Biogenic Synthesis Of Gold Nanoparticles Research Articles

Biogenically synthesized gold nanocarrier ameliorated antiproliferative and apoptotic efficacy of doxorubicin against lung cancer

IntroductionConventional chemotherapy treatment is commonly linked to significant side effects due to high therapeutic doses. In this regard, nanoformulations with chemotherapeutic medications hold promise in enhancing drug effectiveness through the reduction of therapeutic dosages, thereby mitigating the potential for adverse side effects. Because of numerous applications in the biomedical arena, there has been a rising interest in developing an environmentally acceptable, long-lasting, and affordable technique for the production of gold nanoparticles. In this particular context, the incorporation of plant extracts in the production of metallic nanoparticles has garnered the interest of numerous scholars. Here, we report the synthesis of gold particles by the green method using Cannabis sativa L. leaf extract and their conjugation with doxorubicin.MethodsThe gold nanoparticles were synthesized by using Cannabis sativa extract and were characterized with various biophysical techniques. Subsequently, gold nanoparticles were conjugated with doxorubicin and their efficacy was tested on A549 cells.Results and DiscussionThe biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles was ascertained through an absorption peak at a wavelength of 524 nm, and it was shifted to 527 nm when conjugated with doxorubicin. Nanoparticles were found to be stable exhibiting a zeta potential value of −20.1 mV, and it changed to −12.7 mV when loaded with doxorubicin. The hydrodynamic diameter of nanoparticles was determined to be 45.64 nm and it was increased to 58.95 nm when conjugated with the drug. The average size of nanoparticles analyzed by TEM was found to be approximately 17.2 nm, while it was 23.5 nm in the case of drug-nanoconjugate. Moreover, there was a significant amelioration in the antiproliferative potential of doxorubicin against lung cancer A549 cells when delivered with gold nanocarrier, which was evident by the lower IC50 and IC75 values of drug-nanoconjugates in comparison to drug alone. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of drug-nanoconjugates and drug alone was characterized by alteration in the cell morphology, nuclear condensation, increased production of reactive oxygen species, abrogation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced caspase activities in A549 cells. In sum, our results suggested enhanced efficacy of doxorubicin-gold nanoconjugates, indicating effective delivery of doxorubicin inside the cell by gold nanoparticles.

Biogenic Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using Bark Extract of Bauhinia variegata: Antibacterial and in vitro Anticancer study

Our study revealed the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using aqueous bark extract of plant named Bauhinia variegata (Kaanchnar). Biomolecules present in the plants act as a reducing and capping agent. In this reduction reaction, gold (III) metal was reduced by biomolecules present in plants leading to formation of AuNPs. Biosynthesized AuNPs were characterized by spectral analysis (XRD, FTIR, UV-visible) and imaging microscopy. Antibacterial study of the biosynthesized AuNPs was examined against Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria using agar well diffusion method and AuNPs exhibited an excellent inhibition zone against mentioned bacteria. In vitro anticancer study of AuNPs was performed on MCF-7 cell line. Compared to standard drug, AuNPs exhibited potent anticancer activity with the IC50 value 15.55 μg/ml.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using dual extract of tulsi-Vinca for breast cancer tumor regression in mice.

Aim: This work aims to synthesize the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using a dual extract of tulsi and Vinca (T+V-Gold) for breast cancer tumor regression. Methods: The GNPs were synthesized and characterized for their microscopic, spectroscopicand crystalline properties. Further, the GNPs were investigated for invitro and invivo studies for the treatment of the 4T1-induced triple-negative breast cancer murine model. Results: The GNPs for 4T1 tumor-challenged mice resulted in delayed tumor development and lower tumor burden, with T+V-Gold demonstrating the highest prevention of tumor spread. The antitumor effect of T+V-Gold is highly significant in the glutathione family antioxidants glutathione S-transferase and glutathione in tumor tissue samples. Conclusion: The bioefficacy and anticancer outcomes of T+V-Gold nanoformulation can be used as therapeutic agents and drug-delivery vehicles.

