Biofuel Manufacturing Research Articles

Transesterification of biodiesel from kapok seed oil (ceiba pentandra) using a natural heterogeneous katalyst (rice husk activation)

Biodiesel as a renewable energy source can be produced by a chemical reaction between vegetable oil or animal fat and short-chain alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or buthanol and is supported by a catalyst. This process is called transesterification. From an environmental point of view, the use of biodiesel has several advantages such as reducing carbon dioxide emissions, being non-toxic and biodegradable. Kapok seed oil has potential for exploitation, particularly as a raw material for the manufacture of biofuel. Kapok seeds (Ceiba pentandra) have the potential to be used as a feedstock for biodiesel because their oil content is quite high, around 18-25% oil. The controlled combustion of rice husks produces ash containing high purity amorphous silica. Amorphous silica can be obtained from RHA (rice husk ash) when rice husk is burned at a temperature of 700°C, and it is transformed into crystalline silica when burned at a temperature above 850 °C. This silica has many applications as a filler, adsorbent, catalyst support, star gel component and source for the production of premium silicon and its compounds. The aim of the research is to determine the transisterification process of biodiesel from kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil. using a natural heterogeneous catalyst in It is an activated rice husk. The method used was the preparation of kapok seed samples and the extraction of sokhlet. Determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in kapok seed oil, activation of rice husk, manufacturing of biodiesel from kapok seed with addition of rice husk H2SO4 as catalyst. The characteristics of the biodiesel produced are Density: 859.88572 kg/m3 (SNI: 7182:2015) = 850-890 kg/m3), Viscosity: 2.45824 cSt (SNI: 7182:2015) = 2.3 – 6, 0 cSt, Calorific value: 7,374.5322 cal/g (SNI: 7182; 2015) = 7,100 -11,000 cal/ g, Devil's number: 48 (ASTM: D6751) = 47. Meanwhile, GC-MS with the highest values at all reaction times, namely Hexadec anoic acid, methyl ester (C17H34O2), methyl tetradecanoate (C15H30O2) and 9 - Octadecenoic acid (Z), methyl ester (C19H36O2) . The functional group found in kapok seeds is –OH.

Adaptive laboratory evolution of Lipomyces starkeyi for high production of lignin derivative alcohol and lipids with comparative untargeted metabolomics-based analysis.

Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is an impactful technique for cultivating microorganisms to adapt to specific environmental circumstances or substrates through iterative growth and selection. This study utilized an adaptive laboratory evolution method on Lipomyces starkeyi for high tolerance in producing lignin derivative alcohols and lipids from syringaldehyde. Afterward, untargeted metabolomics analysis was employed to find the key metabolites that play important roles in the better performance of evolved strains compared to the wild type. Lignin, a prominent constituent of plant biomass, is a favorable source material for the manufacture of biofuel and lipids. Nevertheless, the effective transformation of chemicals produced from lignin into products with high economic worth continues to be a difficult task. In this study, we exposed L. starkeyi to a series of flask passaging experiments while applying selective pressure to facilitate its adaptation to syringaldehyde, a specific type of lignin monomeric aldehyde. Using ALE, we successfully developed a new strain, DALE-22, which can synthesize syringyl alcohol up to 18.74 mM from 22.28 mM syringaldehyde with 41.9% lipid accumulation. In addition, a comprehensive examination of untargeted metabolomics identified six specific crucial metabolites linked to the improved tolerance of the evolved strain in the utilization of syringaldehyde, including 2-aminobutyric acid, allantoin, 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, 2-aminoethanol, tryptophan, and 5-aminovaleric acid. The results of our study reveal how L. starkeyi adapts to using substrates produced from lignin. These findings offer important information for developing strategies to improve the process of converting lignin into valuable products for sustainable biorefinery applications.

