Biofilm Formation Of Acinetobacter Baumannii Research Articles

Current treatment strategies for targeting virulence factorsand biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii.

A higher prevalence of Acinetobacter baumannii infections and mortality rate has been reported recently in hospital-acquired infections (HAI). The biofilm-forming capability of A. baumannii makes it an extremely dangerous pathogen, especially in device-associated hospital-acquired infections (DA-HAI), thereby it resists the penetration of antibiotics. Further, the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was exacerbated in DA-HAI during the epidemic. This review specifically examines the complex interconnections between several components and genes that play a role in the biofilm formation and the development of infections. The current review provides insights into innovative treatments and therapeutic approaches to combat A. baumannii biofilm-related infections, thereby ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden of HAI.

Enhancing the Antibacterial Impact of Lipopeptide Extracted from Bacillus licheniformis as a Probiotic against MDR Acinetobacter baumannii.

The antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is escalating rapidly. Infections caused by opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised individuals have prompted researchers to seek for potent and safe antibacterial agents. The purpose of this investigation was to explore the suppression of virulence gene expression, specifically the pga operon genes responsible in biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii, through the utilization of metabolites obtained from probiotic bacteria. To assess the antimicrobial properties, standard strains of five probiotic bacteria were tested against a standard strain of multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii employing the agar gel diffusion technique. Following the identification of the most potent probiotic strain (Bacillus licheniformis), the existence of its LanA and LanM genes was confirmed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were employed to identify the intended metabolite, which was found to be a lipopeptide nature. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and anti-biofilm activity of the targeted metabolite were determined using a dilution method in 96-well microplates and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Real-time PCR (qPCR) was utilized for comparing the expression of pga operon genes, including pgaABCD, in A. baumannii pre- and post-exposure to the derived lipopeptide. The MIC results indicated that the probiotic product inhibited the growth of A. baumannii at concentrations lower than those needed for conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, it was observed that the desired genes' expression decreased due to the effect of this substance. This research concludes that the B. licheniformis probiotic product could be a viable alternative for combating drug resistance in A. baumannii.

Detection of the early putative biofilm marker pgaB among the MDR strains of A.baumannii

BackgroundpgaB associated biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii enhances the virulence in concert with the high propensity of drug resistance. This research is thus aimed to characterize the pgaB gene molecularly and to examine its co-occurrence with MDR. MethodologyMDR strains of A. baumannii (N = 73) were selected to detect the formation of biofilms. Genomic DNA was extracted further and screened for pgaB followed by amplicon sequencing from the representative strains. Frequency of its distribution in different groups of drug resistant strains at a significant p-value of <0.05 was further checked. ResultsThe biofilm assay showed high, low and negative biofilm formers in 58.9%, 31.5% and 0.9% of the strains respectively. The pgaB gene was detected in 14 strains of MDR A. baumannii (19.17%). Co-occurrence of pgaB gene was seen in all the strains that showed resistance to β-lactam inhibitors, cephems, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones and folates followed by 96% for the aminoglycosides and 25% in the efflux pump groups. ConclusionThe study findings showed the occurrence of biofilms associated with pgaB in MDR A. baumannii strains. The results also suggest to track its role in varying the pattern of drug resistance with further experimentation.

Penicillin G acylase-responsive near-infrared fluorescent probe: Unravelling biofilm regulation and combating bacterial infections

Antibiotic resistance poses a critical threat to human healthcare, largely driven by bacterial biofilms. These biofilms resist the immune system and antibiotics, rendering enclosed microbial cells 10–1000 times more antibiotic-resistant than planktonic cells, leading to severe infections. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop innovative tools for investigating biofilm regulators and devising novel antibacterial strategies. In this study, we developed Cy-NEO-PA, a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe responsive to penicillin G acylase (PGA), with bacteria-targeting ability. This probe was designed to visualize the influence of environmental factors on biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). Our findings demonstrated that glucose suppressed PGA production, leading to enhanced biofilm formation, whereas phenylacetic acid (PAA) stimulated PGA production and inhibited biofilm formation in A. baumannii. These observations highlight the remarkable capability of Cy-NEO-PA to accurately measure PGA dynamics, shedding light on the critical role of PGA in biofilm development. Additionally, Cy-NEO-PA exhibited excellent biocompatibility, potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, efficient photothermal conversion, and bacteria-targeting abilities, making it a promising agent for combating bacterial infections and promoting wound healing through photothermal (PTT)/photodynamic (PDT) therapy. These discoveries emphasize the significant role of PGA in antibacterial therapy and offer valuable insights for the design of effective strategies targeting PGA to combat biofilm-associated infections.

