Biogenetic Law Research Articles

Réveiller la mémoire de l’espèce. La récapitulation haeckelienne et la race de Lahor à Proust

ABSTRACT This article revisits the foundation of Haeckel’s theory of recapitulation, that is to say, the bodily reincarnation of a species within an individual, which takes place within the broader context of interspecies competition. All individuals carry within them their race, and this is what differentiates them from others and places them in opposition with others. This image is ideally suited to poetry and to fiction, where the individual becomes loaded with multiple voices, which transcend him or her. These voices are not immemorial, but on the contrary, loaded with memory. We will be exploring these whispers of an incarnated memory as a vehicle for racial theories in the poems of Jean Lahor and in Marcel Proust’s À la recherche du temps perdu.

"Our Country Neighbors": Harriet Beecher Stowe's Domestication of Nature

Abstract: Any examination of Stowe's children's literature must complicate the nineteenth century's domestic ethic of kindness by analyzing how the building of her mansion Oakholm in 1864 mirrors the tension between domestication and environmental destruction. Stowe attempts to tame a wild landscape by imposing a grand domestic structure, but disciplining the wild implies that an animal's original savage nature should no longer express itself. The theory of recapitulation meant that the atavistic does occasionally emerge, but instead of tolerating a dog for being a dog, Stowe blames it. She tries to domesticate the natural world, but when it does not conform, she punishes it for refusing to adhere to her concept of obedience. This condemnation of the natural world ignites a tension in which sentimentalism is at odds with the reality of a burgeoning scientific reading of nature that sees it as fully engaged with the Darwinian sense of the survival of the fittest.

A Taxonomic Hierarchy of Blockchain Consensus Algorithms: An Evolutionary Phylogeny Approach

Countless endeavors have been undertaken to address the Byzantine Generals Problem, a generalization of the Two Generals Problem. The emergence of proof of work (PoW) for Bitcoin has led to various consensus algorithms diverging, and comparable existing consensus algorithms are being gradually utilized interchangeably, or only developed for each specific application domain. Our approach employs an evolutionary phylogeny method to classify blockchain consensus algorithms based on their historical development and current usage. To demonstrate the relatedness and lineage of distinct algorithms, as well as to support the recapitulation theory, which posits that the evolutionary history of its mainnets is mirrored in the development of an individual consensus algorithm, we present a taxonomy. We have created a comprehensive classification of past and present consensus algorithms that serves to organize this swift consensus algorithm evolution period. By recognizing similarities, we have compiled a list of different verified consensus algorithms and performed clustering on over 38 of these. Our new taxonomic tree presents five taxonomic ranks, including the evolutionary process and decision-making method, as a technique for analyzing correlation. Through the examination of the evolution and utilization of these algorithms, we have developed a systematic and hierarchical taxonomy that enables the grouping of consensus algorithms into distinct categories. The proposed method classifies various consensus algorithms according to taxonomic ranks and aims to reveal the direction of research on the application of blockchain consensus algorithms for each domain.

Cellular Biogenetic Law and Its Distortion by Protein Interactions: A Possible Unified Framework for Cancer Biology and Regenerative Medicine.

The biogenetic law (recapitulation law) states that ontogenesis recapitulates phylogenesis. However, this law can be distorted by the modification of development. We showed the recapitulation of phylogenesis during the differentiation of various cell types, using a meta-analysis of human single-cell transcriptomes, with the control for cell cycle activity and the improved phylostratigraphy (gene dating). The multipotent progenitors, differentiated from pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESC), showed the downregulation of unicellular (UC) genes and the upregulation of multicellular (MC) genes, but only in the case of those originating up to the Euteleostomi (bony vertebrates). This picture strikingly resembles the evolutionary profile of regulatory gene expansion due to gene duplication in the human genome. The recapitulation of phylogenesis in the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) during their differentiation resembles the ESC pattern. The unipotent erythroblasts differentiating into erythrocytes showed the downregulation of UC genes and the upregulation of MC genes originating after the Euteleostomi. The MC interactome neighborhood of a protein encoded by a UC gene reverses the gene expression pattern. The functional analysis showed that the evolved environment of the UC proteins is typical for protein modifiers and signaling-related proteins. Besides a fundamental aspect, this approach can provide a unified framework for cancer biology and regenerative/rejuvenation medicine because oncogenesis can be defined as an atavistic reversal to a UC state, while regeneration and rejuvenation require an ontogenetic reversal.