High performance computational approach to study model describing reversible two-step enzymatic reaction with time fractional derivative

Enzyme reactions have numerous applications in diverse disciplines of science like chemistry, biology and biomechanics. In this study, we examine the role and act of enzymes in chemical reactions which is considered in the frame of fractional order model. The proposed model includes system of four equations which are studied via Caputo fractional operator. The systems of non-linear equations are evaluated by a semi-analytical approach called q\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$q$$\\end{document}-homotopy analysis transform method. The uniqueness and existence of the solutions has been investigated through fixed point theorem. The solutions of the proposed model are achieved through the considered method and the obtained outcomes are in the form of series which shows rapid convergence. The solutions are computed and graphs are plotted for the obtained results using mathematica software. The achieved results by the proposed method are unique and illustrate the significant dynamics of the considered model via 3D plots and graphs. The results of this study demonstrate the importance and effectiveness of projected derivative and technique in the analysis of time dependent fractional mathematical models. This study also gives an idea to extend the applications of enzymatic reactions in drug development, bio mechanics, and chemical reactions in various cellular metabolisms. Also, enzymatic reactions have a vital role in the fields of the food industry for processing food, in biotechnology for the manufacture of biofuels, and in metabolic engineering to design metabolic pathways.

Jerusalem Artichoke as a Raw Material for Manufacturing Alternative Fuels for Gasoline Internal Combustion Engines

The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is a high-yield crop, and a great source of fermentable sugars, which gives the plant the potential to be used as raw material for economical fuel alcohol production. In this article, the authors focus on the technological aspect of the biofuel manufacturing process and its properties. First, the fuel alcohol manufacturing process is described, afterwards assessing its characteristics such as kinematic viscosity, density and octane number. The amount of fuel alcohol obtained from 10 kg of biomass equals to 0.85 L. Afterwards, the mixtures of gasoline and obtained fuel alcohol are prepared and studied. Optimal alcohol and gasoline mixtures are determined to obtain biofuels with octane ratings of 92, 95 and 98. The kinematic viscosity of obtained mixtures does not differ significantly from its values for pure gasoline. The obtained biofuel mixture with 25% alcohol content yielded a decrease of sulfur content by 38%, an increase of vaporized fuel amount by 17.5% at 70 °C and by 10.5% at a temperature of 100 °C, which improves engine startup time and ensures its stable operation in comparison to pure gasoline. The alcohol obtained can be successfully used as a high-octane additive for gasolines.

Recent Advancement Of Algal Biofuel Production And Its Potential Uses

The utilization of diverse energy sources is linked to the growth of industry, agriculture, and transportation. After the third generation of biodiesel production began, it was anticipated that algae would emerge as the most advantageous source because it not only can accumulate large amounts of lipids but also has the potential to reduce the amount of agricultural land required for the production of biofuels and enhance air quality by capturing carbon dioxide. In contrast to the price of making biodiesel from crops, the cost of algal biomass cultivation and processing poses a significant issue. The first step is to use genetic engineering to boost the lipid content of algal cells. The promotion of enhanced lipid accumulation by stressing algae is related to the second way. The third direction entails looking for new, promising strains of algae that will differ from the currently recognized strains in their ability to collect biomass more quickly, have greater Triacylglycerols [TAG] concentrations, and accumulate saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the right ratios. By defining the evolutionary relationships within the main taxonomic groups of algae, a new technique in the search for biotechnologically relevant strains of algae has recently been developed. These investigations have resulted in a significant cost decrease for the manufacture of biofuel based on algae biomass. All of this research aimed at improving algae biofuel production and exploring additional biofuel sources is crucial.

Optimization of the catalytic production of methyl stearate by applying response surface Box-Behnken design: an intensified green option for high-cetane biofuel manufacture.

To enhance the efficiency of processes by decreasing the reaction severity and energy consumption, and reducing the equipment size, facilities' space and operation cost, process intensification is an increasingly used option in the chemical industry. Within this framework and in agreement with some of the green chemistry principles (design for energy efficiency and use of renewable feedstocks), this work deals with the implementation of high-shear mixing (HSM) to intensify the homogeneous esterification of stearic acid (SA) with methanol to methyl stearate, a high-cetane number alkyl ester suitable to be added into biofuel streams. The response surface Box-Behnken design (BBD) is applied to quantify the main effects and two-way interactions of four key input reaction factors: methanol : SA ratio (7-16 mol mol-1), catalyst mass (0.25-4.0 wt%), temperature (40-60 °C), time (1-12 min), and to approximate the optimal conditions on the intensified SA esterification. The statistical BBD results indicates that the four linear effects, two of the four possible quadratic effects (catalyst mass and temperature) and only one (catalyst mass-time) of the six existing two-way interactions are statistically relevant at the 95% confidence level. Catalyst mass is the most influencing factor in the reaction, followed by methanol : SA ratio, temperature, and time. The proposed second-order regression model predicts that the intensified esterification requires only 12 min to practically convert all SA (99% ± 6.8%) running the reaction at 12.4 methanol : SA ratio, 4 wt% catalyst mass, 60 °C and 500 rpm, a value experimentally validated (93.2% ± 0.7%). Under these conditions and with the assistance of HSM, the typical reaction length of conventional heterogeneous and homogeneous-phase esterification processes decreases from 5 to 117 and 35 to 90 times, respectively.

