Biogenic Approach Research Articles

Minting Progress: Multifunctional Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles via Mentha arvensis extract for Biomedical Advancements

AbstractTo surpass the constraints associated with conventional therapeutic methods in clinical therapy, nanoparticles have been rapidly prepared and developed as a separate treatment method for diseases. In this study, we have synthesized bismuth oxide nanoparticles (BiNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Mentha arvensis (M. arvensis) as a biogenic approach. The formation of BiNPs was confirmed by the characteristic peak observed at 276 nm in the UV–vis spectrum and PXRD analysis exhibited the crystalline nature with monoclinic phase. The TEM images revealed the quasi‐spherical shape of BiNPs with an average particle size of 12 nm. For biomedical studies, BiNPs exhibited significant cytotoxicity against A431 cell line (lung cancer) with IC50 value of 92.45 µg/mL. Further studies revealed significantly higher apoptosis, antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of the biosynthesized BiNPs. The collective results from the study suggest that the M. arvensis mediated synthesis of multifunctional BiNPs enhances their biological potential, positioning it as a potential candidate for the multimodal therapeutic applications.

Facile synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Nigella Sativa extract and its role as catalyst in production of bio-oil and degradation of methylene blue dye

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using an environmentally benign biogenic approach employing an extract of kernels of Nigella Sativa (kalonji). The presence of primary and secondary metabolites in Nigella Sativa extract acted as the capping and reducing agent. The as-synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using various advanced techniques i.e., UV, SEM, XRD, EDS, TGA, DSC, and FTIR spectra. UV characterization of ZnO NPs revealed a peak within the 350-400 cm−1 range, confirming their successful formation. XRD spectra revealed that the particles possess a nano-rods and platelets structure, with an average size of 65 nm. XRD analysis revealed that the particles possess a size of 65 nm with a nano-rods and platelets structure. FTIR spectra of the ZnO NPs exhibited a peak at a wavenumber range of 500–600 cm−1. The newly fabricated ZnO NPs were utilized in a pyrolysis reaction for the production of high-yield bio-oil, resulting in a maximum yield of 65.6 % at 350 °C. The spectra of the bio-oil display distinct peaks at 1340 cm−1, 2923.6 cm−1, and 1617 cm−1, which suggest the existence of phenolic and carbonyl chemicals. After incubating for 24 h under UV light, they also demonstrated significant catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. The highest degradation was recorded to be an average of 71 % in 60 min of UV exposure. Taken together, ZnO NPs developed by eco-benign methods have the potential to be implemented as a novel catalytic system in the production of bio-oil as well as the remediation of dye-harboring industrial wastewater.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Cannabis sativa: Properties, Synthesis, Mechanistic Aspects, and Applications

The increasing global focus on green nanotechnology research has spurred the development of environmentally and biologically safe applications for various nanomaterials. Nanotechnology involves crafting diverse nanoparticles in terms of shapes and sizes, with a particular emphasis on environmentally friendly synthesis routes. Among these, biogenic approaches, including plant-based synthesis, are favored for their safety, simplicity, and sustainability. Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional effectiveness, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has emerged as a promising candidate for aiding in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Leveraging the phytochemical constituents of Cannabis, researchers have successfully tailored silver nanoparticles for a wide array of applications, spanning from biomedicine to environmental remediation. This review explores the properties, synthesis mechanisms, and applications of silver nanoparticles obtained from Cannabis. Additionally, it delves into the recent advancements in green synthesis techniques and elucidates the optical properties of these nanoparticles. By shedding light on plant-based fabrication methods for silver nanoparticles and their diverse bionanotechnology applications, this review aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field of green nanotechnology. Through a comprehensive examination of the synthesis processes, mechanistic aspects, and potential applications, this review underscores the importance of sustainable approaches in nanoparticle synthesis and highlights the potential of Cannabis-derived silver nanoparticles in addressing various societal and environmental challenges.