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Sambucus ebulus fruit extract, characterization, and antileishmanial, antibacterial, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities

In this study, gold nanoparticles were synthesized using the fruit extract of Sambucus ebulus (S. ebulus) as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent. Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles) was accomplished using S. ebulus fruit extract in the presence of hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate at a temperature of 65 °C and the solution stirred at 400 rpm. The characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles (SE-AuNPs) was performed using different analytical methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and UV-vis spectroscopy. A strong absorption peak at 565 nm confirmed the formation of the gold nanoparticle. On the basis of the electron microscopy results, AuNPs were mostly spherical with an average size of 116.2 nm. The cubic crystalline structure of the prepared nanoparticles was confirmed using the XRD pattern and the average crystallite size was obtained at 28.471 nm. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the plant extract for the synthesis of nanoparticles. SE-AuNPs showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested and exhibited potent antileishmanial activity. Furthermore, SE-AuNPs showed excellent antioxidant activity that inhibited DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 21.976 µg/mL. The prepared AuNPs acted to degrade methyl orange (MO), which was performed in sodium borohydride and visible light.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using bael fruit juice and its efficacy against human A-549 lung cancer cell line

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using bael fruit juice and its efficacy against human A-549 lung cancer cell line

Jellyfish Acromitus flagellatus (Maas) nematocyst venom-mediated biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its anti-proliferative effects

Jellyfish Acromitus flagellatus (Maas) nematocyst venom-mediated biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its anti-proliferative effects

Iron tolerant Bacillus badius mediated bimetallic magnetic iron oxide and gold nanoparticles as Doxorubicin carrier and for hyperthermia treatment

Among the different types of nanoparticles (NPs), iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMNPs) and bimetallic gold-magnetic iron oxide NPs (Au-IOMNPs) are gaining impetus for biomedical applications. Due to their unique properties such as super-paramagnetic behaviour, biocompatibility, and ease of surface modification, IOMNPs become suitable for drug delivery and hyperthermia applications. In this study, iron tolerant bacterium Bacillus badius was used in the optimized biogenic synthesis of gold NPs (AuNPs), IOMNPs, and bimetallic Au-IOMNPs and functionalized with doxorubicin (Dox). When analyzed by MTT assay, Dox functionalized Au-IOMNPs showed cytotoxicity against MCF7 cells line with an IC50 value of 147 μg/mL. Noteworthy, IOMNPs were found suitable for hyperthermia treatment as the temperature rise was up to 48 °C under an applied current of 400 Oe. Thus, this study demonstrated the application of Bacillus badius mediated IOMNPs and Au-IOMNPs for Dox delivery and hyperthermia treatment.

One-pot synthesis, characterisation and biological activities of gold nanoparticles prepared using aqueous seed extract of Garcinia kola

Recently, biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has become a focus area in cancer research owing to the eco-friendliness and cost effectiveness of the synthetic method. In this study, aqueous extract of Garcinia kola seed (AEGKs) was used for the bio-reduction of Au3+ to Au0. The synthesised AEGKs-AuNPs was characterised by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the AEGKs and AEGKs-AuNPs was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. The AEGKs-AuNPs showed an absorption maximum at 512 nm, and the HRTEM images revealed mostly, spherical-shaped AuNPs in the size range of 2–17 nm. The FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that polyphenolic compounds and proteins were predominant, and responsible for the reduction and capping of the AuNPs. The AEGKs-AuNPs showed concentration dependent antioxidant activities, while dose-dependent in vitro anti-cancer activity of the AEGKs-AuNPs was demonstrated against lungs, prostrate, human cervical and human colon cancer cells, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)− 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide tetrazolium reduction (MTT) assay. The antioxidant and anti-cancer activities of the AEGKs-AuNPs could be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals and physicochemical properties of the AuNPs.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Heliotropium eichwaldi L and neuroprotective potential via anticholinesterase inhibition in rat brain

