Biographical Texts Research Articles

Omen Watching, Mantic Observation, Aeromancy, and Learning to ‘See’: The Rise and Messy Multiplicity of Zhanhou 占候 in Late Han and Medieval China

This article investigates the early history of a Chinese mantic practice unattested before the late first century CE known as zhanhou 占候 (lit., omen watching; divination through observation; divination of atmospheric or meteorological conditions). While early occurrences of the term primarily present it as a learned form of divination used to forecast human fortune through the interpretation of anomalous emanations of qi 氣 in heaven-and-earth (e.g., wind; clouds; rain; rainbows), zhanhou is also variously classified as an astrological, Five Agents, or military technique; and variously identified as a hemerological, medical, and contemplative-visualization practice by the end of the Tang. I not only contend that zhanhou’s inherent polysemy and its multiple identities helped broaden and perpetuate its transmission during the first millennium of the Common Era, but also that the same messy multiplicity makes its early history and development difficult—but not impossible—to trace and understand. Zhanhou closely resembles many earlier named forms of astrology and divination focused on the observation and interpretation of macrocosmic qi conditions or phenomena, but late Han and early medieval writers carved out a space for zhanhou. This was done through increasingly frequent use of the term, by explicitly distinguishing it from similar families of techniques (e.g., astrology; turtle and yarrow divination; yinyang; algorithmic mantic techniques), and by identifying and constructing networks and lineages of practitioners, both of which helped form and perpetuate zhanhou’s identity as a discrete technique (shu 術). The present study compares different definitions and translations of zhanhou, analyzes a handful of late Han occurrences, and illustrates the term’s increasingly widespread medieval circulation, chiefly through biographic narratives and technical texts.

Mummy, me and her podcast: Family and gender discourses in contemporary podcast culture: Not by Accident as audio(auto) biography

Podcasts can perform transdisciplinary cultural work in sonic form. Often, they are specific ‘soundworks’ which, though still emphasizing speech and words over sound and noise, still challenge the predominance of text and image by necessitating the ‘social act’ of listening. Not by Accident, ‘a documentary series about choosing to become a single mother and coping with being one’ (Harper), presents an example of how private and intimate stories, told to an (anonymous) audience can function as both scriptotherapy, and oral/aural (auto)biographical texts (here of mother and daughter), but also as self-help and awareness raising narratives for a community of listeners, a sound-based social network. By illustrating the private impact of public family policies and social discourses, Harper’s podcast speaks against discrimination and denigration of single mothers, lesbian mothers and single mothers by choice, against patriarchal motherhood and the heteronormative model of the ‘nuclear family’ and for reproductive justice in families of choice.

IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM 2013 DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS TEKS BIOGRAFI (STUDI KASUS DI SMP NEGERI 4 KARANGANYAR)

<em>This study aims to describe the planning, implementation, implementation of learning, obstacles encountered, and efforts made to overcome obstacles in accordance with the Curriculum 2013, especially on learning to write biographical text in SMP Negeri 4 Karanganyar. The description of such planning, implementation, constraints and efforts to find out their compliance with the Curriculum 2013. This research is a descriptive qualitative research using case study approach with single strategy terpancang. The results of this study are: (1) Learning planning in the form of RPP in accordance with the Curriculum 2013, but there is discrepancy in the three RPP that is the time allocation in the core activities is not written in detail at each activity steps. (2) Implementation of biography text writing lesson in accordance with RPP but there is non-conformity to time allocation. Assessment done by teacher when the process of learning and writing practice. (3) Constraints faced by teachers: inadequate learning resources, lack of interest and poor readiness of students in biographical texts, and students have not fully adapted to the 2013 curriculum. Teachers 'efforts: seek additional references from other sources, enthusiastic students' enthusiasm with games , giving the lecture method to the students. Constraints faced by students: the difficulty of defining themes and structures in biographical texts. Efforts by students: searching from other sources and asking the teacher.</em>