Facile synthesis and surface characterization of platinum and gold bimetallic nanoparticles prepared using hydroalcoholic extract of Bryophyllum Pinnatum: Enhancing efficacy against breast cancer

Primary aim of the proposed study was to explore the green technique for synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles of platinum and gold metal by employing Bryophyllum pinnatum hydroalcoholic extract (BrPi-P-G-NPs) to explore their potential medicinal properties. Green synthesised bimetallic nanoparticles were characterized by techniques including UV spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, DSC, Particle size and Zeta Potential analysis. Experimental findings confirmed that BrPi-P-G-NPs demonstrate irregular shape, with an average size 34.5 nm. Zeta potential for BrPi and BrPi-P-G-NPs were found to be −8.1 and −24.1 mV, respectively. At a concentration of 75 µg mL−1, the MTT and trypan blue assays of the BrPi-P-G-NPs revealed a cell inhibition rate of 63.54 % and 60.23 %, respectively. In the MCF-7 cell line, the MTT and trypan blue assays recorded IC50 values of 153.54 and 158.04, respectively, for the BrPi-P-G-NPs at the same concentration. Thus, biologically synthesized BrPi-P-G-NPs demonstrated promising anti-cancer properties against human breast cancer cell lines, while showed no signs of toxicity. The enhanced biological activity of BrPi-P-G-NPs can be attributed to their distinctive properties at the nanoscale, as both exhibit lower polydispersity and nanoparticle size, which contribute to increased reactivity and interactions with biological systems. As a result, these BrPi-P-G-NPs nanoparticles synthesized through the biogenic approach using plant extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum have immense potential for a wide range of pharmaceutical applications.

Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous sandalwood (Santalum album L.) leaf extract: Divergent effects of SW-AgNPs on proliferating plant and cancer cells.

The biogenic approach for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles provides an efficient eco-friendly alternative to chemical synthesis. This study presents a novel route for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous sandalwood (SW) leaf extract as a source of reducing and capping agents under mild, room temperature synthesis conditions. The bioreduction of Ag+ to Ago nanoparticles (SW-AgNPs) was accompanied by the appearance of brown color, with surface plasmon resonance peak at 340-360 nm. SEM, TEM and AFM imaging confirm SW-AgNP's spherical shape with size range of 10-32 nm. DLS indicates a hydrodynamic size of 49.53 nm with predominant negative Zeta potential, which can contribute to the stability of the nanoparticles. FTIR analysis indicates involvement of sandalwood leaf derived polyphenols, proteins and lipids in the reduction and capping of SW-AgNPs. XRD determines the face-centered-cubic crystalline structure of SW-AgNPs, which is a key factor affecting biological functions of nanoparticles. This study is novel in using cell culture methodologies to evaluate effects of SW-AgNPs on proliferating cells originating from plants and human cancer. Exposure of groundnut calli cells to SW-AgNPs, resulted in enhanced proliferation leading to over 70% higher calli biomass over control, enhanced defense enzyme activities, and secretion of metabolites implicated in biotic stress resistance (Crotonyl isothiocyanate, Butyrolactone, 2-Hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone, Maltol) and plant cell proliferation (dl-Threitol). MTT and NRU were performed to determine the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles on human cervical cancer cells. SW-AgNPs specifically inhibited cervical cell lines SiHa (IC50-2.65 ppm) and CaSki (IC50-9.49 ppm), indicating potential use in cancer treatment. The opposing effect of SW-AgNPs on cell proliferation of plant calli (enhanced cell proliferation) and human cancer cell lines (inhibition) are both beneficial and point to potential safe application of SW-AgNPs in plant cell culture, agriculture and in cancer treatment.

