Biographical Approach Research Articles

Insider and Outsider, Community and Conflict: Elizabeth Cecil Wilson’s transnational experiences as a Progressive American woman educator

This essay takes a feminist educational biographical approach to the transnational life and work of the American educator Elizabeth Cecil Wilson (1913-1994). Central to this interpretation is the way in which Wilson’s life exemplifies the concept of “internal exile” as a result of her transnational movements in China, Korea, and the United States. Wilson’s early experiences with internationalism, all-women’s education and American progressive education shaped her interpretation of her later work in educational administration, leading her to develop a unique perspective about being both an “insider” and an “outsider” in her world. Raised in a variety of close and strongly identified communities, in her later professional life she experienced a sense of isolation and displacement in the structured hierarchical environments of international organizations and American state school systems. Late in life, she articulated this challenge in feminism when she argued for women’s inclusion in formal educational leadership.

Syaikh Abdul Malik: Biografi dan Perannya terhadap Masyarakat di Desa Kedung Paruk Kecamatan Kembaran Kabupaten Banyumas (1881-1980 M)

This study aimed to determine the biography and role of Syaikh Abdul Malik towards the community in Kedung Paruk Village, Banyumas Regency (1881-1980M). The method used in this study was a historical research method consisting of heuristics or data collection, source verification or criticism, interpretation or sorting of sources, and historiography or historical writing. The sources used were library research and interview techniques. At the same time, this study used a biographical approach to find out how the life history of Syaikh Abdul Malik. In this study, the theory used was the role theory. The results of this study discussed the biography of Syaikh Abdul Malik starting from his family background, family tree, educational history, and the environment when he was still alive in the community in Kedung Paruk Village. The role of Syaikh Abdul Malik towards the community in Kedung Paruk Village was by establishing the Bani Malik Islamic Boarding School which is used as a place to carry out religious activities with his family and the local community. Syaikh Abdul Malik also adhered to the Tarekat Nasaqsyabandiyah Khalidiyah which was developed in Kedung Paruk Village. In the spread of Islam among his people, Syaikh Abdul Malik harmonized the teachings of the tarekat with the shari'a.

Identity, Locality and Image of the Residential House by Eko Prawoto

The development of residential architecture now depends on market tastes, with the trend of minimalist houses being identical in style and without a theme, as if they have lost their identity. In this case, there were many discussions that featured Eko Prawoto as an architect with the theme of local architecture, but the subject of this research questioned him. Therefore, this study discusses how the identity and concept of the natural locality of Eko Prawoto's residential works are expressed through architectural tectonics. The architectural biographical approach is used in qualitative inductive research through an emic view. The focus of this research topic is on the process of expressing the image of residential buildings through architectural tectonics. The results obtained are in the form of processing materials, techniques, and flavors in the process of building a house. This discussion is important to straighten the concept of local architecture and the meaning of architectural works through a biographical approach. This research is expected to be the basis for the use of tectonics as a basis for meaningful architectural development.

Anu Mänd and Marek Tamm. Making Livonia: Actors and Networks in the Medieval and Early Modern Baltic Sea Region

Anu Mänd and Marek Tamm. <i>Making Livonia: Actors and Networks in the Medieval and Early Modern Baltic Sea Region</i>

Памяти выдающегося ученого – С. Н. Иконниковой

The article is devoted to the memory of Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, honored laborer of science of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, International Academy of Sciences of Higher School Svetlana Nikolaeva Ikonnikova (1930–2022). The article shows the main milestones of the scholar’s research path and reveals the contribution of S. N. Ikonnikova to the formation of culturology as a scientific discipline, the role in the institutionalization of the scientific discipline «culturology». The main works of S. N. Ikonnikova are characterized, which played a role in the formation of several directions in culturology: the history of cultural thought, the biographical approach, the theory and history of culture, the daily life culture, youth culture, historical culturology.

The Main Address of Dostoevsky (Book Review: Tikhomirov B. N. Dostoevsky on Kuznechny Lane. Dates. Events. People. St. Petersburg, Kuznechnyy pereulok Publ., 2022. 224 p.)