Nanoparticles (NPs) are the fundamental backbone of nanotechnology due to their wide biomedical applications. Biogenic synthesis of gold NPs (AuNPs) using plant extracts are beneficial due to their nontoxicity, eco‐friendliness, and simplicity. In this study, the HE‐AuNPs were synthesized using Heliotropium eichwaldi L (HE) extract and then characterized by UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform–infrared (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), and electron diffraction X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. UV–vis spectroscopy revealed a sharp peak λmax 567 nm, FT‐IR analysis confirmed the existence of different coating and reducing organic molecules, SEM analysis showed the elongated rod‐shaped morphologies with 20 nm size, XRD analysis authorized the crystalline structure of AuNPs with an average size of 11.11 nm for four key peaks (38.31°, 44.39°, 64.76°, and 77.65°), and EDX analysis revealed that Au (44.33%) was the main element of AuNPs compared to other surface coated elements C (35.05%) and O (20.62%). The influence of various intrinsic factors like pH, temperature, metal salt, HE extract, contact time, and stability period was also studied by UV–vis spectroscopy. Moreover, the AuNps were evaluated for their anti‐cholinesterase (anti‐AChE) potential to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). HE‐AuNPs exhibited superb anti‐AChE activity (67 ± 0.03%) with 88 ± 0.31 μg IC50, compared to pure Au salt, which showed 7 ± 0.22% inhibition. According to the Lineweaver–Burk plot, HE‐AuNPs inhibit AChE noncompetitively, that is, Km remains unchanged, whereas Vmax decreased from 20 to 6.24 (42.4% to 82%). HE‐AuNPs do not affect KIapp, whereas increased Vmaxiapp from 17.5 to 29 (13% to 86.4%). The Km (Michaelis–Menten kinetic constants), KI (dissociation constant), and Ki (inhibitory constant) were found to be 0.041 mM, 66 μg, and 25 μg, respectively. Overall, our results highlighted the HE‐AuNPs promising latent as anti‐AChE, and the green methodology allows us to suggest these NPs as suitable agents for the development of drugs helpful in the treatment of AD.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Satureja rechingeri Jamzad: a potential anticancer agent against cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells.

Drug resistance of cancer cells is a major issue in cancer treatment. Plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has been applied in recent years to overcome this problem. In this study, the biogenic synthesis of AuNPs was explored using Satureja rechingeri Jamzad aqueous leaf extract, and their anticancer effects were evaluated in cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells. The chemical composition of S. rechingeri Jamzad was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The characteristics of green-synthesized AuNPs were confirmed using XRD, FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, DLS, and zeta potential. The cytotoxic effects of AuNPs and S. rechingeri Jamzad aqueous extract on cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells were evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Real-time PCR analyzed gene expression. The chemical composition revealed that carvacrol (89%) was the main component of the S. rechingeri Jamzad extract. The average size of the spherical biosynthesized AuNPs was 15.1 ± 3.7 nm. The AuNPs and plant extract inhibited the growth of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The apoptotic cell death was confirmed by flow cytometry and DAPI staining. The proapoptotic genes were upregulated, while anti-apoptotic and metastatic genes were downregulated. According to the cell cycle analysis, cancer cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase. Considering the anticancer activity of the synthesized AuNPs using S. rechingeri Jamzad and the low side effects of AuNPs on normal cells, these AuNPs showed strong potential for use as biological agents in drug-resistant cancer cells treatment.

Biogenic Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Physalis peruviana and Application in Wound Healing

