SAS group had a significantly higher dROM level (p=0.001), BAP level (p=0.038) and steeper MD slope (p=0.001) than the non-SAS group. Glaucoma patients with SAS have higher dROM, as well as steeper MD slope, than patients without SAS, suggesting that SAS may induce systemic oxidative stress and promote glaucomatous visual field defect progression.

Single Oral Administration of Anthocyanin Rescues Smoking-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Young Smokers but Facilitates Oxidative Stress in Non-Smokers

Objectives: Smoking causes endothelial dysfunction, but it still remains unclear whether oral administration of anthocyanin brings benefits to endothelial function and redox states in young healthy smokers. We tested the hypothesis that supplement anthocyanin may rescue endothelial dysfunction and redox states in young healthy smokers. Methods: Young healthy male non-smoker (n = 8) and smokers (n = 14) were enrolled to measure the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP) levels and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) before and 2 hours after one cigarette smoking or resting under administration of blackcurrant supplements (anthocyanins 210 mg) or not. Results: FMD, d-ROMs, and BAP at baseline were similar between non-smokers and smokers. One cigarette smoking induced a decrease in FMD at 2 hours (9.0% ± 2.6% vs 7.5% ± 2.3%, p < 0.05) without affecting plasma levels of d-ROMs and BAP in young healthy smokers. Single oral administration of anthocyanin at 210 mg abolished smoking-induced decrease in FMD (8.3% ± 3.4% vs 9.5% ± 3.6%, p = ns) without changes in plasma levels of d-ROMs and BAP in young smokers. In non-smokers, however, administration of anthocyanin at 210 mg slightly but significantly elevated plasma level of d-ROMs at 2 hours (249.6 ± 30.3 vs 265.5 ± 36.3 U CARR, p < 0.05) without affecting plasma level of BAP and FMD. Conclusions: Single oral administration of anthocyanin rescued smoking-induced endothelial dysfunction in young healthy smokers, but facilitated oxidative stress in non-smokers. When anthocyanin is taken as supplements, it seems important to pay attention to the dose and timing of administration.