The review examines the content of B. N. Tikhomirov’s research, methodology, sources, design, as well as the shortcomings of the publication. It includes a general description of the author of the book as a Dostoevsky scholar and delineates the range of his interests in this sphere. The literary and local history aspect of his scientific activity that dates back to the local historical method of N. P. Antsiferov is revealed. The book under review belongs to the branch of literary local lore that studies the addresses where Dostoevsky himself lived, rather than the St. Petersburg of his characters. Below is a detailed analysis of the book. The actualization of the biographical approach determines the achievement of the goal set by the author — “to recreate the external aspects of the great artist’s life.” This goal also shapes the structure of the book, which comprises two unequal parts about Dostoevsky’s St. Petersburg life in the house on Kuznechny Lane in 1846 and in 1878–1881. Special attention is paid to the nature of B. N. Tikhomirov’s work with sources of information about Dostoevsky’s life in these periods: memoirs, diaries, epistolary, newspaper chronicle, artifacts, notebooks. The author concludes that the author managed to create an authentic and multifaceted image of the writer, even in the absence of references to his creative work.

How Can I Maintain my Own Identity Within a Crowd? Suggestions From Totalitarian Experiences

Abstract How can the individual preserve his identity within a crowd? How can he/she counter the threats and the temptations of the mass phenomenon? In the following, these questions are answered, correctly based on two contrasting and complementary situations and approaches: on the one hand, the beginnings of the Soviet Union in the 1920s as manifested in everyday life in Moscow (journalistic-systemic view). On the other hand, on biographies of NSDAP members in Germany in the 1920s (biographical approach). The theoretical background provides philosophical treatises from this period (Elias Canetti, José Ortega y Gasset, and Karl Jaspers). Because the situations characterize starting points of totalitarian system (Sowjet-Union/Nazi-Regime), they allow transformations into current and future experiences of collective and group pressure in private and business life, where people experience similar challenges and temptations that are more elementary.

On the emergence and changing positions of old-established groupings in migration contexts: A process perspective on group formation in Jordan

While being ‘old-established’ is usually seen as a product of the social negotiation of migration, there is little empirical research on how this category evolves and changes over time. To unravel this process, we focus in this article on the group formation processes which contribute to the making and unmaking of being ‘old-established’ as a pattern of interpretation, a we-image and a potential power chance in various figurations. A combination of figurational and biographical approaches with an extended chronological horizon provides a theoretical and methodological framework to focus on when, and in what circumstances, residents distinguish between ‘old-established’ and ‘newcomers’ in their we- and they-images. Attention is paid to the socio-historical transformations which increase or reduce material and immaterial power chances (such as ownership of land, length of association and internal cohesion) within dynamic processes of group formation in migration societies. A multigenerational case study of an extended family in Jordan shows the complex processuality of how long-time residents become ‘old-established’ as a group, which expands their power chances, and under what circumstances this status can become eroded.

Review: Art and Material Culture in the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds: Studies in Honour of Erica Cruikshank Dodd, edited by Evanthia Baboula and Lesley Jessop

Review: <i>Art and Material Culture in the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds: Studies in Honour of Erica Cruikshank Dodd</i>, edited by Evanthia Baboula and Lesley Jessop

EXPERIENCE REPORT OF A DOCTORANDA IN THE TRAINING AND RESEARCH ROUTE IN THE DOCTORATE IN UNR-AR EDUCATION: KNOWLEDGE, SENSES AND UPDATING

The objective of this article is to report the reflective experience experienced and elaborated during the training course as a doctoral student of the doctoral program in education at the Seminar on Education, Philosophy and Epistemology, held from January 9 to 14, 2020 at the Faculty of Humanities and Arts of the UNR in Rosario-AR, in which the professor of the discipline during the seminar encouraged and challenged the doctoral students regarding the need to think philosophically about reality, insisting on the need to assume the tension between philosophy and philosophizing. For the narrative of this experience we are inspired by the theoretical framework of Merleaupontian phenomenology for allowing us as researchers to seek the meaning of experiences as they are being lived (MARTINS and THEOPHILO, 2009), describing our perceptions and feelings perceived in this process in a phenomenological attitude. And also, the biographical approach of Josso (2005) as a research-training methodology that discusses the transforming power of narratives, emphasizing that in the formative future it allows the exercise of "self-training". Thus, during the seminar, the need to think philosophically about reality was shown, considering philosophy as a field of knowledge and a reflexive and critical way of thinking, in order to rethink education from our situation. Based on the authors studied Japers(1984), Díaz (2017), Carpio (2004), Lesteime (2019) Ranciére (2003), Antelo (2015), Frigerio (2003), Cullen (2013), Freixas (2006), Foucault (1994), Meireu (1996). The reflections and discussions carried out in this learning itinerary in doctoral training provided new learning, knowledge, skills and competencies necessary for our teacher-researcher training, contributing significantly to the (re)construction of our project and research problem, having been also a time of great human and intercultural development.