Electrochemical Valorization of Glycerol via Electrocatalytic Reduction into Biofuels: A Review.

Electrochemical conversion of underutilized biomass-based glycerol into high-value-added products provides a green approach for biomass and waste valorization. Plus, this approach offers an alternative to biofuel manufacturing procedure, under mild operating conditions, compared to the traditional thermochemical routes. Nevertheless, glycerol has been widely valorized via electrooxidation, with lower-value products generated at the cathode, ignoring the electroreduction. Here we study and establish a review of the efficient glycerol reduction into various products via the electrocatalytic reduction (ECR) process. This review has been built upon the background of glycerol underutilization and theoretical knowledge about the state-of-the-art ECR. The experimental understanding of the processing parameter influences towards electrochemical efficiency, catalytic activity, and product selectivity are comprehensively reviewed, based on the recent glycerol ECR studies. We conclude by outlining present issues and highlighting potential future research avenues for enhanced ECR application.

Transesterification of biodiesel from kapok seed oil (ceiba pentandra) using a natural heterogeneous katalyst (rice husk activation)

Biodiesel as a renewable energy source can be produced by a chemical reaction between vegetable oil or animal fat and short-chain alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or buthanol and is supported by a catalyst. This process is called transesterification. From an environmental point of view, the use of biodiesel has several advantages such as reducing carbon dioxide emissions, being non-toxic and biodegradable. Kapok seed oil has potential for exploitation, particularly as a raw material for the manufacture of biofuel. Kapok seeds (Ceiba pentandra) have the potential to be used as a feedstock for biodiesel because their oil content is quite high, around 18-25% oil. The controlled combustion of rice husks produces ash containing high purity amorphous silica. Amorphous silica can be obtained from RHA (rice husk ash) when rice husk is burned at a temperature of 700°C, and it is transformed into crystalline silica when burned at a temperature above 850 °C. This silica has many applications as a filler, adsorbent, catalyst support, star gel component and source for the production of premium silicon and its compounds. The aim of the research is to determine the transisterification process of biodiesel from kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil. using a natural heterogeneous catalyst in It is an activated rice husk. The method used was the preparation of kapok seed samples and the extraction of sokhlet. Determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in kapok seed oil, activation of rice husk, manufacturing of biodiesel from kapok seed with addition of rice husk H2SO4 as catalyst. The characteristics of the biodiesel produced are Density: 859.88572 kg/m3 (SNI: 7182:2015) = 850-890 kg/m3), Viscosity: 2.45824 cSt (SNI: 7182:2015) = 2.3 – 6, 0 cSt, Calorific value: 7,374.5322 cal/g (SNI: 7182; 2015) = 7,100 -11,000 cal/ g, Devil's number: 48 (ASTM: D6751) = 47. Meanwhile, GC-MS with the highest values at all reaction times, namely Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (C17H34O2), methyl tetradecanoate (C15H30O2) and 9 - Octadecenoic acid (Z), methyl ester (C19H36O2) . The functional group found in kapok seeds is –OH.

Sowing depth and loads on press wheels in emergence, growth, and yield of safflower

Safflower has recently been introduced to Brazil. This plant has attracted this view due to its properties and capacity to supply oil that can potentially be used both in the manufacture of biofuels and in the food industry. In order to contribute with studies for the viability of this crop in the country, which are still lacking in the management of seeding, the study aimed to assess the mechanization of seeding a safflower genotype in two seeding depths (4.5 and 6.5 cm) and three levels of loads applied to the wheels (117.7, 156.9, and 196.1N) in the emergence, growth, and grain yield. The experimental design of randomized complete block design arranged in factorial 2 × 3, with four replications. Seeding depth and loads on press wheels did not affect the emergence rate of safflower. The root length, plant height, stem diameter, and dry mass of the plant at 30 DAE were benefited by seeding in depth of 4.5 cm in relation to the depth of 6.5 cm. Higher grain yield was observed for loads of 196.1 N compared to the pressure of 117.7 N, with values of 725 and 443 kg ha–1, respectively. Grain yield was 61% higher when seeding at a depth of 4.5 cm. Thus, the adjustment of the compactor wheels can influence in the safflower seeding process