Wound management is key to healing. Poorly managed wounds lead to abnormal biological reactions and complications. Microorganisms, bacteria or fungi, infect such wounds leading to their chronic nature. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) show wound healing properties. In addition, ethnobotanical information from Siaya County in Kenya shows the leaves of Physalis peruviana L. to be effective in wound management. A combination of Au NPs and leave extracts of Physalis peruviana L. through a one pot biogenic synthesis leads to a new effective wound management substance. The synthesis was done at room temperature 25°C and at 85°C. The UV-visible spectroscopy results show efficient sharper plasmon bands with a blue shift indicating a decrease in λ max compared to red shift which show an increase in λ max. The surface plasmon resonance is a sharper at wavelength of about 540 nm. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analysis show that the polydispersity index is high and this is attributed to heterogeneity of chemical components of the plants. Transmission electron microscopy results for Au NPs show similarity in their shapes and sizes with grain size boundaries of between 1 nm and 100 nm. The particles are spherically shaped and crystalline with small lattice due to the small grains. The gold nanoparticles synthesized from Physalis peruviana show antimicrobial activities against gram-positive bacteria and, gram-negative bacteria as well as gram-positive fungus. The inhibition zones for Au NPs of different concentrations vary significantly between concentrations (one-way ANOVA at P < 0.05 ). The highest antibacterial activity is at 100 mM of Au NPs against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zones for Au NPs at concentration of 100 mM and Physalis peruviana extract vary significantly in all the microbial cells, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (one-way ANOVA, F(3,11) = 2.67, P = 0.1189 ). Application of the Au NPs in wound healing is faster than controls. The Au NPs also have good biocompatibility as signs of infection were not present.

Biogenic green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their applications – A review of promising properties

• The revolution of biogenic AuNPs in various fields have been explored. • Fabrication of AuNPs with improved properties by simple, efficient, and eco-friendly alternatives is explored. • Comparison of conventional chemical and biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticle was clarified. • Research articles on the use of phyto-based AuNPs in medical applications have been critically discussed. • This review will be an eye-opener for the future researchers to explore the role of green AuNPs in other fields. There has been extensive research on the synthesis and use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for medical applications due to their biocompatibility, oxide-free surface, easy bioconjugation, size- and shape-related optical properties. However, conventional methods for synthesizing AuNPs involve the use of toxic chemicals and high energy consumption and are not environmentally friendly. Due to the overwhelming advantages of the biogenic green methods, phyto-based AuNPs may become worthy materials for improved biomedical, sensor, catalysis, diagnostic and pharmaceutical applications. In this review, research articles concerning the use of phyto-based AuNPs in medical applications over the past decade are critically discussed as the green synthesis of AuNPs is continually explored for researchers to identify facile, efficient, and eco-friendly synthetic routes for improved AuNPs properties. In addition, this review will be useful for the future role that green AuNPs play in medicine as it recognizing obvious uses and the challenges currently faced during synthesis.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using red seaweed Champia parvula and its anti-oxidant and anticarcinogenic activity on lung cancer

The biocompatible gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have great potential in the development of next-generation anti-cancer medicine. Here, AuNPs were synthesized through a biogenic method using the red marine algae Champia parvula. The synthesized Cp-AuNPs were characterized and confirmed by various spectroscopic techniques. The UV spectroscopy analysis found the Cp-AuNPs Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 550 nm. The accurate size and morphology of Cp-AuNPs were identified by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis were found to be 20 nm in size and round in shape. The crystal nature of Cp-AuNPs was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum. The FTIR analytical tool was used to determine the presence of organic compounds in the algae extract and synthesized Cp-AuNPs. The biogenic Cp-AuNPs showed excellent anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging ability due to the presence of anti-oxidant-rich components. Anti-cancer activity of Cp-AuNPs was investigated on lung cancer (A549) cells and demonstrated high anti-cancer potential. Our findings suggested that synthesized Cp-AuNPs have a significant therapeutic ability for lung cancer.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Artemia urumiana extract and five different thermal accelerated techniques: fabrication and characterization.

Artemia urumiana is bisexual population of the Lake Urmia of Iran. Its biomass was freeze dried and using its lyophilized powder, hydro-alcoholic extract was prepared and utilized in gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) synthesis. Six different Au NPs fabrication methods namely: microwave heating, hydrothermal, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, ultrasonication, common heating using conventional heating, and self-assembling were utilized for Au NPs synthesis using A.urumiana extract. Gas chromatography analysis indicated that the prepared extract were contained numerous fatty acid methyl esters such as Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester. Results indicated that the formed NPs using heater and stirrer, and UV irradiation had minimum particle size of 25 and 94nm, respectively. However, as compared to the formed Au NPs using heater and stirrer technique, UV irradiation fabricated Au NPs with high zeta potential value of-32.5mV and small polydispersity value of 0.310. Results also demonstrated that the synthesized Au NPs using heater and stirrers, and UV irradiation had highest antioxidant activities of 13.7 and 11.9%, and bactericidal effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurous bacteria strains, as compared to other fabricated Au NPs using other methods. There were insignificant (p>0.05) differences between these two attributes of the formed Au NPs.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles mediated by Spondias dulcis (Anacardiaceae) peel extract and its cytotoxic activity in human breast cancer cell

