Biointensive Integrated Pest Management Research Articles

Relative activity of 15 bacterial strains against the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera exigua, and Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Crystal toxins produced by different strains of entomopathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been characterized and widely applied as commercial biological pesticides owing to their excellent insecticidal properties. This study aimed to identify novel bacterial strains effective in controlling Spodoptera exigua Hübner, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, and Spodoptera litura Fabricius. Fifteen culturable bacterial strains were isolated from 60 dead larvae (H. armigera and S. exigua) collected in the field. The biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA sequences of these strains indicated that one strain (B7) was Lysinibacillus sp., 12 strains (B1, B3, B4, B5, B6, B8, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, and DW) were Bt kurstaki, and P2-2 and B2 were Bacillus velezensis subsp. Laboratory bioassays indicated that strains B3, P6, B6, and P4 showed high toxicity to second-instar larvae of S. exigua, with LC50 values of 5.11, 6.74, 205.82, and 595.93 µg/ml, respectively; while the strains P5, B5, B6, and P6, were the most efficient against second-instar larvae of H. armigera with LC50 values of 725.82, 11,022.72, 1,282.90, 2,005.28, respectively, and strains DW, P3, P2, and B4 had high insecticidal activity against second-instar larvae of S. litura with LC50 values of 576.69, 1,660.96, 6,309.42, and 5,486.10 µg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, several Bt kurstaki strains with good toxicity potential were isolated and identified in this study. These strains are expected to be useful for biointensive integrated pest management programs to reduce the use of synthetic insecticides.

Bio-intensive integrated pest management strategies against borer complex of sugarcane

Bio-intensive integrated pest management strategies against borer complex of sugarcane

Ecofriendly Insecticides: Impact on Abundance and Foraging Activity of Bee Pollinators in Sunflower

Field study was conducted with ecofriendly insecticides on their effects on the foraging activity and time spent of bee pollinators in sunflower during 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru. Significantly less number of bees were observed with mahua oil one day after spray- 2.15 (Apis dorsata), 1.33 (A. cerana), 1.72 (A. florea) and 1.24 (Tetragonula iridipennis). BIPM (biointensive integrated pest management) and spinosad treatments led to maximum number of bees at 4 and 7 days after spray. The least mean time spent was observed with mahua oil treatment, whereas, BIPM and spinosad led to maximum mean time spent for all the bee pollinators. It is concluded that mahua oil has repellent activity on the bee pollinators.

Sosisalisasi Penggunaan Beauveria Bassiana dan Pestisida Nabati untuk Mengendalikan Hama pada Sayuran Hidroponik

Vegetable cultivation using a hydroponic system in a green house is growing rapidly in the Ciampel area, Karawang Regency. One of the problems faced by hydroponic vegetable farmers is the attack of leaf-eating pests. The control of pests that attack vegetables has been using chemical pesticides which will pollute the environment and be harmful to human health. The purpose of this community service activity is to provide knowledge and skills in the use of biological agents for the fungus Beauveria bassiana and vegetable pesticides made from papaya leaf extract to control pests on hydroponic vegetables. This activity was carried out in September-November 2020 which was attended by the Women Farmers Group (KWT) in Mulyasari Village, Ciampel, Karawang. Activities are carried out in a structured and gradual manner starting from planning, site surveys, problem identification, technical guidance, mentoring, monitoring, and evaluation. Assistance to farmers has been carried out in approximately three months online and offline together with students from the Faculty of Agriculture, Singaperbangsa Karawang University. The results of the activity showed an increase in understanding about the dangers of using chemical pesticides on vegetables and the importance of pest control based on Biointensive Integrated Pest Management (IPM-Biointensive) using biological agents and botanical pesticides. In addition, the participants who took part in this activity were skilled at producing the biological agent Beauveria bassiana and vegetable pesticides with active papaya leaf juice. Farmers become more skilled at monitoring pests in the green house/field to monitor the presence or absence of pests in their crops. In addition, farmers have become more skilled in mass propagation of B. bassiana biological agents and vegetable pesticides. Mass propagation technique of B. bassiana uses alternative media, namely from feed corn.

Development of a water dispersible granule (WDG) formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis for the management of Spodoptera litura (Fab.)