When the patient is making the (wrong?) diagnosis: a biographical approach to patients consulting for presumed Lyme disease.

Media coverage of Lyme disease (LD) has led to an increase in consultations for presumed LD in Europe. However, LD is confirmed in only 10%-20% of patients, with a significant number remaining in a diagnostic dead-end. To reach a deeper understanding of how patients themselves contribute to the diagnostic process. To describe the genesis of the LD hypothesis in care pathways. In 2019, 30 patients from a prospective cohort consulting in the infectious diseases department at University Hospital in Marseille for presumed LD were recruited for semistructured interviews. The inclusion criteria were: suffering from subjective symptoms for 6 months, no clinical or paraclinical argument suggesting current LD. The patients' medical trajectories were collected using a biographical approach. The diagnosis of LD was primarily triggered by identification with personal testimonies found on the Internet. Most of patients were leading their own diagnostic investigation. The majority of participants were convinced they had LD despite the lack of medical evidence and the scepticism of their referring GP. GPs should first systematically explore patients' aetiologic representations in order to improve adherence to the diagnosis especially in the management of medically unexplained symptoms. Long COVID-19 syndrome challenge offers an opportunity to promote active patient involvement in diagnosis.

The Polish Countryside as a Gray Zone: Village Heads and the Meso Level of the General Government, 1939–1945

This article focuses on a cluster of institutions rooted in Polish rural life that were co-opted by the German authorities into the lowest level of rule in occupied Poland from 1939-1945. It identifies these institutions as key meso-level structures that shaped the behavior of individuals on the ground. Specifically, it places the axis of analysis on the figure of the village head ( sołtys). It argues that the village security system, combined with the introduction of collective responsibility and imminent violence, was at the heart of a process of community-making, in which village heads inescapably played an important role. In this new dynamic of accountability, notions of “community” and “belonging” evolved relative to notions of “security” and “self-preservation” in the changing circumstances of life under occupation. The reimagined community forged in this wartime crucible was one of transformed identities, ingrained ethnic categories, new lines of solidarity, and new antagonisms. A collective biographical approach to village heads in this period culminates in the collective ethical dilemma as a category of historical analysis. The article draws primarily on testimonies found in postwar August Decree trials of individuals tried for collaboration in historic Western Galicia or District Krakow of the General Government. It employs a thick description of the subject to map personal narratives onto the broader social processes under examination.

The Visual Repertoire of Willy de Majo: Translocations and Transports of Delight

Abstract The subject of this article is Willy de Majo (1917–1993), born of Serbian-Austrian parentage in Vienna, which therefore constitutes one of the important backdrops to his young adulthood. De Majo was also Sephardi, although not uncomplicatedly so. Equivocation on these points and a Balkan dimension provide clues to the interesting ways in which this case diverges from the émigré narratives of other creative professionals of this period. De Majo was co-founder of the International Council of Graphic Design Associations (Icograda), and his formative years occurred during a historical moment when ideas about empire, nation, and diaspora were intersecting and colliding with particularly percussive effect. Taking an appropriately nuanced biographical approach, this article explores the early career trajectory of a single notable individual whose identities embraced graphic designer, pilot, administrator, and man of action, and points up the fantastic complex of cultural legacies that were his inheritance. This contribution also seeks to enrich understandings of the interwar period, and some of the popular cultural products that emerged later.

Gläubige Zeiten: Religiosität im Dritten Reich

Over the past two decades, nobody has done more to transform our understanding of German Protestantism during the Nazi era than the Berlin-based historian Manfred Gailus. Beginning with his 2001 study, Protestantismus und Nationalsozialismus, and continuing through a number of monographs and edited volumes, Gailus has systematically revised traditional understandings of German Protestantism in the Nazi period as defined by religious resistance against the regime. Instead, Gailus has directed our attention to influential areas of consensus between church and state, such as common opposition to the political Left and Weimar liberalism, and mutual commitment to German nationalism. He is thus well placed to have written this short and thought-provoking survey summarizing the findings of recent scholarship on religious belief and identity in Nazi Germany. Unlike much of Gailus’s previous work, Gläubige Zeiten represents an effort to write history at the macro rather than the micro level. Eschewing the regional and biographical approaches taken in earlier monographs, Gailus examines the entire territory of the German Reich, analysing not only both major Christian confessions, but also the contested and ambiguous worlds of Nazi religiosity, in addition to minor ethnic-national (völkisch) religious groups such as German Faith Movement. Gläubige Zeiten covers the twelve years of the Nazi dictatorship, devoting the final of its four sections to discussion of the war years and the Holocaust. Its thematic focus specifically addresses the theme of religiosity, privileging belief and mentality over the institutional church-state relations traditionally central to much scholarship in this field.