Fame and Foils: Empress Eugénie, Princess Mathilde, and the Boundaries of Biography

ABSTRACTEmpress Eugénie and Princess Mathilde stand as key figures of the Second Empire. Eugénie led the nation as empress and regent; Mathilde reigned in the arts as a practitioner and a salonnière. The two women had much in common: beauty, fame, family, and fortune. Yet biographers repeatedly set the women against each other as foils. Where Eugénie is compassionate, Mathilde is callous; when Eugénie is frivolous, Mathilde is intellectual. The article explores the pairing of Eugénie and Mathilde in biographical texts, considering both the motivation and means by which the women function as foils and symbols of their epoch.

The Visual Vocabulary in the Context of St. Basil’s Epistemology

This article examines some cases when Basil of Caesarea (329/30–379) uses vocabulary related to the vision in the epistemological context in his Hexaemeron. First, in connection to the proclamation of the vision as the best human sense we confirm the hypothesis that Philo’s of Alexandria text On the Creation of the Cosmos According to Moses influenced Basil’s Hexaemeron. Second, a special attention is given to the meaning of the word and philosophical concept of θeωρία (contemplation), the interpretation of which goes back to the Plato's and Aristotle's traditions. The author suggests to single out, on the one hand, a kind of contemplation which becomes a stage in the spiritual and philosophical trajectory of Moses. This fits into the tradition of philosophical and biographical texts of the late antiquity dedicated to Pythagoras, for example. On the other hand, there are also descriptions of contexts where the semantic of θeωρία changes taking an important place in the concept of natural theology, which forms the basis of Basil’s pedagogy in this text. Finally, the author points out those passages where one can see a Christian interpretation of selected places from the corpus of Plato (the Timaeus and the Republic) making use of words from the lexical field of the vision.

Cultural memories of the conquest of al-Andalus between the ninth and twelfth centuries, C.E.

ABSTRACTThis essay takes up the subject of the conquest of al-Andalus as a conceptually originative act in a discussion of group identity and memory. The focus is not on Umayyad rule and memory, except in so far as Umayyad rule structured the historical perspectives of Andalusi writers, but on Andalusi Mālikī jurists and their social memory. The way Andalusi Mālikī jurists represented their community, its origins, and their relation to the past changed and varied over the period of the rise and fall of Umayyad rule in Iberia and the establishment of Almoravid rule, as their own structures of power developed with the systematization of legal learning and practice. The essay demonstrates these developments through analysis of biographical texts written by jurists in the ninth, tenth, and twelfth centuries and suggests how the conquest of al-Andalus, real and imagined, fits into a history of Mālikī community, “textual polity,” and “empire.”

Norwegian Artist Names Authority List of Artists in Norwegian Art Collections

How can one best transform a paper-based publication into a living online resource? This is the theme of a project at The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design in Norway, supported by the Arts Council Norway. The National Museum aims to create, publish and maintain an authority list of Norwegian artists, architects, designers and craftsmen. The objective is to ease the digitisation process for other museums, scholars and the public in general and contribute to better data quality in Norwegian online collections. The list will in part be based on the Norsk Kunstnerleksikon (Encyclopaedia of Norwegian Artists in English), published in 1982–1986 and subsequently digitised in 2013. With the help of other public collections in Norway, the purpose is to make the new resource as complete as possible and available in both human- and machine-readable formats. Although the original paper publication contains biographical texts as well as lists of exhibitions, education, travels, publications and more, the data in the new authority list will be constrained to a set of core biographical data. It will however carry references to online biographical resources such as Norsk Kunstnerleksikon (NKL), Wikidata, Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) and Virtual International Authority File (VIAF). This article discusses the process of defining the scope of and setting constraints for the list, how to enrich and reconcile existing data, as well as strategies to ensure that other institutions contribute both as content publishers and end users. It will also shed light on issues concerning keeping such a resource updated and maintained.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Memahami Teks Biografi Melalui Metode The Learning Cell Pada Kelas VIIID SMP Negeri 6 Wonomulyo Kabupaten Polewali Mandar