Ciprofloxacin- and levofloxacin-loaded nanoparticles efficiently suppressed fluoroquinolone resistance and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii

The spread of fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii represents a critical health threat. This study aims to overcome FQ resistance in A. baumannii via the formulation of polymeric nanoFQs. Herein, 80 A. baumannii isolates were obtained from diverse clinical sources. All A. baumannii isolates showed high resistance to most of the investigated antimicrobials, including ciprofloxacin (CIP) and levofloxacin (LEV) (97.5%). FQ resistance-determining regions of the gyrA and parC genes were the most predominant resistant mechanism, harbored by 69 (86.3%) and 75 (93.8%) of the isolates, respectively. Additionally, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes aac(6′)-Ib and qnrS were detected in 61 (76.3%) and 2 (2.5%) of the 80 isolates, respectively. The CIP- and LEV-loaded poly ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, FCIP and FLEV, respectively, showed a 1.5–6- and 6–12-fold decrease in the MIC, respectively, against the tested isolates. Interestingly, the time kill assay demonstrated that MICs of FCIP and FLEV completely killed A. baumannii isolates after 5–6 h of treatment. Furthermore, FCIP and FLEV were found to be efficient in overcoming the FQ resistance mediated by the efflux pumps in A. baumannii isolates as revealed by decreasing the MIC four-fold lower than that of free CIP and LEV, respectively. Moreover, FCIP and FLEV at 1/2 and 1/4 MIC significantly decreased biofilm formation by 47–93% and 69–91%, respectively. These findings suggest that polymeric nanoparticles can restore the effectiveness of FQs and represent a paradigm shift in the fight against A. baumannii isolates.

Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of colistin on Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation potency, adherence, and invasion to epithelial host cells: an experimental study in an Iranian children's referral hospital.

Here, we described the efficacy of colistin sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) on biofilm-forming activity, host epithelial cell adherence, and invasion capacity of Acinetobacter baumannii strains collected from children admitted to the Children's Medical Center Hospital. Biofilm formation potency of A. baumannii clinical isolates was measured using a 96-well microtiter plate assay. Distribution of biofilm-related genes, including bap, abaI, ompA, csuE, and blaPER-1, was detected by PCR. The mRNA expression level of ompA and csuE was measured by qPCR in the presence of ¼ and ½ MICs of colistin. A. baumannii adhesion and invasion to eukaryotic host cells were phenotypically assayed at sub-MICs of colistin. Eighty percent (56/70) and 35.7% (25/70) of A. baumannii isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotypes, respectively. The strong, moderate, and weak biofilm producers of A. baumannii were 37.1% (26/70), 32.8%, (23/70), and 22.8% (16/70), respectively. The frequencies of biofilm-associated genes were 100% for abaI, ompA, and csuE, followed by 22.8% (16/70) and 24.3% (17/70) for bap and blaPER-1, respectively. The downregulation of csuE and ompA expression levels was observed in the sub-MIC of colistin. In vitro cell culture study showed a decreased capability of A. baumannii to adhere to the human epithelial cells at sub-inhibitory doses of colistin; however, none of the isolates could invade HEp-2 cells. Our study showed that the genes encoding biofilm-associated proteins undergo downregulation in expression levels after exposure to sub-MICs of colistin in A. baumannii. Longitudinal in vivo studies are needed to fully understand the clinical aspects of pathogenicity mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics of drug resistance.IMPORTANCESince the toxicity of colistin is dose dependent, there is a focus on strategies that reduce the dose while maintaining the therapeutic effect of the drug. Our findings about sub-inhibitory doses of colistin provide a novel insight into the logical use of colistin to treat and control Acinetobacter baumannii-related infections in clinical practice.