Production of first and second-generation biodiesel for diesel engine operation: A review

Researchers are looking at alternative cleaner technologies to fulfill the rising need for greener fuels. For this reason, alternatives like bioethanol and biodiesel have become commercially available. Renewable fuels are classified as either "first generation," "second generation," or "third generation" depending on the feedstock used in their manufacture. Over the past decade, society's reliance on first-generation biofuel feedstocks has created an inbuilt rivalry between food and fuel. Second-generation biofuel feed-stocks, such as non-edible agricultural waste products, energy crops, and crop residues, have been illuminated by emerging technical prospects. Technologies for producing biofuels have been proposed and developed in multiple stages, with first-generation technologies being the most developed. In several nations, including the United States, corn grain is used as feedstock in bio-refineries. There is a risk that food and fuel prices will rise as a result of the usage of edible materials in crops like corn. Second-generation biofuel manufacturing technology that utilizes crop residues has been developed to deal with this kind of problem. This study investigates and evaluates the economic viability and environmental sustainability of the proposed solution for the production of second-generation biodiesel.

Sustainable Utilization of Biowaste Resources for Biogas Production to Meet Rural Bioenergy Requirements

Since the impending warning of fossil fuel inadequacy, researchers’ focus has shifted to alternative fuel generation. This resulted in the use of a wide variety of renewable biomass sources for making biofuels. Biofuels made from biomass are seen as the most promising long-term strategy for addressing issues associated with conventional energy sources, atypical climate change, and greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrocarbons may be efficiently extracted from biomass, which contains a lot of sugars. Biofuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen, and biogas can be produced from biomass for widespread usage in transportation, industry, and households. In recent years, there have been numerous reports of breakthroughs in the manufacturing of biofuels and biogas. This paper examines the big picture of biogas generation, with an emphasis on the many forms of biomass utilization in both commercial and residential settings in rural areas.

BRIEF REVIEW ON ALGAE BASED BIOFUEL

This Utilization of algae as a sustainable biofuel source is summarized in this critical assessment. Biohydrogen is a third generation feedstock for the manufacture of biofuels(bioethanol,biodiesel,or biogas)biofuel made from gas cannot reach its maximum potential because of the higher Costs of farming, reaping, extraction other stages. Consequently, this evaluationgrants Deriving biofuels starting from algae biomass is explained in great detail systems such as raceway ponds and photo bioreactors along with their bottlenecks. Evolution of biofuel The first section of this manuscript addressed feedstock’s, from edible oils to algae. Here are some insights into the various generation of biofuels. Ultimately, Algal cultivation pretreatments and future dimensions .These steps were explained in detail in order to make carefullypractical algal biofuel.

The use of microalgae biomass for the production of marketable products. Part 4. The manufacture of biofuels from microalgae using bioengineering approaches

This is a review of the literature devoted to the production of microalgae biomass and its processing into marketable chemical products using advanced bioengineering approaches. The paper considers approaches to the manufacture of biofuels – biodiesel fuel, ethanol and hydrogen – from microalgae. Methods of biomass pretreatment, recovery of metabolites and their processing into biofuels are discussed.

Simultaneous bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and production of biofuels by the micro-green alga, cyanobacteria, and its consortium