Ontogeny, Phylotypic Periods, Paedomorphosis, and Ontogenetic Systematics

The key terms linking ontogeny and evolution are briefly reviewed. It is shown that their application and usage in the modern biology are often inconsistent and incorrectly understood even within the “evo-devo” field. For instance, the core modern reformulation that ontogeny not merely recapitulates, but produces phylogeny implies that ontogeny and phylogeny are closely interconnected. However, the vast modern phylogenetic and taxonomic fields largely omit ontogeny as a central concept. Instead, the common “clade-” and “tree-thinking” prevail, despite on the all achievements of the evo-devo. This is because the main conceptual basis of the modern biology is fundamentally ontogeny-free. In another words, in the Haeckel’s pair of “ontogeny and phylogeny,” ontogeny is still just a subsidiary for the evolutionary process (and hence, phylogeny), instead as in reality, its main driving force. The phylotypic periods is another important term of the evo-devo and represent a modern reformulation of Haeckel’s recapitulations and biogenetic law. However, surprisingly, this one of the most important biological evidence, based on the natural ontogenetic grounds, in the phylogenetic field that can be alleged as a “non-evolutionary concept.” All these observations clearly imply that a major revision of the main terms which are associated with the “ontogeny and phylogeny/evolution” field is urgently necessarily. Thus, “ontogenetic” is not just an endless addition to the term “systematics,” but instead a crucial term, without it neither systematics, nor biology have sense. To consistently employ the modern ontogenetic and epigenetic achievements, the concept of ontogenetic systematics is hereby refined. Ontogenetic systematics is not merely a “research program” but a key biological discipline which consistently links the enormous biological diversity with underlying fundamental process of ontogeny at both molecular and morphological levels. The paedomorphosis is another widespread ontogenetic-and-evolutionary process that is significantly underestimated or misinterpreted by the current phylogenetics and taxonomy. The term paedomorphosis is refined, as initially proposed to link ontogeny with evolution, whereas “neoteny” and “progenesis” are originally specific, narrow terms without evolutionary context, and should not be used as synonyms of paedomorphosis. Examples of application of the principles of ontogenetic systematics represented by such disparate animal groups as nudibranch molluscs and ophiuroid echinoderms clearly demonstrate that perseverance of the phylotypic periods is based not only on the classic examples in vertebrates, but it is a universal phenomenon in all organisms, including disparate animal phyla.

A Theological Appraisal of the Recapitulation and Ransom Theories of Atonement

The patristic era represents the formative period of Christian theology. As such, this period witnessed remarkable theological immaturity and complexity. One theological issue that attracted much attention in this period was atonement. Patristic scholars, in an attempt to build on the apostolic tradition, expressed varied interpretations of Christ’s death on the cross. Among the different patristic interpretations, Iranaeus’ recapitulation and Origen’s ransom theories of atonement became the most outstanding. The recapitulation theory emphasizes the restoration of the human race to their divine-given status. The ransom theory, on the other hand, stresses the transactional dimension of the atonement which resulted in the defeat of Satan. This paper critically examines these two theories using data gathered from books, journal articles, and dissertations, among other sources. The paper concluded that, though the recapitulation and ransom interpretations of the atonement are ancient theories, they are still relevant to the overall contemporary understanding of Christian soteriology. The findings from the paper will not only contribute to modern soteriological discourses but will also help readers to avoid some pitfalls that characterize the two interpretations discussed. Keywords: Atonement, Christ, Christians, Patristic, Ransom, Recapitulation

Modernist Life Histories: Biological Theory and the Experimental Bildungsromanby Daniel Aureliano Newman

<i>Modernist Life Histories: Biological Theory and the Experimental Bildungsroman</i>by Daniel Aureliano Newman