Anti-OmpA antibodies as potential inhibitors of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation, adherence to, and proliferation in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells

Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a critical virulence factor in Acinetobacter baumannii, influencing adhesion, biofilm formation, host immune response, and host cell apoptosis. We investigated the invasion of A549 alveolar epithelial cells by A. baumannii and examined how anti-OmpA antibodies impact these interactions. OmpA was expressed and purified, inducing anti-OmpA antibodies in BALB/c mice. The potential toxicity of OmpA was evaluated in mice by analyzing histology from six organs. A549 cells were exposed to A. baumannii strains 19606 and a clinical isolate. Using cell culture and light microscopy, we scrutinized the effects of anti-OmpA sera on serum resistance, adherence, internalization, and proliferation of A. baumannii in A549 cells. The viability of A549 cells was assessed upon exposure to live A. baumannii and anti-OmpA sera. OmpA-induced antibody demonstrated potent bactericidal effects on both strains of A. baumannii. Both strains formed biofilms, which were reduced by anti-OmpA serum, along with decreased bacterial adherence, internalization, and proliferation in A549 cells. Anti-OmpA serum improved the survival of A549 cells post-infection. Pre-treatment with cytochalasin D hindered bacterial internalization, highlighting the role of actin polymerization in invasion. Microscopic examination revealed varied interactions encompassing adherence, apoptosis, membrane alterations, vacuolization, and damage. A549 cells treated with anti-OmpA serum exhibited improved structures and reduced damage. The findings indicate that A. baumannii can adhere to and proliferate within epithelial cells with OmpA playing a pivotal role in these interactions, and the complex nature of these interactions shapes the intricate course of A. baumannii infection in host cells.

Effect of glucose on biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical sources

Effect of glucose on biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from clinical sources

Inhibition of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation by Terpenes from Oregano (Lippia graveolens) Essential Oil.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen known for its ability to form biofilms, leading to persistent infections and antibiotic resistance. The limited effective antibiotics have encouraged the development of innovative strategies such as using essential oils and their constituents. This study evaluated the efficacy of oregano (Lippia graveolens) essential oil (OEO) and its terpene compounds, carvacrol and thymol, in inhibiting A. baumannii biofilms. These treatments showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.6, 0.3, and 2.5 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 1.2, 0.6, and 5 mg/mL, respectively. Sub-inhibitory doses of each treatment and the OEO significantly reduced biofilm biomass and the covered area of A. baumannii biofilms as measured by fluorescence microscopy. Carvacrol at 0.15 mg/mL exhibited the most potent efficacy, achieving a remarkable 95% reduction. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of carvacrol significantly reduced the biofilm formation of A. baumannii in stainless steel surfaces by up to 1.15 log CFU/cm2 compared to untreated bacteria. The OEO and thymol exhibited reductions of 0.6 log CFU/cm2 and 0.4 log CFU/cm2, respectively, without affecting cell viability. Moreover, the terpenes inhibited twitching motility, a crucial step in biofilm establishment, with carvacrol exhibiting the highest inhibition, followed by OEO and thymol. The study provides valuable insights into the potential of terpenes as effective agents against A. baumannii biofilms, offering promising avenues for developing novel strategies to prevent persistent infections and overcome antibiotic resistance.

Type IV Pilus-Mediated Inhibition of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation by Phenothiazine Compounds.