ABSTRACT The tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura is a key insect pest affecting the crop stand and yield of a wide range of crops, mainly castor. Entomopathogens are known to play a vital role in eco-friendly management of insect pests. The present study was undertaken with the objective of developing a freely flowable WDG formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) containing a high percentage of active ingredient coupled with biodegradable adjuvants. Water dispersible granule (WDG) formulation of DOR Bt-127 – a native strain of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki was prepared by a combination of agglomeration and pan drying method using a binder (guar gum), a wetting agent (Tween-80) and a water-soluble carrier (starch). WDG had good wettability and was effective against S. litura. X-ray diffraction studies revealed semi-crystalline nature of WDG formulation. FTIR spectra of Bt WDG formulation revealed change in transmittance peaks to 1631, 1547 and 1147 cm−1 from 1636, 1534 and 1075 cm−1 of Bt (technical) indicating binding of Bt with starch and guar gum. The formulation has a high protein content of 134.7 mg/g and potency of 74,200 SU/mg against 9 days old S. litura larvae. Pot culture studies and field trials revealed that efficacy of Bt-127 WDG formulation was on par with the commercial Btk formulation against 7 and 9 days old larvae. Bt-127 WDG formulation was promising against early as well as older instar larvae and therefore has a prospective to be used in Bio-intensive Integrated Pest Management programmes to reduce the usage of synthetic chemical insecticides.

Evaluation of certain bio-intensive integrated pest management (BIPM) modules against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) in blackgram

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a bio-intensive IPM modules including organic nutrients and botanicals against Spodoptera litura on black gram. The results revealed that combined application of neem cake, installation of pheromone traps, and growing castor as trap crop was found to be effective in reducing the larval population of S. litura (module-3) as compared to untreated check. The highest seed yield of 874 kg/ha and 898 kg/ha was recorded in this module (M-III) with BCR of 1:2.81 and 1:2.70 during kharif 2017 and rabi 2018, respectively followed by module-4.

Abundance of soil microbes, endophytic fungi and blast disease of paddy rice with three pest management practices

Abstract. Wiyono S, Istiaji B, Triwidodo H, Suryaningsih AS. 2020. Abundance of soil microbes, endophytic fungi and blast disease of paddy rice with three pest management practices. Biodiversitas 21: 4234-4239. Rice production in Indonesia faces a potential threat of pests and diseases. Biointensive Integrated Pest Management (Bio IPM) is a new approach based on natural and biological control, which effectively controls pests and diseases. However, the impact of this technology on soil microbes and endophytic fungi is almost unknown. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of Bio IPM on abundance of soil microbes, endophytic fungi, and blast disease under field conditions. Three pest management types were tested i.e. conventional, reduced pesticides, and Bio IPM. Field experiment was set in four replications in randomized complete block design. Experiments were carried out in two seasons i.e. dry and wet season. Variables assessed during experiment were amount of soil bacteria, soil fungi, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, colonization of total leaf endophytes, colonization of Nigrospora sp., and blast disease severity. The results showed that the abundance of soil bacteria and phosphate solubilizing bacteria were significantly increased with Bio IPM whereas it was not found to be significant in soil fungi. Total endophytic fungi and Nigrospora sp. were found higher in Bio IPM especially in early growth stages. Bio IPM controlled neck blast more effectively than conventional and reduced pesticides, but it did not show any significant effect on leaf blast disease.

Bio-intensive Prophylactic Integrated Pest Management in Castor for Arid Environment

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is commercially valued for ricinoleic acid and non-edible oil as a lubricant, printing inks, laxative, solvent, biodiesel, etc. Alternaria blight, powdery mildew, charcoal root rot and vascular wilt are major diseases that cause substantial yield losses under high temperatures and drought conditions. Whitefly and jassids are serious insect pests of castor consecutively for the preceding 3 years in an arid environment. To keep these major pests below the economic threshhold, prophylactic bio-intensive integrated pest management module is developed. Therein, additive/synergistic effect encompassing host plant resistance with soil application of vermicompost @ 2 tonnes/ha and neem cake @ 250 kg/ha followed by seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5 g/kg seed, two sprays of neem oil @ 5 ml/l and one spray each of Malathion 50% EC @ 2.5 l/ha and Dinocap @ 1 l/ha resulted in the maximum seed yield with the maximum net benefits in both the varieties Jwala 48-1 and GCH-7 of Rs 13,527 and Rs 9807, respectively.