There are two major problems in the world, fuel deficiency and environmental pollution by fossil fuels. Microalgae are regarded as one of the most feasible feedstocks for the manufacturing of biofuels and are used in the degradation of fossil fuel spills. The present study was possessed to investigate the ability of green alga Chlorella vulgaris, blue-green alga Synechococcus sp, and its consortium to grow and degrade hydrocarbon such as kerosene (k) with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1,5%), and also using algal biomasses to produce biofuel. The algal growth was estimated by optical density (O.D) at 600 nm, pigment contents such as Chlorophyll a,b carotenoid, and dry weight. The kerosene degradation was estimated by FT-IR analysis after and before the cultivation of algae and its consortium. The components of the methanol extract were determined by GC-MS spectroscopy. The results denote the best growth was determined by O.D, algae consortium with 1.5% Kerosene after ten days, meanwhile, the highest dry weight was with C. vulgaris after ten days of cultivation. The FT-IR demonstrated the algae and consortium possessed high efficacy to degrade kerosene. After 15 days of algae cultivation with 1% K, C.vulgaris produced the maximum amount of lipids (32%). The GC-MS profile of methanol extract of two algae and consortium demonstrated that Undecane was presented in high amounts, C.vulgaris (19.9%), Synechococcussp (82.16%), algae consortium (79.51%), and also were presented moderate amounts of fatty acid methyl ester in Synechococcus sp. Overall, our results indicate that a consortium of algae can absorb and remove kerosene from water, and at the same time produce biofuels like biodiesel and petroleum-based fuels.

Multivariate decisions: Modelling waste-based charcoal briquette formulation process

The current study sets out to optimize resource utilization by coupling data envelopment analysis (DEA) with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology to model sustainable binder choice without experimenting available binders. The results of the AHP showed that the cardboard pulp binder was the preferred material to use. Cardboard pulp binder, palm kernel decanter cake, and charred palm kernel shells in a ratio of 10: 20:70 was the used to manufacture composite briquettes. The values obtained for calorific value, specific fuel consumption, and average burning rate were 22.72 MJ/kg, 2.21 kg/L, and 4.87 g/min respectively for the optimal choice. The briquettes produced in this study promotes circular economy and provides a novel framework to address cooking energy poverty issues through the manufacturing of waste-based biofuels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in sub-Saharan Africa to use these waste resources to create composite briquettes.

Screening of New Industrially Important Bacterial Strains for 1,3-Propanediol, 2,3-Butanediol and Ethanol Production through Biodiesel-Derived Glycerol Fermentations.

A study on the ability of new microbial strains to assimilate biodiesel-derived glycerol at low purity (75% w/w) and produce extra-cellular platform chemical compounds of major interest was carried out. After screening several bacterial strains under different fermentation conditions (e.g., pH, O2 availability, glycerol purity), three of the screened strains stood out for their high potential to produce valued-added products such as 2,3-butanediol (BDO), 1,3-propanediol (PDO) and ethanol (EtOH). The results indicate that under aerobic conditions, Klebsiella oxytoca ACA-DC 1581 produced BDO in high yield (YBDO/Gly = 0.46 g/g, corresponding to 94% of the maximum theoretical yield; Ymt) and titer, while under anaerobic conditions, Citrobacter freundii NRRL-B 2645 and Enterobacter ludwigii FMCC-204 produced PDO (YPDO/Gly = 0.56 g/g, 93% of Ymt) and EtOH (YEtOH/Gly = 0.44 g/g, 88% of Ymt), respectively. In the case of C. freundii, the regulation of pH proved to be mandatory, due to lactic acid production and a subsequent drop of pH that resulted in fermentation ceasing. In the fed-batch culture of K. oxytoca, the BDO maximum titer reached almost 70 g/L, the YBDO/Gly and the mean productivity value (PrBDO) were 0.47 g/g and 0.4 g/L/h, respectively, while no optimization was imposed. The final BDO production obtained by this wild strain (K. oxytoca) is among the highest in the international literature, although the bioprocess requires optimization in terms of productivity and total cost. In addition, for the first time in the literature, a strain from the species Hafnia alvei (viz., Hafnia alvei ACA-DC 1196) was reported as a potential BDO producer. The strains as well as the methodology proposed in this study can contribute to the development of a biorefinery that complements the manufacture of biofuels with high-value biobased chemicals.

Reducing carbon emissions of a multi-stage smart production for biofuel towards sustainable development

Governmental mandates and financial benefits are the leading factors that encourage any industrialist to adopt sustainable practices and environmental measures. Carbon emissions and waste occur at several stages during the manufacturing process of biofuel, and it requires a thorough inspection and an accurate strategy for each stage. Using smart technologies in multi-stage production, a sustainable model is developed for the biofuel manufacturing industry to reduce carbon emissions and waste from an economical perspective. Impurities due to unreliability are removed from the biofuel at each stage of the production process. A mathematical model is provided to obtain the optimum production policy for biofuel using renewable energy. During transportation, fuel consumption is one of the most significant sources of carbon emissions, which makes optimizing fuel consumption necessary to minimize these emissions. The fuel consumption of biofuel-related freight transportation is minimized under an integrated scheduling policy. The suggestions in this study enable the manufacturer to reduce the total cost by 11.13%, while increasing sustainability and controlling carbon emissions. The biggest impact originates from the considered transportation policy. Implementing an optimized transportation policy is less complicated and financially more accessible for the management with substantial environmental and greater economical benefits compared to smart production.