Infections by pathogenic Acinetobacter species represent a significant burden on the health care system, despite their relative rarity, due to the difficulty of treating infections through oral antibiotics. Multidrug resistance is commonly observed in clinical Acinetobacter infections and multiple molecular mechanisms have been identified for this resistance, including multidrug efflux pumps, carbapenemase enzymes, and the formation of bacterial biofilm in persistent infections. Phenothiazine compounds have been identified as a potential inhibitor of type IV pilus production in multiple Gram-negative bacterial species. Here, we report the ability of two phenothiazines to inhibit type IV pilus-dependent surface (twitching) motility and biofilm formation in multiple Acinetobacter species. Biofilm formation was inhibited in both static and continuous flow models at micromolar concentrations without significant cytotoxicity, suggesting that type IV pilus biogenesis was the primary molecular target for these compounds. These results suggest that phenothiazines may be useful lead compounds for the development of biofilm dispersal agents against Gram-negative bacterial infections. IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter infections are a growing burden on health care systems worldwide due to increasing antimicrobial resistance through multiple mechanisms. Biofilm formation is an established mechanism of antimicrobial resistance, and its inhibition has the potential to potentiate the use of existing drugs against pathogenic Acinetobacter. Additionally, as discussed in the manuscript, anti-biofilm activity by phenothiazines has the potential to help to explain their known activity against other bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A polyamine acetyltransferase regulates the motility and biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii

Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen highly resistant to environmental changes and antimicrobial treatments. Regulation of cellular motility and biofilm formation is important for its virulence, although it is poorly described at the molecular level. It has been previously reported that Acinetobacter genus specifically produces a small positively charged metabolite, polyamine 1,3-diaminopropane, that has been associated with cell motility and virulence. Here we show that A. baumannii encodes novel acetyltransferase, Dpa, that acetylates 1,3-diaminopropane, directly affecting the bacterium motility. Expression of dpa increases in bacteria that form pellicle and adhere to eukaryotic cells as compared to planktonic bacterial cells, suggesting that cell motility is linked to the pool of non-modified 1,3-diaminopropane. Indeed, deletion of dpa hinders biofilm formation and increases twitching motion confirming the impact of balancing the levels of 1,3-diaminopropane on cell motility. The crystal structure of Dpa reveals topological and functional differences from other bacterial polyamine acetyltransferases, adopting a β-swapped quaternary arrangement similar to that of eukaryotic polyamine acetyltransferases with a central size exclusion channel that sieves through the cellular polyamine pool. The structure of catalytically impaired DpaY128F in complex with the reaction product shows that binding and orientation of the polyamine substrates are conserved between different polyamine-acetyltransferases.

Effects of physicochemical changes (temperature, pH, and culture media) on strong biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from patients with respiratory infection in Iraq

Introduction and Aim: The ability of Acinetobacter baumannii to form biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces is regulated by several pathogens’ virulence factors, and this is thought to be at the root of the bacteria's resistance to antibiotics. We hope to learn how temperature, pH, and iron concentrations influence the development of biofilms in A. baumannii isolated from COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 individuals, and which genes are relevant for biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. Materials and Methods: Eight strong adherent isolates of A. baumannii from respiratory tract infection Iraqi patients (4 from COVID-19 and the other from non-COVID-19 just respiratory patients) had been used in this study which conducted from 10/1/2021 to 10/2/2022. The antibiotic sensitivity of all isolates was determined using the VITEK-2 system. The biofilm associated genes OXA-51, bap, Chaperone Usher (CsuE) and Integron-1, was detected using PCR. Isolates of A. baumainni were put through a battery of tests to determine whether they possessed the capacity to produce robust biofilms under a wide range of both physical (temperature, pH) and chemical circumstances. Results: A. baumannii showed that all isolates were multidrug resistant and positive for the biofilm genes studied. Effect on temperature on biofilm formation showed at 44ºC biofilm formation was significantly lower than that at 37ºC (mean differences of 0.178000 (t= 8.355, df:3, P=0.004) and 0.204000 (t=26.521, df:3, P=0.000) respectively). The adhesion factor value in the COVID-19 positive and negative groups decreased significantly because of the pH change. Iron concentration of 60 µM significantly lowered biofilm formation among COVID-19 group and non-COVID-19 group. Conclusion: A. baumanni are multidrug resistance isolates with a capacity to form biofilms. The ability to form biofilms by A. baumannii is strongly influenced by physical and chemical factors.