This research is based on the problem of the low ability of students to understand biographical texts. The cause of the low ability of students to understand the text is because the learning methods used are still conventional, the implementation of which still takes place in one direction (monotonous), the students are less involved in the learning process, students are only waiting for what is delivered by the teacher. This study aims to describe the ability to understand biographical texts through the Learning Cell method in class VIIID students of Wonomulyo 6th Middle School. The subjects of this study were eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 6 Wonomulyo, Bulo District, Polewali Mandar Regency, 2016-2017 academic year, totaling 27 students. Data collection techniques carried out in this study were Test, Observation and Documentation. The results of the study on students of SMP Negeri 6 Wonomulyo, experienced an increase in this was proven by looking at the results of the research analyzed showed that in the first cycle the average value was 2.40 and experienced an increase in the second cycle with an average value of 3.15. So the use of The Learning Cell method in understanding biographical texts can improve student learning outcomes. In addition, observational data in each cycle showed a change in the attitude of students towards a more positive, both from the attitude of learning, activeness in reading and writing notes, as well as discipline in doing the assignments given.

Reading biographical texts: a gateway to historical disciplinary reading

ABSTRACTWe examined the response of high school students in Israel to biographical texts. Students were exposed to three sub-genres of biographical texts (a literary-biographical text, an autobiographical text and a scientific-biographical text). These texts all differ from the conceptual schema of ordinary school texts. The data were collected from 64 participants from three classes in two different public schools in Israel. The ability of students to apply historical disciplinary reading skills was evaluated for each text, with an emphasis on ‘sourcing’ and ‘corroboration’. The basic premise was that the texts the students are exposed to influence not only their level of knowledge but also their disciplinary concepts and skills.We contend that it might be that biographical texts, and especially autobiographical and literary-biographical texts, evoked historical reading in students, and strengthened their disciplinary reading abilities.

Recoding the chaste kisaeng in Yi Hae-jo's Kang myŏng-hwa chŏn

ABSTRACTKorea’s abrupt transition into modernization was followed closely by Japanese colonialism at the turn of the twentieth century. With this social and political upheaval came the sudden hegemony of novel ideologies over an established traditional Confucian system. In public discourse and literary representations of early modern Korea, women figured as emblems of the country’s larger existential crisis. In addition, the kisaeng (generally known as female entertainers in pre-modern Korea) occupied a precarious ambiguity in the public sphere as innovators of new cultural trends and persistent obstacles to domestic morality. This study examines this ambiguity as a productive, creative deliberation regarding changing roles of women in Korea. I focus in particular on the hybridization of traditional imagery depicting female chastity (chŏngchŏl) in Yi Hae-jo’s fictionalized biography of the kisaeng, Kang Myŏng-hwa, which localized aesthetics of feminism and free love ideology for Korean reading publics. Through the biographical text of Kang Myŏng-hwa chŏn, the chaste kisaeng archetype relives the classical narrative of Ch’un-hyang and her virtuous wifely love for an aristocrat. In effect, Ch’un-hyang is remythologized in Kang Myŏng-hwa in the twentieth-century as a bridge between the past and modernity.

Appalachia as Trumpland: Honor, Precarity, and Affect in Literature from the Mountain South

Literary and cultural texts by southern poor whites in the hills of the Ozarksand Appalachia and southern migrants in Rustbelt Ohio explode with feelings such ashatred, desperation, and anger, resulting from the continual precaritization andmarginalization of the mountain communities. In (auto)biographical texts as well as inliterary fiction, the ?hillbilly? community is represented as self-segregated, proud,and independent, with special notions of honor and loyalty. Exploring the(dis)connections between the literary emotions of the people of the Mountain South andthe code of southern honor that has produced and sustained them, this article arguesthat the anxious and angry emotions that Donald Trump taps into as a political strategyare not new, but rather have been building throughout the 20th and into the 21stcenturies. The first manifestations that this precarious affective structure was formingcan be seen in this regional literature, illustrating the potential in explorations ofliterary ugly feelings (Ngai, 2005) of marginalized southerners. Thus, the articleuncovers how poor whites position their precarious existences in Trump?s USA and howthey employ various affective strategies to articulate their whiteness and theiranxiety.