Greeks without Greece: Homelands, Belonging, and Memory amongst the Expatriated Greeks of Turkey by Huw Halstead, and: The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe by Erik Sjöberg, and: Με το Διωγμό στην ψυχή: Το τραύμα της μικρασιατικής καταστροφής σε τρεις γενιές [Persecution in the soul: The trauma of the Asia Minor disaster across three

Reviewed by: Greeks without Greece: Homelands, Belonging, and Memory amongst the Expatriated Greeks of Turkey by Huw Halstead, and: The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe by Erik Sjöberg, and: Με το Διωγμό στην ψυχή: Το τραύμα της μικρασιατικής καταστροφής σε τρεις γενιές [Persecution in the soul: The trauma of the Asia Minor disaster across three generations] by Libby Tata Arcel (Λίμπυ Τατά Αρσέλ) Marilena Anastasopoulou (bio) Huw Halstead, Greeks without Greece: Homelands, Belonging, and Memory amongst the Expatriated Greeks of Turkey. Routledge Studies in Modern European History. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2019. Pp. xiii + 255. Cloth $48.95. Erik Sjöberg, The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe. War and Genocide 23. New York: Berghahn, 2017. Pp. viii + 255. Cloth $34.95. Libby Tata Arcel (Λίμπυ Τατά Αρσέλ), Με το Διωγμό στην ψυχή: Το τραύμα της μικρασιατικής καταστροφής σε τρεις γενιές [Persecution in the soul: The trauma of the Asia Minor disaster across three generations]. Athens: Kedros, 2014. Pp. 11 + 528. Cloth €18.61. A century ago, after the end of the Greco-Turkish War in 1922 and the compulsory exchange of populations in 1923, Greece experienced the arrival of about 1.2 million refugees. Specifically, under the Lausanne Convention of 30 January 1923, Greece and Turkey agreed on the population transfer of their respective religious minorities: Greek Orthodox Turkish nationals living in Turkish territory and Muslim Greek nationals living in Greek territory. The Greek inhabitants of Istanbul and the islands of Imbros and Tenedos, as well as the Muslims of western Thrace, were exempted from the exchange. However, in the Cold War period, between 1955 and 1964–1965, persecutions of the Greek Orthodox population of Istanbul led to yet another violent expulsion. In light of the centenary of the end of the Greco-Turkish War, ideas of memory, identity, and national belonging come to our attention through three books written between the mid- and late 2010s: Persecution in the Soul: The Trauma of Asia Minor Disaster across Three Generations by the clinical psychologist Libby Tata Arcel, The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe by the historian Erik Sjöberg, and Greeks without Greece: Homelands, Belonging, and Memory amongst the Expatriated Greeks of Turkey by the historian Huw Halstead. Drawing on various disciplines, methods, and approaches, the authors offer new insights concerning the understanding [End Page 456] of forced displacements that are relevant for historiography. Although the aforementioned displacements have attracted a great deal of attention from various studies throughout the years, it is only since the mid-2010s that the ideas of memory, identity, and belonging have been revisited as ways in which to understand the present. Working through an autobiographical lens, Libby Tata Arcel has produced an extremely thoughtful and in-depth account of the intergenerational Asia Minor trauma that she defines as the “Cultural Trauma of the Asia Minor Catastrophe” (31). In her book, Tata Arcel—the daughter of a refugee from Pergamos in Asia Minor who was born in Mytilene and lived in Denmark— addresses questions of intergenerational trauma and the interplay among individual, collective, and national remembrance and identity. To unpack these questions, Tata Arcel uses a biographical approach: she conducted ten in-depth interviews with members of her family belonging to the first, second, and third generations of Asia Minor refugees. The book comprises three main parts. Part 1 is devoted to the psychological trauma of refugeehood, elucidating both the individual and the collective dimension of the Asia Minor trauma. In Part 2, the trauma of the first generation of Asia Minor refugees is illuminated through her mother Tasitsa’s narration of her life in Asia Minor and her subsequent expulsion and relocation to Greece. Part 3 focuses on Tasitsa’s children’s and grandchildren’s stories, analyzing the trauma of second- and third-generation descendants of Asia Minor refugees and the mechanisms of intergenerational transmission. The journey of her family members’ return to their ancestral homelands acts as a frame for the whole book: starting with Tasitsa’s expulsion in the preface, the book concludes with a journey into memory and the author’s and her family members’ quest to discover their roots. Bringing together the various elements of the Asia Minor trauma, the author concludes that “what matters is not that we remember the history...