Analysis of Von Kármán Swirling Flows Due to a Porous Rotating Disk Electrode

The study of Von Kármán swirling flow is a subject of active interest due to its applications in a wide range of fields, including biofuel manufacturing, rotating heat exchangers, rotating disc reactors, liquid metal pumping engines, food processing, electric power generating systems, designs of multi-pore distributors, and many others. This paper focusses on investigating Von Kármán swirling flows of viscous incompressible fluid due to a rotating disk electrode. The model is based on a system of four coupled second-order non-linear differential equations. The purpose of the present communication is to derive analytical expressions of velocity components by solving the non-linear equations using the homotopy analysis method. Combined effects of the slip λ and porosity γ parameters are studied in detail. If either parameter is increased, all velocity components are reduced, as both have the same effect on the mean velocity profiles. The porosity parameter γ increases the moment coefficient at the disk surface, which monotonically decreases with the slip parameter λ. The analytical results are also compared with numerical solutions, which are in satisfactory agreement. Furthermore, the effects of porosity and slip parameters on velocity profiles are discussed.

Fractioning and Compared 1H NMR and GC-MS Analyses of Lanolin Acid Components.

The management of food and food-related wastes represents a growing global issue, as they are hard to recycle and dispose of. Foremost, waste can serve as an important source of biomasses. Particularly, fat-enriched biomasses are receiving more and more attention for their role in the manufacturing of biofuels. Nonetheless, many biomasses have been set aside over the years. Wool wax, also known as lanolin, has a huge potential for becoming a source of typical and atypical fatty acids. The main aim of this work was to evaluate and assess a protocol for the fractioning of fatty acids from lanolin, a natural by-product of the shearing of sheep, alongside the design of a new and rapid quantitative GC-MS method for the derivatization of free fatty acids in fat mixtures, using MethElute™. As the acid portion of lanolin is characterized by the presence of both aliphatic and hydroxylated fatty acids, we also evaluated a procedure for the parting of these two species, by using NMR spectroscopy, benefitting of the different solubilities of the components in organic solvents. At last, we evaluated and quantified the fatty acids and the α-hydroxy fatty acids present in each attained portion, employing both analytical and synthetic standards. The performed analyses, both qualitative and quantitative, showed a good performance in the parting of the different acid components, and GC-MS allowed to speculate that the majority of α-hydroxylated fatty acids is formed of linear saturated carbon chains, while the totality of properly said fatty acids has a much more complex profile.

Engineering of xylanases for the development of biotechnologically important characteristics.

Xylanases are the main biocatalysts used for the reduction of the xylan backbone from hemicellulose, randomly splitting off β-1,4-glycosidic linkages between xylopyranosyl residues. Xylanase market has been annually estimated at 500 million US Dollars and they are potentially used in broad industrial process ranges such as paper pulp biobleaching, xylo-oligosaccharide production, and biofuel manufacture from lignocellulose. The highly stable xylanases are preferred in the downstream procedure of industrial processes because they can tolerate severe conditions. Almost all native xylanases can not endure adverse conditions thus they are industrially not proper to be utilized. Protein engineering is a powerful technology for developing xylanases, which can effectively work in adverse conditions and can meet requirements for industrial processes. This study considered state-of-the-art strategies of protein engineering for creating the xylanase gene diversity, high-throughput screening systems toward upgraded traits of the xylanases, and the prediction and comprehensive analysis of the target mutations in xylanases by in silico methods. Also, key molecular factors have been elucidated for industrial characteristics (alkaliphilic enhancement, thermal stability, and catalytic performance) of GH11 family xylanases. The present review explores industrial characteristics improved by directed evolution, rational design, and semi-rational design as protein engineering approaches for pulp bleaching process, xylooligosaccharides production, and biorefinery & bioenergy production.