Comparative evaluation of some integrated pest management modules against Leucinodes orbonalis Guen.

Among the three modules, Module I (Recommended practices of SKUAST-J), Module II (Farmer's practices) and module III (Bio-intensive Integrated Pest Management), were evaluated against shoot and fruit borer of brinjal. The overall, the impact of Module III (Bio-intensive Integrated Pest Management) was found superior treatment than Module I and II in suppressing the larval population of brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) on the shoots and fruits, based on weight and numbers basis, percentage of larval parasitoid Trathala flavo-orbitalis parasitisation as well as cost-benefit ratio.

Efficacy of Bio-Intensive integrated pest management against brinjal shoot and fruit borer <i>Leucinides orbonalis</i> (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Brinjal (Solanum melongena) plays a vital role in the food of South-Asian people, thus the production of brinjal in these countries is quite high. However the production of brinjal does not satisfy the whole demand of people owing to the severe infestation by L. orbonalis. In order to get maximum yield from the cultivation farmers rely on over and indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides. Due to the side effects of over and indiscriminate use of toxic insecticides, now the trend moves towards Bio-intensive Integrated Pest Management (BIPM). The present study conducted to find the efficacy of BIPM over farmer’s practices and untreated control in controlling the L. orbonalis. The study evidenced the superiority of BIPM in all aspects viz., lesser shoot infestation (15.82 percent), greatest yield (17,170.22 kg/ha) and higher natural enemies activities (5.25 no./10plants), which was equivalent to untreated control. Besides the treatment BIPM proved its efficacy over farmer’s practice and untreated control especially with high percent increase of yield (63.90%), percent reduction of shoot (64.01%) and fruit infestation (80.58%), and less percent reduction of natural enemies’ population (8.70%). Apart from this the benefit cost ratio (BCR) ranked in the order of superiority as BIPM module (1:5.75), which was greater than the farmer practice (1:4.96) on brinjal.

Impact of bio-intensive integrated pest management practices on insect pests and grain yield in basmati rice

Bio-intensive pest management practices were compared with farmer’s practices and untreated control in basmati rice at village Sahauli (Punjab). BIPM practices involved green manuring; seed treatment; alternate wetting and drying of the field; installation of pheromone traps and bird perches; augmentative releases of Trichogramma spp.; spray of Neem oil 1%. The farmer’s practices comprised the applications of chemical insecticides. The mean leaffolder damage was 3.12, 1.90 and 5.41 per cent in BIPM, farmer’s practice and untreated control, respectively. The dead heart incidence was 2.49 per cent in BIPM, 1.16 per cent in farmer’s practice and 4.30 per cent in untreated control. Similarly, the mean incidence of white earheads was 3.31, 1.78 and 5.06 per cent in BIPM, farmer’s practice and untreated control, respectively. Highest grain yield was recorded in farmer’s practice fields (30.63 q/ha) followed by yield in BIPM fields (28.07 q/ha). These yields were significantly better than untreated control (25.18 q/ha).The population of natural enemies was higher in BIPM fields as compared to farmer’s practiced fields.

Biology and feeding potential of Coccinella septempunctata (Linn.) against Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) at different temperature regimes