Investigation of Therapeutic Potential of Biosynthesized Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Using Extract of Wrightia tinctoria

Background:: In Indian traditional medicine, the seeds and bark of Wrightia tinctoria are utilized as remedies for antidiarrheal and antidysenteric purposes, as well as for other medicinal uses. Aim:: The primary aim of the study was to explore the green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by employing an extract obtained from the Wrightia tinctoria plant and to explore their potential medicinal properties. Objective:: This study involved the characterization of the nanoparticles in terms of their properties and quality, as well as an investigation of their potential anti-bacterial, anticancer, and antiinflammatory properties. Methods: Various characterization techniques, including UV spectroscopy, XRD spectra, FTIR, SEM, particle size and zeta potential analysis, were used in this study for the synthesized nanoparticles. Our study investigated the impact of concentration, pH, and incubation time on nanoparticle synthesis, providing a comprehensive description of the synthesis procedure for both silver and gold nanoparticles. Result:: Experimental findings confirmed that silver and gold nanoparticles derived from Wrightia tinctoria exhibited irregular shape, with an average diameter ranging from approximately 0.08 to 0.34 μm and 0.09 to 0.30 μm, respectively. Appreciably, the biologically synthesized WTAgNPs and WTAuNPs demonstrated promising antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties without any signs of toxicity. The enhanced biological activity of WTAgNPs and WTAuNPs can be attributed to their distinctive properties at the nanoscale, as both exhibit lower polydispersity and average particle size, contributing to increased reactivity and interactions with biological systems. Conclusion:: The nanoparticles synthesized through the biogenic approach using Wrightia tinctoria extract have immense potential for a wide range of pharmaceutical applications.

Alkaline protease based hydrothermal synthesis of novel Pd/CuO/ZnO nanocomposite: A new entry into photocatalytic and biomedical applications

Here, we reported the process for the production of Pd/CuO/ZnO nanocomposite utilizing alkaline protease from Phalaris minor seed extract, which is a unique, effective biogenic approach. Alkaline protease performed a crucial part in the reduction, capping and stabilization of Pd/CuO/ZnO nanocomposites. A series of physicochemical techniques were used to inquire the formation, size, shape and crystalline nature of Pd/CuO/ZnO nanocomposites. The notable performance of the synthesized nanocomposite as a photocatalyst and an antibacterial disinfectant was astonishing. The Pd/CuO/ZnO nanocrystals showed considerable photocatalytic activity by eliminating 99 % of the methylene blue (MB) in <30 min of exposure. After three test cycles, the nanocatalyst demonstrated exceptional reliability as a photocatalyst. The nanocomposite was also discovered to be an effective antibacterial agent, with zones of inhibitory activity for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria of 30(±0.2), 27(±0.3), 22(±0.2), and 21(±0.3) mm, respectively, in both light and dark conditions. Moreover, the Pd/CuO/ZnO nanocomposites showed strong antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. The photocatalytic, antibacterial and antioxidative performance of Pd, CuO, ZnO, and CuO/ZnO were also assessed for the sake of comparison. This work shows that biogenic nanocomposites may be employed as a feasible alternative photocatalyst for the decomposition of dyes in waste water as well as a sustainable antibacterial agent.

Enhanced anti-cancer potency of sustainably synthesized anisotropic silver nanoparticles as compared with L-asparaginase

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a hematologic cancer that involves the production of abnormal lymphoid precursor cells, primarily affects children aged 2 to 10 years. The bacterial enzyme L-asparaginase produced from Escherichia coli is utilised as first-line therapy, despite the fact that 30 % of patients have a treatment-limiting hypersensitivity reaction. The current study elucidates the biosynthesis of extremely stable, water-dispersible, anisotropic silver nanoparticles (ANI Ag NPs) at room temperature and investigation of its anti-tumor potency in comparison to L-asparaginase. The optical, morphological, compositional, and structural properties of synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated using UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffractometer. The UV–Vis-NIR spectra revealed the typical Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) at 423 nm along with additional NIR absorption at 962 nm and 1153 nm, while TEM images show different shapes and sizes of Ag nanoparticles ranging from 6.81 nm to 46 nm, together confirming their anisotropic nature. Further, the MTT assay demonstrated promising anticancer effects of ANI Ag NPs with an IC50 value of ∼7 μg/mL against HuT-78 cells. These sustainable anisotropic silver nanoparticles exhibited approximately four times better cytotoxic ability (at and above 10 μg/mL concentrations) than L-asparaginase against HuT-78 cells (a human T lymphoma cell line). Apoptosis analysis by Wright-Geimsa, Annexin-V, and DAPI staining indicated the role of apoptosis in ANI Ag NPs-mediated cell death. The measurement of NO, and Bcl2 and cleaved caspase-3 levels by colorimetric method and immunoblotting, respectively suggested their involvement in ANI Ag NPs-elicited apoptosis. The findings indicate that the biogenic approach proposed herein holds tremendous promise for the rapid and straightforward design of novel multifunctional nanoparticles for the treatment of T cell malignancies.