Play: A Historical and Cultural Approach

The article examines the historical dynamics of the theoretical and methodological approaches to the essence of play and their significance in modern scholarship and culture. The role of play in the philosophy of ancient times is highlighted. Classical playing theories are presented: Friedrich Schiller’s and Herbert Spencer’s theories of surplus forces, Richard Lazarus’ theory of recuperation, Karl Groos’ theory of exercise and G. Stanley Hall’s theory of recapitulation. Play (as a way to achieve pleasure) is examined through Karl Bühler’s theory. We pay attention to Freud’s psychodynamic theory in the context of understanding play, as well as the views of Erickson and Winnicott. Bateson’s metacommunicative theory is singled out separately. The theory of cognitive development by Piaget and Vygotsky pays special attention to the consideration of approaches to the understanding of play. The role of play in the context of pedagogical, cultural, and anthropological research is presented. Due to the analysis of the presented theories, we made the conclusion about the role of play in present-day culture. The study aims to find out the meaning of play in the representation of modern youth. To solve the tasks set, we used the sociological research method. As a result, we surveyed the young people of the city. This survey allowed us to understand the place of play in modern young people’s lives and reveal its attitude to gaming activities. With the help of a survey, we identified such essential functions of play as relaxation and entertainment. The least important of these was the psycho-technical function. Computer and desktop games were recognized as the most popular types of play among modern young people. The least interest among respondents is caused by such a type of play as gambling. This work is only an initial stage in the study. We plan to continue the study on a representative sample.

Адам и Ева как прообраз Нового Адама и Новой Евы (по учению святителя Иринея Лионского, Тертуллиана и святителя Викторина Петавийского). К вопросу о теории рекапитуляции в раннехристианском богословии

The doctrine of Adam and Eve as prototypes of New Adam and New Eve (the so-called theory of recapitulation) was first encountered in the epistles of the apostle Paul. Revealing the main feature of this teaching, the supreme apostle reports that the disobedience and sin that Adam and Eve committed were corrected by New Adam and New Eve (see: Rom. 5, 14-15). As a result, instead of the death of Adam and Eve and their descendants (by bodily birth), humanity received immortality, starting with New Adam and New Eve and their descendants (by spiritual birth). Subsequently, the pre-nicene christian writers, for example, Irenaeus of Lyon, Tertullian and Victorinus of Poetovio, resorted to the doctrine of Adam and Eve as prototypes of New Adam and New Eve.&#x0D; Developing the theory of recapitulation, Irenaeus of Lyon in his works — «Against heresies» and «Proof of the apostolic sermon» — used the epistles of the apostle Paul and the typological method of interpreting Holy Scripture. The saint of Lyon taught, first, that on that day (that is on friday), on which Adam was born, New Adam, or the Lord Jesus Christ, was born; secondly, on that day (that is on saturday), on which Adam violated the only commandment of God (see: Gen. 2, 16-17), the incarnate Son of God suffered. In addition, what the virgin Eve did not fulfill, being disobedient, since she ate the forbidden fruit, the Virgin Mary did, being obedient, since she gave birth to the Lord Jesus Christ.&#x0D; Following tradition in the presentation of the theory of cancer-capitulation, Tertullian in his treatise «On the flesh of Christ» uses the epistles of the apostle Paul, the works of Irenaeus of Lyon and the typological-mysterious method of interpreting Holy Scripture. The first latin theologian in his work resorted to analogies: the first is an uncultivated land, that is, since the first Adam was created from an uncultivated earth — the Second Adam was also created from an uncultivated earth, or was born from the Blessed Virgin Mary; the second — the heard word, that is, because through the heard word the first Eve sinned — the second Eve also through the heard word did not sin, or became the cause of the salvation of the entire human race.&#x0D; Developing the theory of recapitulation, Victorinus of Poetovio in his works — «On the сreation of the world» and «On the life of Christ» — relied on the epistles of the apostle Paul, the works of Irenaeus of Lyon and the typological method of interpreting Holy Scripture. The saint of Poetovio taught, first, that on that day (that is on friday), on which Adam was born, the incarnate Son of God was born; secondly, on that day (that is on saturday), on which Adam and Eve violated the only commandment of God (see: Gen. 2, 16-17), the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary took place and the Lord Jesus Christ suffered; and, thirdly, on that day (that is on the resurrection), on which God the Father and the Son of God created light, the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary took place, the incarnate Son of God rose from the dead and the second time He will come to earth to judge all human genus.

Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung on Myths and Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious: Unnoticed Similarity

Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis and Carl Gustav Jung’s analytical psychology are different in many ways and some of their differences are extremely crucial. It is widely believed that one of the most obvious examples of this intellectual confrontation is the difference between Freud’s and Jung’s views on mythology. Proponents of this view believe that Jung was much more interested in mythological issues and his theory of myth became much deeper and more developed than Freud’s one. In particular, it is believed that Freud focused exclusively on the individual’s psyche, while Jung allegedly reached the true origins of mythmaking in the collective unconscious, which is the sediment of the vast historical experience of mankind. The article shows that such statements do not reflect the real situation but just the point of view, which Jung began to spread after his break-up with Freud. In fact, the founder of psychoanalysis had a steady and deep interest in mythology. The manifestation of this interest was the formation of “psycho-analytics” of myth – a specific area of research, which in the early years of the psychoanalytic movement was joined by several first psychoanalysts, including Franz Riklin, Karl Abraham, Otto Rank, Ernest Jones, and Jung himself. It is essential that both Freud and Jung, before and after the break-up in 1913, have been and remain the supporters of the consideration of a man and culture through the prism of certain biological concepts of that time. Those are the principle of inheritance of acquired properties (Lamarckism) and the idea that ontogenesis recapitulates phylogeny (“biogenetic law”). Based on Lamarckian-biogenetic assumptions, both Freud and Jung saw the origins of mythology in the collective historical experience of mankind. The article demonstrates that the image of Oedipus and the associated motives of incest and parricide play almost the same role in Freud’s (and Freudian) model of mythmaking as the archetypes of the collective unconscious in Jung’s (and Jungian) concept of myth.

Theories, laws, and models in evo-devo.

Evolutionary developmental biology (evo‐devo) is the study of the evolution of developmental mechanisms. Here, I review some of the theories, models, and laws in evo‐devo, past and present. Nineteenth‐century evo‐devo was dominated by recapitulation theory and archetypes. It also gave us germ layer theory, the vertebral theory of the skull, floral organs as modified leaves, and the “inverted invertebrate” theory, among others. Newer theories and models include the frameshift theory, the genetic toolkit for development, the ABC model of flower development, the developmental hourglass, the zootype, Urbilateria, and the hox code. Some of these new theories show the influence of archetypes and recapitulation. Interestingly, recent studies support the old “primordial leaf,” “inverted invertebrate,” and “segmented head” theories. Furthermore, von Baer's first three laws may now need to be rehabilitated, and the hourglass model modified, in view of what Abzhanov has pointed out about the maternal‐zygotic transition. There are many supposed “laws” of evo‐devo but I argue that these are merely generalizations about trends in particular lineages. I argue that the “body plan” is an archetype, and is often used in such a way that it lacks any scientific meaning. Looking to the future, one challenge for evo‐devo will be to develop new theories and models to accommodate the wealth of new data from high‐throughput sequencing, including single‐cell sequencing. One step in this direction is the use of sophisticated in silico analyses, as in the “transcriptomic hourglass” models.

The First Brazilian Thesis of Evolution: Haeckel's Recapitulation Theory and Its Relations with the Idea of Progress.

The aim of this work is to present the thesis "On the Ontogenetic Evolution of the Human Embryo in its Relations with Phylogenesis," by Affonso Regulo de Oliveira Fausto (1866-1930), published in Brazil in 1890. To our knowledge, it was one of the first Brazilian academic works focused specifically on evolution. It was also the first doctoral thesis that addressed the topic of recapitulation in order to analyze what was then called the progressive evolution of the human species in tandem with the embryological development of the individuals that would constitute the Brazilian "type." In the present work, we analyze the author's thesis in relation to its sources, concepts, as well as the country's political context at the time of its publication. Fausto's text, in which he explicitly recognized the influence of Ernst Haeckel's (1834-1919) recapitulation theory, represents a window to understand better a concept of nation based on science and on the idea of inexorable progress that was accepted in Brazil at the end of the nineteenth century.

On the sequence heterochrony of cranial ossification of bats in light of Haeckel's recapitulation theory.

Haeckel's recapitulation theory has been a controversial topic in evolutionary biology. However, we have seen some recent cases applying Haeckel's view to interpret the interspecific variation of prenatal ontogeny. To revisit the validity of Haeckel's recapitulation theory, we take bats that have undergone drastic morphological changes and possess a characteristic ecology as a case study. All members of Rhinolophoidea and Yangochiroptera can generate an ultrasonic pulse from the larynx to interpret surrounding objects (laryngeal echolocation) whereas Pteropodidae lacks such ability. It is known that the petrosal bone is particularly derived in shape and expanded in laryngeal echolocators. If Haeckel's recapitulation theory holds, the formation of this derived trait should occur later than those of other bones. Therefore, we compared the prenatal ossification timing of the petrosal in 15 bat species and five outgroup species. We found that the ossification of the petrosal is accelerated in laryngeal echolocators while it is the last bone to ossify in non-laryngeal echolocating bats and non-volant mammals, which runs counter to the prediction generated by Haeckel's recapitulation theory. We point out the evolutionarily labile nature of trait developmental timing and emphasize that Haeckel's recapitulation theory does not hold in many cases. We caution that generating predictions on ancestral conditions and evolutionary history leading from Haeckel's recapitulation theory is not well supported.