Biology and feeding potential of Coccinella septempunctata (Linn.) were studied in laboratory on 3rd instar nymphs of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) at two different temperature regimes. At 30± 20C, fecundity, oviposition period, hatchability of eggs, male and female longevity (232±70.46, 12.8±3.91, 82.87±6.66, 22.70 ± 2.21and 26.60 ± 4.45, respectively) were higher and incubation period, pre-oviposition period, total grub duration and pupal duration (2.6±0.51, 6.5±3.53, 8.7 ± 1.63 and 5.1 ± 1.10, respectively) were lesser in comparison to 25± 20C where fecundity, oviposition period, hatchability of eggs, male and female longevity, incubation period, preoviposition period, total grub duration and pupal duration were 169.8±61.12, 7.9±1.37, 71.68±4.08, 16.2 ± 1.31 and 21.50 ± 1.95, 2.9±0.73, 7.7±2.49, 11.1 ± 1.52 and 5.8 ± 0.918, respectively . At 27± 2 0C, total mustard aphid consumption by a grub of C. septempunctata during the whole life span, was 424.4±2.78 mustard aphids in comparison to 272.64±1.79 mustard aphid at 23± 20C. Similarly an adult male and female consumed 103.2±1.52 and 116.6 ±1.46 aphids per day respectively at 27± 2 0C in comparison to 65.6 ± 1.02 and 71.8 ± 1.60 at 23± 20C. Thus, at both temperatures aphid consumption increased gradually till 4th instar and 30±20C was found to be most suitable temperature as compared to 25±20C for the life history of C. septempunctata. Hence, it could be concluded that C. septempunctata might play a suitable role in biointensive Integrated Pest Management programme because of better longevity and high predatory potential against the mustard aphid.

Compatibility of entomopathogenic fungiBeauveria bassianawith plant extracts evaluated against okra two spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticaeKoch

Efficacy of aqueous fruit extract of Sapindus marginatus rhizome extract of Acorus calamus and NSKE 5% and compatibility of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Buls.- criv.) Vuill with selected aqueous extracts against okra two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied under laboratory conditions. The results revealed that the aqueous extract of S. marginatus showed highest acaricidal activity at 10%. In compatibility studies, A. calamus was highly detrimental to B. bassiana followed by S. marginatus. These extracts could be integrated with fungi in the biointensive integrated pest management (BIPM) programme.

STUDIES ON FACTORS INFLUENCING THE VIABILITY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE IN SOIL ADAPTING CULTURE DEPENDENT METHOD

Environmental concerns and health risks associated with the use of synthetic chemical pesticides have stimulated efforts to develop biological control agents for integrated pest management. There are a number of microbial agents in which fungi are of special relevance. The present work is carried out to determine the effect of pH, moisture content, temperature and synthetic pesticides on the colony count of Metarhizium anisopliae in soil under in vitro condition adopting culture dependent methods. Maximum count of fungal colonies was recorded in. pH 7.5, temperature 300 C, moisture content 80% and all the tested concentration of synthetic pesticides al lower concentration. Compatibility study clearly revealed the possible utilization of the fungal organism in the biointensive integrated pest management programme.

Socio-Economic Study of Brinjal Growers in Relation to Develop Bio-Intensive Pest Management Strategy for Red Lateritic Zone of West Bengal

In the red lateritic zone of West Bengal, brinjal is very popular crop among the farmers and it is normally grown as a Rabi crop. Among the various constraints of the low productivity of this crop, the incidence of insect pests is a major one, which not only reduces the returns, but also affects biosphere due to the excessive use of pesticides to control the pests. A brief idea about the socio-economic as well as plant protection status of the brinjal growers of red lateritic zone of West Bengal is essential to develop some bio-intensive integrated pest management strategies against this dreaded pest. Thus, a study was formulated in exploratory research design on the brinjal growers of the region with the following objectives: to know the socio-economic status of the brinjal growers in the study area, to explore the usual plant protection measures taken up by the growers against pests of brinjal and their knowledge regarding the latest plant protection methods and to study the economics of brinjal cultivation in the study area. Hundred farmers were selected through simple random sampling method (without replacement) as respondents from seven blocks of Birbhum district of West Bengal, which comes under red lateritic zone. Data were collected with the help semi-structured interview schedule, prepared by Asian Vegetable Research Development Centre, Taiwan, after minor modification. The study revealed that the farmers’ knowledge and practices to control the pests of brinjal were much more conventional in approach and it violated the principles of integrated pest management practices on the issue of sustainability of the crop in the region. The relatively higher educational and land holding status, long farming experience of the brinjal growers can be proved as relative advantage in terms of designing and dissemination of bio-intensive pest management strategy for the brinjal crop in the study area.