Green synthesis is a new paradigm for the preparation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) due to its cost-effectiveness and favorable environmental impact. This study presented a simple phytosynthesis process for the preparation of AuNPs utilizing the aqueous peel extract of Spondias dulcis (SPE) (Anacardiaceae) as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. A visual color change from yellow to purple during the reaction implied the successful formation of SPE-AuNPs, which was confirmed by UV–vis spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated that the SPE-AuNPs were predominantly spherical with a mean size of 36.75 ± 11.36 nm, and were comprised of crystalline Au, as indicated by X-ray diffraction. In terms of their potential application, SPE-AuNPs exhibit significant cytotoxic activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner to MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, while being non-toxic to Vero normal cells. The treatment of MCF-7 cells with SPE-AuNPs increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, the findings highlight the potential contribution of phytosynthesized SPE-AuNPs to the development of novel nanomedicines for cancer treatment.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Haematocarpus validus fruit ethanol extract and their antioxidant activity

In order to obtain environmentally friendly nanoparticles for the biological applications, this paper explores the green route for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles via sonic bath method using Haematocarpus validus fruit extract as reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. The phytochemical screening of ethanol extract reveals secondary metabolites like anthocyanins, polyphenol, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. The prepared gold nanoparticles (HVGNP) were analysed using UV, FTIR, XRD, EDX and FESEM spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity of synthesized HVGNP measured by the DPPH method reveals the synthesized gold nanoparticles appreciable antioxidant activity.

Green tea extract mediated biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles with potent anti-proliferative effect against PC-3 human prostate cancer cells

This study examines the biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) and their cytotoxicity against human PC-3 prostate cancer cells. The green tea extract-mediated biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GT-AuNPs) via green tea extract synthesis was validated using UV–vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDS, TEM, DLS, and XRD techniques. Additionally, the tetrazolium assay was utilized to investigate the anti-proliferative effect of GT-AuNPs generated by biosynthesis. The findings suggest that the biosynthesized GT-AuNPs reduced PC-3 cell proliferation with an IC50 of 19.71 g/mL during 24 h. These findings imply that GT-AuNPs exert their anti-proliferative action on the PC-3 cell line by inhibiting growth, decreasing DNA synthesis, and triggering apoptosis. After treatment, morphological examination of PC-3 cells exhibited surface detachment, cell shrinkage, and cell body distortion, indicating that GT-AuNPs had a cytotoxic effect on PC-3 cells.

Biogenic Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles on a Green Support as a Reusable Catalyst for the Hydrogenation of Nitroarene and Quinoline.

Direct attachment of gold nanoparticles to a green support without the use of an external reducing agent and using it for removing toxic pollutants from wastewater, i. e., reduction of nitroarene to amine, are described. A novel approach involving the reduction of gold by the jute plant (Corchorus genus) stem-based (JPS) support itself to form nanoparticles (AuNPs) to be used as a catalytic system ('dip-catalyst') and its catalytic activity for the hydrogenation of series of nitroarenes in aqueous media are presented. AuNPs/JPS catalyst was characterized using SEM, UV-Vis, FTIR, TEM, XPS, and ICP-OES. Confined area elemental mapping exhibits uniform and homogeneous distribution of AuNPs on the support surface. TEM shows multi-faceted AuNPs in the range of 20-30 nm. The reactivity of AuNPs/JPS for the transfer hydrogenation of nitroarene as well as hydrogenation of quinoline under molecular H2 pressure was evaluated. Sodium borohydride, when used as the hydrogen source, demonstrates a high catalytic efficiency in the transfer hydrogenation reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). Quinoline is quantitatively and chemoselectively hydrogenated to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (py-THQ) using molecular hydrogen. Reusability studies show that AuNPs are stable on the support surface and their selectivity is not affected.