Pengembangan Modul Membaca Pemahaman Teks Biografi Melalui SQ3R Siswa Kelas X

This study aims: (1) to produce reading teaching materials for understanding biographical text through SQ3R method. (2) to test the feasibility of reading teaching materials for understanding biographical text through SQ3R. (3) to describe the effectiveness of teaching materials on improving reading skills for understanding biographical text of the author of the yellow book through SQ3R method. This study used Research and Development approach with descriptive analysis. The data sources in three schools: MA Nurul Huda, MA Al Ikhlas, and MA YPI. The trial of small-scale product testing scored 83.63. The broad-scale testing scored 87.30. The teachers' assessment scored 89.25. Based on the feasibility test on the questionnaire, the module has been appropriate for use as teaching material for grade X of SMA/MA students. The results that "the module on how to easily understand the biographical text of the author of the yellow book with SQ3R method" was declared appropriate for use for high school (SMA/MA) students.

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi‘ism

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi‘ism

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi‘ism

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi‘ism

THE USE OF CUE CARDS FOR TEACHING WRITING OF BIOGRAPHY TEXT

Students at schools learn to write in order to express their ideas well. They should have a good ability in writingEnglish texts. However, many students find it difficult to express their ideas in a paragraph, and to make a composition correctly. The media factorseems to be one that makes the teaching-learning process unable to achieve its goal. Therefore, the authors propose to apply Cue Cards as teaching media to overcome the problem.The objective of the research is to scrutinize whether there is a significant difference between teaching writing of biography textbefore and that after being taught by using Cue Cards.This experimentemployed one group with pretest and posttest design was conducted at the eleventh grade students of SMA N 1 KaranganyarDemakin academic year 2017/2018 insecond semester. There were 34 students of grade XI IPS 1 taken as the sample through cluster random sampling.The datasetsfor this research were collected through written test. Before cue cards were used in the treatment, the measn score was60. After cue cards were used in some meetings of treatment, the mean score is 82. The hypothesis of the research stated that there is a significant difference between teaching writing of biography text on the eleventh grade students of SMA N 1KaranganyarDemak in academic year 2017/2018) before and after being taught by using cue cardsis confirmed. It can be seen from the calculation of t-test, withdegree offreedom (df) = 33, α = 0,05, t (critical) is ±2.042 and t (obtained) is 8.79. The analysis showed that Ho was denied and Ha was confirmed.Therefore, it is suggested to the English teacherto keep usingcue cardsin teaching writing of biography text.

From Biographical Text to Biopic: Adapting the Cultural Memory of the Eighteenth Century

The article investigates how recent biopics of eighteenth-century women can be seen to form and/or revise the cultural memory of the period, with a particular emphasis on how the individuals represented in biographical texts are portrayed as figures with which a modern audience can sympathize as the material is adapted for the screen. An analysis of changes that have been made in the adaptation processes of The Duchess (2009), A Royal Affair (2012), and The Scandalous Lady W (2015) shows some of the ways in which the concerns of the present are central to representations of the past. The cultural memory of eighteenth-century womanhood as constructed by and represented in biographical films of the past decade is inherently paradoxical: the almost exclusive focus on ‘scandalous’ women co-exists with consistent attempts to purge their life stories of elements that are regarded as scandalous today.