Impact of Integrated Pest Management Modules on the Activity of Natural Enemies in Castor Ecosystem

Investigations were carried out during 2001-2004 to study the impact of biointensive integrated pest management (BIPM), chemical pesticide intensive integrated pest management (CIPM) modules and non-integrated pest management (non-IPM) modules (farmers' practice) on the natural enemies of insect pests of castor in Andhra Pradesh. BIPM module proved to be relatively safer to natural enemies with 16.13 and 66.10 % average field parasitization of Achaea janata (L.) eggs and larvae by Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Microplitis maculipennis Szepligeti, compared to 6.92 and 21.2, 8.80 and 24.00, 8.92 and 22.35 % in CIPM module and non-IPM modules 1 and 2, respectively. M. maculipennis cocoon number per plant increased with increase in duration after treatment in the BIPM module whereas it decreased in CIPM and non-IPM modules. Similarly, average parasitisation by Charops obtusus Morley (3.54%), Rhogas spp. (4.60%), Apanteles hyposidrae Wilkinson (13.85%), Euplectrus maternus Bhatnagar (7.92%) on A. janata larvae and Cotesia flavipes Cameron (8.96%) on Spodoptera litura (F.) was higher in the BIPM module compared to CIPM module (1.65, 1.59, 3.50, 2.37 and 2.49%) and non-IPM modules 1(1.16, 0.80, 2.70, 1.20 and 2.68%) and 2 (1.50, 1.19, 2.80, 3.82 and 1.99%), respectively. BIPM module had higher population of predators like Chrysoperla sp., Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Cantheconidea furcellata (Wolff), Rhynocoris kumarii Ambrose and Livingstone and spiders per 10 plants (8.45, 3.41, 3.27 and 7.10) than CIPM module (1.75, 2.90, 1.38, 1.45 and 1.40) and non-IPM modules 1(1.20, 1.82, 1.00, 1.00 and 1.80) and 2 (1.97, 2.41, 1.32, 1.22 and 2.90), respectively. Black drongo ( Dicrurus adsimilis Blyth) and Indian myna ( Acridotheres tristis (L.)) were the predominant predatory birds which used bird perches frequently while predating on A. janata, S. litura and Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) larvae in BIPM and CIPM modules compared to non-IPM modules.

MICROBIAL MANAGEMENT OF CROP - PEST

ABSTRACT In India most of the farmers depends upon synthetic pesticides for protecting their crops form pest attack. These pesticides not only caused environmental pollution, but also causing health hazardous to human being and domestic animals. This could be prevented by using bio-intensive integrated pest management (BIPM) were microbial insecticides place an important role. Here I have discussed about the important bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoan and nematode - based insecticides.

Biointensive Integrated Pest Management for Bt Cotton

Biointensive Integrated Pest Management for Bt Cotton

Developing a pesticide risk assessment tool to monitor progress in reducing reliance on high-risk pesticides

A methodology is presented for the development of a pesticide risk assessment tool that was used to monitor progress in reducing use of high-risk pesticides in Wisconsin potato production. Multi-attribute toxicity factors are calculated that reflect each pesticide’s acute and chronic toxicity to mammals, birds, fish and small aquatic organisms, and compatibility with biointensive Integrated Pest Management. These factors are then multiplied by the pounds of active ingredient of a given pesticide applied to estimate pesticide-specific toxicity units. Wisconsin potato industry baseline toxicity units by type of pesticide and for 11 targeted higher-risk pesticides are presented for 1995. Reductions in toxicity units from this baseline are reported for 1997 and 1999, as are reductions achieved in a commercial-scale field experiment in 2000.

EFFECT OF BARE GROUND, ALL GRASS, OR ALL BROADLEAF GROUND COVERS ON BIOLOGICAL MITE CONTROL AND ON TREE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY

As a component of a large, interdisciplinary study of Biointensive Integrated Pest Management, the composition of orchard ground covers and woody borders was characterized in 28 Massachusetts commercial apple orchards, and plants which were most likely to harbor Tetranychid spider mites and Phytoseiid mite predators was determined. Data are presented on makeup of plant communities within orchards and adjacent woody borders. All species of spider mites and mite predators were more often observed on broadleaf plants than on grasses.In 1989, two 1-Acre orchard blocks were established to compare the effect of of either bare ground, an all grass row, or an all broadleaf row ground cover on phytophagous and predatory mite population dynamics, and on tree growth and productivity. Data are presented on frequency of occurrence of mites found in timed scans, and on differences in trunk circumference increase in each ground cover regime.