Blue Light Sensing BlsA-Mediated Modulation of Meropenem Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Acinetobacter baumannii.

The presence or absence of BlsA, a protein with a blue light-sensing flavin domain in the genomes of Acinetobacter species has aroused curiosity about its roles in the regulation of bacterial lifestyle under light. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed the loss of BlsA in several multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii strains as well as the light-mediated induction of blsA, along with a possible BlsA-interacting partner BipA. Their direct in vivo interactions were verified using a bacterial two-hybrid system. The results demonstrated that the C-terminal region of BipA could bind to the C-terminal residues of BlsA under blue light at 23°C but not at 37°C. Genetic manipulations of blsA and bipA revealed that the coexistence of BlsA and BipA was required to induce the light-dependent expression of ompA in A. baumannii ATCC 17978 at 23°C. The same phenomenon occurred in the BlsA-deficient MDR strain in our functional complementation assay; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. BlsA-modulated amounts of OmpA, the most abundant porin, in the outer membrane affected the membrane integrity and permeability of small molecules. Dark conditions or the deletion of ompA made the membrane more permeable to lipophilic ethidium bromide (EtBr) but not to meropenem. Interestingly, light illumination and low temperature conditions made the cells more sensitive to meropenem; however, this bactericidal effect was not noted in the blsA mutant or in the BlsA-deficient MDR strains. Light-mediated cell death and the reduction of biofilm formation at 23°C were abolished in the blsA mutant strain, suggesting multifaceted roles of BlsA in A. baumannii strains. IMPORTANCE Little is known about the functional roles of BlsA and its interacting partners in Acinetobacter species. Intriguingly, no BlsA homolog was found in several clinical isolates, suggesting that BlsA was not required inside the host because of the lack of blue light and the warm temperature conditions. As many chromophore-harboring proteins interact with various partners to control light-dependent cellular behaviors, the maintenance of blsA in the genomes of many Acinetobacter species during their evolution may be beneficial when fluctuations occur in two important environmental factors: light and temperature. Our study is the first to report the novel protein partner of BlsA, namely, BipA, and its contribution to multiple phenotypic changes, including meropenem resistance and biofilm formation. Rapid physiological acclimation to changing light or temperature conditions may be possible in the presence of the light-sensing BlsA protein, which may have more interacting partners than expected.

Assessment of potassium ion channel during electric signalling in biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii for finding antibiofilm molecule

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic ESKAPE pathogen which causes nosocomial infections and can produce biofilms that act as resistant determinants. The role of quorum sensing (chemical signaling) in biofilm establishment has already been studied extensively, but the existence of electrochemical signaling during biofilm formation by A. baumannii has not yet been investigated. The current study evaluated the presence of electrical signaling, types of ion channels involved, and their role in biofilm formation using spectroscopic and microbiological methods. The findings suggest that the potassium ion channel has a significant role in the electrical signaling during the biofilm formation by A. baumannii. Further, in-silico screening, molecular mechanics, and molecular dynamic simulation studies identify a potential lead, ZINC12496555(a specific inhibitor), which targets the potassium ion channel protein of A. baumannii. Mutational analysis of the interacting residues showed alterations in the unfolding rate of this protein after the selected mutation, which shows its role in the stability of this protein. It was also observed that identified lead has high antibiofilm activity, no human off-targets, and non-cytotoxicity to cell lines. Thus, identified lead against the potassium channel of A baumannii may be used as an effective therapeutic for the treatment of A. baumannii infections after further experimental validation.