Jane Austen: uma leitura de Becoming Jane (2007)

Becoming Jane (2007), dirigida por Julian Jarrold, é uma releitura da biografia de Jane Austen que se propõe a apresentar os fatos que explicam sua incursão no mundo das letras bem como os elementos que contribuíram para a escrita de um de seus mais famosos romances – Orgulho e Preconceito (1813). Partindo do pressuposto da transcriação, como posta por Haroldo de Campos, e da proposta de leitura das narrativas em três horizontes, como apresentado por Fredric Jameson (1992), o objetivo deste artigo é o de apontar como a biografia fílmica Becoming Jane (2007) transcria ambas a vida e a obra de Jane Austen. Ao se empreender essa leitura de Becoming Jane, discutir-se-á em que medida as escolhas feitas contribuem para a construção de uma imagem da pessoa e escritora que Austen foi e revelam, mesmo que de modo velado, questões sobre o momento de produção do filme que é marcado pelo ressurgimento do interesse do público leitor/espectador por textos biográficos.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN THINK TALK WRITE DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENCERITAKAN KEMBALI ISI TEKS BIOGRAFI DENGAN MEDIA CETAK

<p><em>This study aims to describe the quality of the learning process and the skills of<strong> </strong>retelling the contents of the biographical text with the print media using the Think Talk Write model of learning in students of class X Motorcycle Technique (TSM) B SMK Gamaliel 1 Madiun. This study is a Classroom Action Research (PTK) which is implemented in two cycles, with each cycle consisting of four stages, namely planning, action, observation, and reflection. Subjects in this study were students of class X TSM B consisting of 21 male students. Data collection techniques used in this study include observation, field notes, interviews, documentation, and ability tests. This research used compative descriptive data anlysis technique. The results showed that the application of Think Talk Writelearning model with print media can improve the quality of the learning process and the skills of retelling the content of the biography of the students in cycle I and cycle II. This is indicated by the improvement of process quality from cycle I with an average score of 71,42 increased in cycle II with an average score of 90,47. Then, skill enhancement retells the contents of the biography text in cycle I with an average score of 70,42 increases in cycle II with an average score of 82,80.</em></p>

Escuta, espanto e canto: o percurso do poema em Ferreira Gullar

Ferreira Gullar afirmou em diversas ocasiões, em textos críticos, biográficos e entrevistas, que sua poesia nasce do cotidiano e do espanto, que é a sensação de estranheza diante de objetos e situações já conhecidos. O objetivo deste artigo é observar se essas afirmações, feitas no plano teórico, de fato se dão na obra poética de Gullar, ou seja, se a fonte do poema é o cotidiano e o espanto diante dele. Para tanto, selecionou-se alguns poemas de Muitas vozes (1999) e serão considerados, além de escritos teóricos do próprio Gullar, textos de Octavio Paz, Maurice Blanchot e Jacques Aumont.

Collective aspects of privacy in the Twitter social network

Preserving individual control over private information is one of the rising concerns in our digital society. Online social networks exist in application ecosystems that allow them to access data from other services, for example gathering contact lists through mobile phone applications. Such data access might allow social networking sites to create shadow profiles with information about non-users that has been inferred from information shared by the users of the social network. This possibility motivates the shadow profile hypothesis: the data shared by the users of an online service predicts personal information of non-users of the service. We test this hypothesis for the first time on Twitter, constructing a dataset of users that includes profile biographical text, location information, and bidirectional friendship links. We evaluate the predictability of the location of a user by using only information given by friends of the user that joined Twitter before the user did. This way, we audit the historical prediction power of Twitter data for users that had not joined Twitter yet. Our results indicate that information shared by users in Twitter can be predictive of the location of individuals outside Twitter. Furthermore, we observe that the quality of this prediction increases with the tendency of Twitter users to share their mobile phone contacts and is more accurate for individuals with more contacts inside Twitter. We further explore the predictability of biographical information of non-users, finding evidence in line with our results for locations. These findings illustrate that individuals are not in full control of their online privacy and that sharing personal data with a social networking site is a decision that is collectively mediated by the decisions of others.