Engineering novel gold nanoparticles using Sageretia thea leaf extract and evaluation of their biological activities

An eco-friendly method for biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed using leaf extract of Sageretia thea as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. AuNPs synthesis was immediately confirmed from a color change in the gold solution from yellow to ruby red. UV–visible spectroscopy technique showed a sharp narrow peak at 535 nm that confirmed the presence of spherical and cubic-shaped nanoparticles. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that the average size of AuNPs was 36 and 13 nm, respectively. XRD revealed the pure crystalline nature of AuNPs. The sharp narrow peaks corresponding to (111), (200), (220), and (311) Bragg's planes at 2θ position denoted the cubic shape of AuNPs with a crystallite size of 18 nm. FTIR analysis showed the existence of various reducing metabolites, which capped over the surface of Au. The biological efficacy of AuNPs was tested against Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. K. pneumonia was the most susceptible strain with an inhibition zone of 12 ± 0.2 mm (200 µg/mL dose), while the most tolerant strain was B. subtilis with a 6 ± 0.4 inhibition zone. The antioxidant potential was detected with DPPH scavenging activity, where the maximum scavenging activity was recorded at100 µg/mL. In analgesic activity, AuNPs showed superior efficiency as compared to leaf extract. The maximum latency time observed was 77.15 ± 0.39 s at a dose level of 300 mg/kg followed by 6.77 ± 0.30 s at 200 mg/kg, demonstrating 80.16% and 75.90% of analgesia, respectively. While diclofenac sodium was used as a standard with a latency time of 8.92 ± 0.32 s. The maximum metabolic activity of promastigote was seen at 150 µg/mL, which shows 91.21% lethality at 150 µg/mL with LD50 28.15, LD70 98.72, LD90 605.70, and 2.106 Chi-square values. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate that AuNPs synthesized by plant extract might be applied as an alternative to synthetic drugs for different pathogenic diseases.

Optimally biosynthesized, PEGylated gold nanoparticles functionalized with quercetin and camptothecin enhance potential anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activities

BackgroundThe development of nano delivery systems is rapidly emerging area of nanotechnology applications where nanomaterials (NMs) are employed to deliver therapeutic agents to specific site in a controlled manner. To accomplish this, green synthesis of NMs is widely explored as an eco-friendly method for the development of smart drug delivery system. In the recent times, use of green synthesized NMs, especially metallic NMs have fascinated the scientific community as they are excellent carriers for drugs. This work demonstrates optimized green, biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for functionalization with quercetin (QT) and camptothecin (CPT) to enhance potential anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activities of these drugs.ResultsGold nanoparticles were optimally synthesized in 8 min of reaction at 90 °C, pH 6, using 4 mM of HAuCl4 and 4:1 ratio of extract: HAuCl4. Among different capping agents tested, capping of AuNPs with polyethylene glycol 9000 (PG9) was found best suited prior to functionalization. PG9 capped AuNPs were optimally functionalized with QT in 1 h reaction at 70 °C, pH 7, using 1200 ppm of QT and 1:4 ratio of AuNPs-PG9:QT whereas, CPT was best functionalized at RT in 1 h, pH 12, AuNPs-PG9:CPT ratio of 1:1, and 0.5 mM of CPT. QT functionalized AuNPs showed good anti-cancer activity (IC50 687.44 µg/mL) against MCF-7 cell line whereas test of anti-inflammatory activity also showed excellent activity (IC50 287.177 mg/L). The CAM based assessment of anti-angiogenic activity of CPT functionalized AuNPs demonstrated the inhibition of blood vessel branching confirming the anti-angiogenic effect.ConclusionsThus, present study demonstrates that optimally synthesized biogenic AuNPs are best suited for the functionalization with drugs such as QT and CPT. The functionalization of these drugs with biogenic AuNPs enhances the potential anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activities of these drugs, therefore can be used in biomedical application.