Prevalence, genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from urban environments.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a well-known nosocomial pathogen that has been isolated from different clinical sources. This pathogen also causes community-acquired infections, with mortality rates as high as 64%. The exact natural habitat of this bacterium is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of A. baumannii in diverse soil and high-touch surface samples collected from a university campus, malls, parks, hypermarkets and produce markets, roundabout playground slides and bank ATMs. All obtained isolates were characterized for their antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation capacities, and were typed by multi-locus sequence analysis. A total of 63 A. baumannii isolates were recovered, along with 46 Acinetobacter pittii and 8 Acinetobacter nosocomialis isolates. Sequence typing revealed that 25 A. baumannii isolates are novel strains. Toilets and sink washing basins were the most contaminated surfaces, accounting for almost 50% of the isolates. A number of A. baumannii (n= 10), A. pittii (n= 19) and A. nosocomialis (n= 5) isolates were recovered from handles of shopping carts and baskets. The majority of isolates were strong biofilm formers and 4 isolates exhibited a multi-drug resistant phenotype. Our study is the first to highlight community restrooms and shopping carts as potential reservoirs for pathogenic Acinetobacter species. Further studies are required to identify the reasons associated with the occurrence of A. baumannii inside restrooms. Proper disinfection of community environmental surfaces and spreading awareness about the importance of hand hygiene may prevent the dissemination of pathogenic bacteria within the community. Serious gaps remain in our knowledge of how A. baumannii spreads to cause disease. This study will advance our understanding of how this pathogen spreads between healthcare and community environments. In addition, our findings will help healthcare decision-makers implement better measures to control and limit further transmission of A. baumannii.

Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation: Association with Antimicrobial Resistance and Prolonged Survival under Desiccation

Biofilm-forming multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a global pathogen. This study investigated the impact of biofilm formation by A. baumannii on antimicrobial resistance and prolonged survival under desiccation, which is essential for effective infection control of A. baumannii in hospital settings. Seventy-eight clinical isolates of A. baumannii were identified, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles were assessed. All the isolates were investigated for their biofilm-forming abilities at 24 and 48h. The biofilm inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics were evaluated for selected biofilm-forming isolates to determine the influence of biofilm on antibiotic tolerance. The impact of biofilm formation on desiccation tolerance was also evaluated for up to 48days. The results revealed that out of 78 A. baumannii clinical isolates, 83% were MDR and 17% non-MDR. Overall, 79% of isolates formed high biofilm after 24h. The extent of biofilm formation gets significantly increased after 48h, and 87% of isolates formed high biofilm. It was observed that eradicating mature biofilm requires up to a thousandfold higher concentration of antibiotics than MICs, and biofilm-forming isolates can survive for a prolonged period under desiccation. In conclusion, our findings revealed that both MDR and non-MDR isolates of A. baumannii could form biofilms on abiotic surfaces. A. baumannii biofilms contribute to endurance in the presence of antimicrobials and desiccation conditions, which are significant trouble for hospital patient care management. The present findings may offer insights for developing preventive measures to tackle biofilm-associated A. baumannii infection.

Assessing the Role of Cold-Shock Protein C: a Novel Regulator of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilm Formation and Virulence.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a formidable opportunistic pathogen that is notoriously difficult to eradicate from hospital settings. This resilience is often attributed to a proclivity for biofilm formation, which facilitates a higher tolerance toward external stress, desiccation, and antimicrobials. Despite this, little is known regarding the mechanisms orchestrating A. baumannii biofilm formation. Here, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on biofilm and planktonic populations for the multidrug-resistant isolate AB5075 and identified 438 genes with altered expression. To assess the potential role of genes upregulated within biofilms, we tested the biofilm-forming capacity of their respective mutants from an A. baumannii transposon library. In so doing, we uncovered 24 genes whose disruption led to reduced biofilm formation. One such element, cold shock protein C (cspC), had a highly mucoid colony phenotype, enhanced tolerance to polysaccharide degradation, altered antibiotic tolerance, and diminished adherence to abiotic surfaces. RNA-seq of the cspC mutant revealed 201 genes with altered expression, including the downregulation of pili and fimbria genes and the upregulation of multidrug efflux pumps. Using transcriptional arrest assays, it appears that CspC mediates its effects, at least in part, through RNA chaperone activity, influencing the half-life of several important transcripts. Finally, we show that CspC is required for survival during challenge by the human immune system and is key for A. baumannii dissemination and/or colonization during systemic infection. Collectively, our work identifies a cadre of new biofilm-associated genes within A. baumannii and provides unique insight into the global regulatory network of this emerging human pathogen.