Sustainable synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles in the presence of Trachyspermum ammi leaf extract for water purification

The biogenic approach has been utilized in the present study to prepare Cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs) using aqueous extract of Trachyspermum ammi leaf extract. Different characterization techniques such as Ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared and Scanning electron microscopic technique was used to confirm the successful synthesis of Co NPs. A peak centered near 530 nm indicated by UV–VIS analysis confirmed the formation of Co NPs. FTIR revealed that polyphenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavanoids, terpenoids and reducing sugars to be responsible for the reduction and stabilization of Co NPs. The catalytic activity of synthesized Co NPs was analyzed for Methylene blue (MB) and 2-Nitrophenol (2-NP). The degradation followed first order kinetics with rate constant 0.0175 min−1 for MB and 0.0129 min−1 for 2-NP. The degradation efficiency of Co NPs with time was found to be 85.6% and 70.38% for MB and 2-NP, respectively. Hence, Co NPs synthesized herein, could be applied to degrade other pollutants and the treatment of industrial waste water and environmentally polluted samples.

Biomass derived Cu2O nanoparticles for N-atom insertion reactions: a base-free synthesis of quinazolinones with a green approach

This work describes the use of an eco-friendly biogenic approach for the synthesis of Cu2O NPs utilizing Cucumis melo peel extract for the first time and employed for the one-pot multicomponent synthesis of quinazolinones in a green solvent.

Biogenic approach for synthesis of ZnO/NiO nanocomposites as a highly efficient photocatalyst and evaluation of their biological properties

Biogenic approach for synthesis of ZnO/NiO nanocomposites as a highly efficient photocatalyst and evaluation of their biological properties

Facile bio-genic synthesis of Astragalus sarcocolla (Anzaroot) gum extract mediated silver nanoparticles: Characterizations, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities

The recent increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to a notable difficulty in medicine, demanding endeavors to fabricate efficient antibacterial substances. Unlike traditional physical and chemical approaches, bio-genic approaches demonstrate various advantages, such as affordability, safety, and speed. The current study presents novel green silver nanoparticles employing Astragalus sarcocolla (Anzaroot) gum extract (ASG-AgNPs). For the first time, the alcoholic gum extract of this plant was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles in order to obtain antioxidant and antimicrobial nanoparticles. After optimizing the fabrication reaction conditions, ASG-AgNPs were characterized by DLS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, FT-IR, and XRD analyses. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of ASG-AgNPs and ASG extract was examined against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans by the broth microdilution method. Also, the DPPH technique was carried out to investigate the antioxidant property. TEM images displayed a highly even and spherical configuration of ASG-AgNPs, with an average size of 15.76 ± 1.40 nm. ASG-AgNPs exhibited high antimicrobial activity against all examined microbial models. The strongest effects were on Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae microorganisms, with MIC values of 62.5 and 156.25 μg/ml, respectively. DPPH radical inhibition percentages were raised from 14 to 98 by raising the concentration of ASG-AgNPs from 100 to 800 μg/ml, indicating suitable antioxidant activity. Both the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the extract were weaker than ASG-AgNPs, suggesting significant synergism between the extract and AgNPs. These findings demonstrate that utilizing the gum of the Astragalus sarcocolla plant is effective in producing AgNPs, which likely possess significant potential for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. However, further research is required.