The biogenetic law and the Gastraea theory: From Ernst Haeckel's discoveries to contemporary views.

More than 150 years ago, in 1866, Ernst Haeckel published a book in two volumes called Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (General Morphology of Organisms) in the first volume of which he formulated his biogenetic law, famously stating that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Here, we describe Haeckel's original idea as first formulated in the Generelle Morphologie der Organismen and later further developed in other publications until the present situation in which molecular data are used to test the "hourglass model," which can be seen as a modern version of the biogenetic law. We also tell the story about his discovery, while traveling in Norway, of an unknown organism, Magosphaera planula, that was important in that it helped to precipitate his ideas into what was to become the Gastraea theory. We also follow further development and reformulations of the Gastraea theory by other scientists, notably the Russian school. Elias Metchnikoff developed the Phagocytella hypothesis for the origin of metazoans based on studies of a colonial flagellate. Alexey Zakhvatin focused on deducing the ancestral life cycle and the cell types of the last common ancestor of all metazoans, and Kirill V. Mikhailov recently pursued this line of research further.

Dynamical systems approach to evolution-development congruence: Revisiting Haeckel's recapitulation theory.

It is acknowledged that embryonic development has a tendency to proceed from common toward specific. Ernst Haeckel raised the question of why that tendency prevailed through evolution, and the question remains unsolved. Here, we revisit Haeckel's recapitulation theory, that is, the parallelism between evolution and development through numerical evolution and dynamical systems theory. By using intracellular gene expression dynamics with cell‐to‐cell interaction over spatially aligned cells to represent the developmental process, gene regulation networks (GRN) that govern these dynamics evolve under the selection pressure to achieve a prescribed spatial gene expression pattern. For most numerical evolutionary experiments, the evolutionary pattern changes over generations, as well as the developmental pattern changes governed by the evolved GRN exhibit remarkable similarity. Changes in both patterns consisted of several epochs where stripes are formed in a short time, whereas for other temporal regimes, the pattern hardly changes. In evolution, these quasi‐stationary generations are needed to achieve relevant mutations, whereas, in development, they are due to some gene expressions that vary slowly and control the pattern change. These successive epochal changes in development and evolution are represented as common bifurcations in dynamical systems theory, regulating working network structure from feedforward subnetwork to those containing feedback loops. The congruence is the correspondence between successive acquisitions of subnetworks through evolution and changes in working subnetworks in development. Consistency of the theory with the segmentation gene‐expression dynamics is discussed. Novel outlook on recapitulation and heterochrony are provided, testable experimentally by the transcriptome and network analysis.

Evolutionary theory in educational psychology: a historiographical analysis

We analyze the discourse on human development in educational psychology manuals written for teacher training. "Recapitulation theory" is seen in this discourse. This theory, developed by Ersnt Haeckel in the field of embryology in the late nineteenth century, asserts that individuals pass through different development stages that correspond to the adult form of their ancestors in the evolutionary sequence. It was appropriated by psychology and served as an explanatory model for various different aspects of development, for everything from individual and group differences in the shape and size of the brain to the evolution of language and morals. The analysis refers to the writings of Michel Foucault on discourse analysis and to those of Nikolas Rose on the history of psychology.

Um "além" que vem do passado: o evolucionismo e o caráter regressivo e patológico das pulsões

Este artigo traz uma reflexão sobre a influência que a Biologia evolutiva exerceu sobre Sigmund Freud no tocante à teoria das pulsões e à noção de patologia que a acompanha. Também, notadamente quanto às suas tendências regressivas, conforme apresentado em Além do princípio do prazer, publicação pródiga de referenciais evolucionários, especialmente da compreensão filogenética da espécie humana, ou seja, da teoria da recapitulação de Ernst Haeckel, articulada aos fenômenos clínicos e culturais. Amparados em Georges Canguilhem, observamos que a mesma Biologia cumpre função normativa na qualificação das manifestações humanas. Assim, mostraremos que o recurso a ela serviu de apoio para Freud estabelecer uma concepção psicanalítica de sujeito igualmente normativa, a saber, dotado de um psiquismo regressivo e patológico em sua natureza, cuja tendência biológica o faz repetir comportamentos do passado. Se trata de uma opção teórica em detrimento da ruptura e da variação como norteadora de sua história, assim como da história da espécie humana.