Investigation the effects of silver nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles on expression of bap and csu genes in biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii.

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the main pathogens of the hospital and causes various infections. csu A/BABCDE involved in the initial surface attachment during biofilm formation and bap gene produces specific proteins at the cell surface that play a direct role in formation of biofilm and the infectivity of this bacterium. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles on the expression of bap and csu genes in the Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation. The susceptibility test was performed to determine the MIC of silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles and gold-vancomycin nanoparticles performed by broth dilution method on A. baumannii strains. The ability of biofilms formation in strains treated by MIC of silver nanoparticles and gold-vancomycin nanoparticles were evaluated by microtiter plate method and A. baumannii ATCC19606 used as control. Expression of the csu and bap genes were determinded by measuring the cognate mRNA level by real-time PCR. In present study, gold nanoparticles could not prevent the growth and biofilm formation of A. baumannii strains. The MIC concentration of silver nanoparticles and vancomycin- gold nanoparticles were 6.25 μg/ml and 0.625 μg/ml respectively and MBC concenteration of nanoparticles for 70% of strain was 12.5 μg/ml and 1.25 μg/ml respectively. Real-time PCR and data analysis, determined that the expression of bap, csuC and csuE genes in A. baumannii strains treated with MIC concentration (6.25 μg/ml) of silver nanoparticles decreased compared to control groups. Also, the expression of csuC and csuE genes in strains treated with MIC concentration (0.625 μg/ml) of vancomycin -gold nanoparticles increased, however the expression of bap was decreased compared to the control groups. Due to the inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles and gold-vancomycin nanoparticles against A. baumannii biofilm formation and genes expression, they can probably be used for prevent of biofilm formation in medical instrument or can be use for treatment of infections with or without antibiotic.

Archaic chaperone–usher pili self-secrete into superelastic zigzag springs

Adhesive pili assembled through the chaperone–usher pathway are hair-like appendages that mediate host tissue colonization and biofilm formation of Gram-negative bacteria1–3. Archaic chaperone–usher pathway pili, the most diverse and widespread chaperone–usher pathway adhesins, are promising vaccine and drug targets owing to their prevalence in the most troublesome multidrug-resistant pathogens1,4,5. However, their architecture and assembly–secretion process remain unknown. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the prototypical archaic Csu pilus that mediates biofilm formation of Acinetobacter baumannii—a notorious multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen. In contrast to the thick helical tubes of the classical type 1 and P pili, archaic pili assemble into an ultrathin zigzag architecture secured by an elegant clinch mechanism. The molecular clinch provides the pilus with high mechanical stability as well as superelasticity, a property observed for the first time, to our knowledge, in biomolecules, while enabling a more economical and faster pilus production. Furthermore, we demonstrate that clinch formation at the cell surface drives pilus secretion through the outer membrane. These findings suggest that clinch-formation inhibitors might represent a new strategy to fight multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.

Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anticancer potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using pigment-producing Micromonospora sp. SH121

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained interest as an alternative pharmaceutical agent because of antimicrobial resistance and drug toxicity. Considering the increasing request, eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective synthesis of versatile AgNPs has become necessary. In this study, green-made AgNPs were successfully synthesized using Micromonospora sp. SH121 (Mm-AgNPs). Synthesis was verified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 402 nm wavelength in the UV-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectrum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis depicted that Mm-AgNPs were in the size range of 10–30 nm and spherical. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the existence of bioactive molecules on the surface of nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of the Mm-AgNPs. Their polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 0. 284 and −35.3 mV, respectively. Mm-AgNPs (4–32 µg/mL) exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas putida, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Aspergillus flavus. Mm-AgNPs partially inhibited the biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, results showed that low concentrations of Mm-AgNPs (1 and 10 µg/mL) caused higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis in DU 145 cells than human fibroblast cells. Based on the results, Mm-AgNPs have an excellent potential for treating infectious diseases and prostate cancer.