Microwave-assisted phytogenic Ag/Ag2O/ZnO nanocomposite as a replacement of Ag/Ag2O and ZnO nanoparticles: A comparative antioxidant study

A biogenic approach, particularly plant-mediated synthesis, is currently regarded as the sustainable approach for synthesizing nanomaterials (NMs). The present investigation concentrates on the green fabrication of Ag/Ag2O nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO NPs, and Ag/Ag2O/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) via microwave irradiation using Murusi peel (MP) and Kew peel (KP) aqueous extracts and comparatively determine their antioxidant potentials. The synthesis parameters of Ag/Ag2O NPs, ZnO NPs, and Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs were optimized and characterized using different analytical techniques. Surface plasmon resonance peaks appeared at 448–450 nm, 350–370 nm, and 400–500 nm for Ag/Ag2O NPs, ZnO NPs, and Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic images of both peel-mediated Ag/Ag2O NPs depicted quasi-spherical shapes aggregating on the flake-shaped ZnO surface, leading to the Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs formation. Transition electron microscopic analysis revealed the average particle sizes of MP and KP-mediated Ag/Ag2O NPs, ZnO NPs, and Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs as 13.58±1.32 nm, and 36.79±1.24 nm, 13.00±1.26 nm, and 10.28±1.25 nm, 28.37±1.39 nm, and 11.21±1.06 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the synthesis of pure crystalline structures with a hexagonal wurtzite structure for ZnO and a face-centered structure for Ag and Ag2O during the formation of Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs. According to the research findings, MP and KP-mediated Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs displayed an enhanced free radical scavenging effect for DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay with IC50 values of 54.13±0.53 ppm and 51.41±1.27 ppm, respectively. At higher concentrations, the NCs exhibited a greater radical scavenging potential for ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay, with the IC50 values for MP and KP-mediated as 72.28±0.83 ppm and 65.78±1.29 ppm, respectively. Similarly, for the FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, MP and KP-mediated Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs demonstrated a higher antioxidant potential, expressed in terms of ascorbic acid equivalents (AE), which were 46±0.7 (AE) mg/1 g and 50±1.1 (AE) mg/1 g, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study remains the first comparative analysis of synergistically enhanced antioxidant potential of the agro-waste mediated Ag/Ag2O/ZnO NCs with their respective NPs counterparts, Ag/Ag2O NPs and ZnO NPs. These research findings pave the path for sustainably utilizing these NMs in biomedical applications.

Ameliorated antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties by Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract-mediated green synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles

Abstract In this investigation, using the biogenic approach, Plectranthus vettiveroides root extract was used to synthesize chitosan nanoparticles (P. vettiveroides CNPs). The produced nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using UV-visible (UV/vis) absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The typical absorption peaks in the UV/vis spectra were located around 253 nm. Functional groups were identified in P. vettiveroides CNPs by FTIR. As per SEM analysis, the NPs generated exhibited a spherical shape with an average diameter of 78.01 nm. In addition, the synthesized P. vettiveroides CNPs were examined for antioxidant and antibacterial properties and anticancer activities. They show a strong antioxidant activity compared to butylated hydroxytoluene as a standard antioxidant. P. vettiveroides root extract CNPs demonstrated the most significant zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae (22 mm), followed by Escherichia coli (21 mm), Bacillus cereus (19 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (17 mm). In addition, using MTT assay, anticancer efficacy against KB (oral cancer) cells was studied. The cytotoxic reaction was observed in a dosage-dependent manner. P. vettiveroides CNPs show bioefficacy because of their size and the existence of bioactive compounds, which can enhance antibacterial and anticancer activities by lysing bacterial and cancer cell walls.

Green synthesis of strontium oxide nanoparticles and strontium based nanocomposites prepared by plant extract: a critical review

Abstract Recently, strontium oxide nanoparticles (SrO NPs) have become the center of attention due to potential features and promising applications. The physicochemical approaches possess many limitations including extreme experimental conditions, highly complex instruments and use of hazardous chemicals. An eco-friendly and sustainable approach from biogenic sources for formation of SrO NPs is an emerging trend nowadays to effectively replace conventional approaches. This review study all those aspects that facilitate the reader for understanding all biogenic approaches of SrO NPs for their use in different applications with less toxicity issues. In this study, firstly we discuss in detail about plant and other biogenic assemblies based on the synthesis of SrO NPs after which parameters affecting the synthesis of SrO NPs are discussed and finally excellent biomedical applications of SrO NPs along with mechanism are summarized. The literature also showed that green synthesized SrO NPs are highly biocompatible in nature and showed excellent anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-fungal potential. Hence, this study will provide an understanding to researchers about recent trends for the formation of SrO NPs through different biogenic assemblies and their potential biomedical applications.

Biogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Evolvulus alsinoides plant extract

The ecofriendly and cost effective biosynthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) make them excellent material for application in various fields. The current study investigate the phytogenic synthesis of ZnO NPs from the aqueous extract of Evolvulus alsinoides plant as a novel resource which shows reducing as well as stabilizing agents. The biogenic approach applied for green synthesis of ZnO NPs characterized by Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) observing a peak at 264 nm. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The data obtained from SEM and TEM techniques showed spherical shaped nanoparticles and size range in 100 nm.Graphical abstract

On the Proper Treatment of Dynamics in Cognitive Science.

This essay examines the relevance of dynamical ideas for cognitive science. On its own, the mere mathematical idea of a dynamical system is too weak to serve as a scientific theory of anything, and dynamical approaches within cognitive science are too rich and varied to be subsumed under a single "dynamical hypothesis." Instead, after first attempting to dissect the different notions of "dynamics" and "cognition" at play, a more specific theoretical framework for cognitive science broadly construed is sketched. This framework draws upon not only dynamical ideas, but also such contemporaneous perspectives as situatedness, embodiment, ecological psychology, enaction, neuroethology/neuroscience, artificial life, and biogenic approaches. The paper ends with some methodological suggestions for pursuing this theoretical framework.

A Biogenic Approach to Develop Guava Derived Edible Copper and Zinc Oxide Nanocoating to Extend Shelf Life and Efficiency for Food Preservation

A Biogenic Approach to Develop Guava Derived Edible Copper and Zinc Oxide Nanocoating to Extend Shelf Life and Efficiency for Food Preservation

Lemon Peel Extract as a Green Reducing Agent for Copper-Doped Titanium Nanotubes Synthesis

In this study, we report the green synthesis of copper-doped titanium nanotubes using a biogenic approach. Lemon peel extract was used as the reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of copper-doped titanium nanotubes. The formation of the nanotubes was confirmed by various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the copper-doped titanium nanotubes had a high degree of crystallinity and a well-defined tubular structure. The photodegradation of methylparaben was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of the nanotubes, and it was found that the copper-doped titanium nanotubes exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity under UV light. This study presents a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of copper-doped titanium nanotubes, which can be used as an effective photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants.

Physical properties and pharmacological applications of Co3O4, CuO, NiO and ZnO nanoparticles.

Nano materials have found developing interest in biogenic approaches in the present times. In this study, metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as cobalt oxide (Co3O4), copper oxide (CuO), nickel oxide (NiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO), were synthesized using a convenient and rapid method. The structural features of synthesized metal oxide NPs were studied using various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR and EDX. The characterization results confirmed that the prepared NPs possess highly pure, unique and crystalline geometry with size ranging between 10 and 20nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were successfully employed for pharmacological applications. Enzyme inhibition potential of NPs was evaluated against the urease and tyrosinase enzymes. The percent inhibition for the urease enzyme was observed as 80 to 90% by using Co3O4, CuO, NiO and ZnO NPs while ZnO NPs were found to have best anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase activities. Moreover, effective inhibition was observed in the case of ZnO NPs at IC50 values of 0.0833 and 0.1732 for urease and tyrosinase enzymes which were comparable to reference drugs thiourea and kojic acid. The lower the IC50 value, higher the free radical scavenging power. Antioxidant activity by DPPH free radical scavenging method was found moderately high for the synthesized metal oxide NPs while best results were obtained for Co3O4 and ZnO NPs as compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Antimicrobial potential was also evaluated via the disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. CuO NPs show a better zone of inhibition at 20 and 27mm by using both methods. This study proves that the novel metal oxide NPs can compete with the standard materials used in the pharmacological studies nowadays.