Beyond Haeckel's Law: Walter Garstang and the Evolutionary Biology that Might Have Been.

At the beginning of the twentieth century Haeckel's biogenetic law was widely questioned. On the one hand, there were those who wanted to dismiss it altogether: ontogeny and phylogeny did not have any systematic or interesting relation. On the other hand, there were those who sought to revise it. They argued that while Haeckel's recapitulationism might have been erroneous, this should not deter the research over the relation between evolution and development. The British embryologist Walter Garstang was one of the main figures on the "revisionists" side. In this paper, I first situate Garstang's contribution to embryology and evolution within the extraordinarily creative period of the first three decades of the twentieth century. Then, I review some of Garstang's specific ideas in detail, especially his most well-known 1922 paper "The Theory of Recapitulation." Finally, I look at how the demise of the biogenetic law in light of Garstang's views-as well as from the perspective of contemporary developmental evolution-should be understood. My main concern is not about the dismissal of Haeckel's law or the sidelining of embryology in the twentieth-century evolutionary biology. I am rather interested in exploring why Garstang's revised version of biogenetic law-which was entirely consistent with the neo-Darwinian perspective underpinning the Modern synthesis-did not spur a major new agenda in evolutionary biology after the 1930s.

Ernst Haeckel’s ‘Kant Problem’: metaphysics, science, and art

Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) has become famous, and perhaps infamous, for many reasons. Presently, he is probably most widely-known for his paintings of plants and animals in his very popular book, Art Forms in Nature, originally collected and published in 1904. However, in addition to Haeckel’s art, he is also well-known for his advocacy of Darwinism and Social Darwinism, for first coining the term ‘ecology,’ for having his work utilized by Nazi pseudo-scientists (Dombrowksi in Tech Commun Q 12:303–319, 2003), and for famously (perhaps fraudulently) producing drawings of animal and human embryos so as to confirm his biogenetic law (Gould in Nat Hist 109:44–45, 2000). Something Haeckel is not as well-known for today is the fact that he seemed to be both a strenuous critic of the metaphysical and moral philosophies of Immanuel Kant and yet also something of an adherent to Kant’s aesthetic views. In terms of metaphysics and morality, Haeckel sought to exorcise Kant’s ideas as much as possible from twentieth century views on science, humanity, and nature; however, in terms of aesthetic theory, Haeckel seemed to embrace a distinctly Kantian approach to art and artworks. This essay proposes to: (1) carefully examine Haeckel’s refutations of some of Kant’s central metaphysical concepts, (2) explore some of the, arguably Kantian, assumptions underlying Haeckel’s approach to aesthetics and his artistic practice, and (3) combine these two lines of inquiry into a portrait of Haeckel’s mind as one that is conflicted about the role Kantian philosophy, and more specifically Kantian noumena, should play in twentieth century science and art. This unresolved tension in Haeckel’s mind regarding Kant’s noumenal realm is what I propose to call his ‘Kant Problem’.

Jung, Neumann and Gebser

Abstract In recent decades, indeterminate states of cultural identity in both individuals and nations have resulted from cross-cultural migrations and the resistance of host nations to critically re-evaluate traditional cultural complexes and welcome new influences. Jung’s theory of individuation, Neumann’s centroversion and Gebser’s integrality provide a new foundation in consciousness for re-evaluating both individual and national cultural identities. In terms of the development and education of children, the two common threads in these three theories are individuation and recapitulation theory. Individuation, re-imagined by Neumann as centroversion, parallels Gebser’s concept of integrality and provides a mediating foundation for comparing individuation and integrality. Both concepts are compared in terms of the first phase of the individuation process, characterized by the development and education of the child. The objective is to achieve an individuated-integral, spiritualized personality in the first half of life so that the spiritually mature adult can contribute to an evolved human consciousness and global cultural identity in the second half of life.