"…no reservations against the dismissals": the expulsion of neuroscientists from Berlin

Before 1933 Berlin was considered acenter of clinical neurology and neuroscientific research in the German Reich. Using agroup biographical approach and drawing upon scattered secondary literature as well as upon various archival documents, this article provides an overview of 12 less well-known physicians and researchers who were forced into exile during the nationalsocialist (NS) era, primarily for racist reasons. Among those affected by NS persecution were Franz Kramer and Fredy Quadfasel (Charité), Ernst Haase, Carl Felix List, and Lipman Halpern (Moabit Hospital), Paul Schuster (Hufeland Hospital), and Clemens Ernst Benda (Augusta Hospital). Others who were forced to emigrate were Franz Josef Kallmann (Herzberge Sanatorium), Max Bielschowsky, and Hans Löwenbach (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research), Otto Maas (Berlin-Buch Clinic), and Kurt Löwenstein (Lankwitz). A total of 6 neurological departments at municipal hospitals were run by (in NS terminology) "non-Aryans" in 1933. With their expulsion, the existence of neurological treatment and training centers outside the university ended and did not resume until the 1960s.

Tropes Revisited: Evert Sprinchorn'sIbsen's Kingdom: The Man and His Worksand Recent Historical Research in Ibsen Studies

Tropes Revisited: Evert Sprinchorn's<i>Ibsen's Kingdom: The Man and His Works</i>and Recent Historical Research in Ibsen Studies

Building biographies of the Cypriot Chalcolithic

Roundhouses from the Cypriot Chalcolithic display substantial size differences, as well as variety between use phases. This paper employs a biographical approach to map and interpret the diversity and similarities between these buildings. Buildings from two sites in the south-west of Cyprus are examined for evidence of changes throughout their use lives. In addition, the diachronic relationships between buildings are investigated. The results suggest that within a strict normative framework, buildings were actively used for the expression of both cultural identity, and personal or household status. The manner in which this was achieved was specific to the phase of the house, construction, use or abandonment. While variables employed during construction served to articulate wealth or power differences, the mode of abandonment served as the most potent manifestation of enduring status.

Inheritance of cultural asset of the family: educational and professional paths of generations, biographical approach

The article analyzes the cultural capital of the family, as well as the ways of its transmission to the younger generations. The relevance of the problem is due to the need to develop human resources, especially educational and professional ones. The research questions were the types of cultural family capital and the peculiarities of its transmission, the influence of the teacher's profession in the field of preschool education on personal and intergenerational social mobility, the passage of educational and professional path by representatives of several family generations, the relevance of the biographical method. The project studied biographical interviews of parents of students of top-rated Russian schools. The collected empirical arrays allowed us to draw conclusions about three generations of the informants' family. In addition to the intergenerational analysis, a study of existing sociological projects was conducted that examined in detail the activities of teachers in the field of preschool and school education. The author presents the substantiation of several significant mechanisms of inheritance of cultural capital by the middle and younger generations of the family. The study of biographical materials was carried out using the domestic computer program Diskant. It is established that the profession of a kindergarten teacher has a positive effect on personal and generational social mobility. The main way of transferring family capital is the inheritance of value orientations for education and obtaining a profession in the field of highly qualified labor. An additional mechanism for the transmission of cultural resources can be considered a visit to cultural events and clubs. The relevance of the biographical approach in application to the problems of research is substantiated. The method provides extensive empirical material with the opportunity to delve into the understanding of texts. The limitation in using the biographical approach was the complexity of digital processing of primary sociological information.

Biography and Bernard Bailyn: The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson and the “Logical Obligation” of Historical Research

Biography and Bernard Bailyn: <i>The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson</i> and the “Logical Obligation” of Historical Research