Cost Of Bioethanol Production Research Articles

Analisis Biaya Ekonomi Serta Dampak Lingkungan Penggunaan Gasoline dan Biofuel Sebagai Bahan Bakar Transportasi

Global warming is not the newest issue we are facing. Until now, the issue of global warming is still a topic of discussion among world-class researchers. Global warming is the increase in the earth's temperature or the average temperature of the atmosphere, sea and earth's land that we are experiencing today. The amount of carbon obtained at this time is the result of industrial, transportation, household and commercial activities in the use of energy consumption. In order to suppress rising temperatures, the government has made the decision to continue its commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by taking a number of strategic steps in the management of the energy, transportation and energy sectors. The government's strategy in the transportation sector is to transition oil-fueled vehicles into electric motorized vehicles. The strategic step to reduce fossil energy consumption is to increase the production of environmentally friendly energy such as bioethanol. However, mixing bioethanol as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel faces problems. Related to the obstacles that become obstacles due to the relatively high cost of bioethanol production, resistance from local entrepreneurs, and limited supply. This writing is by applying the Literature Review method. Literature review contains descriptions of theories, findings and other research materials derived from reference materials as the basis for research activities. In terms of economic and environmental aspects, the use of bioethanol in vehicle fuel can be an alternative solution that must be continuously developed and produced.
 Keywords: Biofuels, Economic Costs, Gasoline, GHG Emissions, Environment.

Analisis Biaya Ekonomi Serta Dampak Lingkungan Penggunaan Gasoline dan Biofuel Sebagai Bahan Bakar Transportasi

Global warming is not the newest issue we are facing. Until now, the issue of global warming is still a topic of discussion among world-class researchers. Global warming is the increase in the earth's temperature or the average temperature of the atmosphere, sea and earth's land that we are experiencing today. The amount of carbon obtained at this time is the result of industrial, transportation, household and commercial activities in the use of energy consumption. In order to suppress rising temperatures, the government has made the decision to continue its commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by taking a number of strategic steps in the management of the energy, transportation and energy sectors. The government's strategy in the transportation sector is to transition oil-fueled vehicles into electric motorized vehicles. The strategic step to reduce fossil energy consumption is to increase the production of environmentally friendly energy such as bioethanol. However, mixing bioethanol as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel faces problems. Related to the obstacles that become obstacles due to the relatively high cost of bioethanol production, resistance from local entrepreneurs, and limited supply. This writing is by applying the Literature Review method. Literature review contains descriptions of theories, findings and other research materials derived from reference materials as the basis for research activities. In terms of economic and environmental aspects, the use of bioethanol in vehicle fuel can be an alternative solution that must be continuously developed and produced.
 
 Keywords: Biofuels, Economic Costs, Gasoline, GHG Emissions, Environment

Future costs of key emerging offshore renewable energy technologies

A detailed understanding of the technological development pathways of energy technologies will reduce the risks of public energy policy and private investment actions. However, such assessments for emerging technologies, critical for achieving global decarbonization targets, face numerous shortcomings. These shortcomings include limited information at an early development stage, uncertainty in design convergence and performance improvements, and the application of aggregated methodologies in projecting their cost developments fails to explain underlying cost drivers and foresee potential radical changes. This study applies an improved methodology leveraging the merits of quantitative and qualitative methods and shows the technological progress expected for the tidal stream, wave technology, and biofuel production from seaweed in a detailed manner. Tidal stream LCOE declines from 264 €/MWh at 0.1 GW to 61 €/MWh at 50 GW cumulative capacity, with CAPEX, capacity factor, and OPEX contributing to 38 %, 33 %, and 16 % of LCOE reductions. Wave technology LCOE declines from 365 €/MWh at 0.1 GW to 54 €/MWh at 50 GW, with CAPEX, capacity factor, and OPEX contributing 28 %, 59 %, and 7 % of LCOE reductions. For grid connection costs, we assessed several integration choices for both technologies and concluded that sharing grid connection capacity among several installations would lower the transmission costs and serve as a policy incentive for the uptake of such emerging technologies. Further, the bioethanol production cost from seaweed declines from 17.1 €/l at 0.1-million l cumulative output to 4.5 €/l at 50 million l, a 73 % cost reduction in 9 doublings of cumulative output. Identifying fermenting organisms capable of converting the heterogenous monomeric sugars in seaweed is a major limiting factor, resulting in a wide variation in bioethanol yields. Lastly, we also summarized the uncertainties involved in the assessment, their causes, and their impacts on results to improve the understanding of potential development pathways of these technologies.

Regional bioethanol supply chain optimization with the integration of GIS-MCDM method and quantile-based scenario analysis

This study presents a novel decision-support framework for the bioethanol supply chain network planning and management under uncertainties. Under the holistic framework, the most suitable sites for biorefineries are first screened out by adopting a GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making approach. Then, a mixed-integer linear programming model combined with quantile-based scenario analysis is developed to determine the strategic planning (i.e. locations and size of biorefineries) and tactical management (i.e. biomass purchasing, feedstock transportation, bioethanol production, and product delivery) under uncertainties. The model can effectively search for reliable solutions under uncertainties and achieve tradeoff solutions with the consideration of decision makers’ risk tolerance. The proposed framework is demonstrated through a case study in China. It is suggested to build seven biorefineries with a capacity of 100 million liters in Zhumadian city. Utilizing 41% of local agricultural residues could satisfy the bioethanol requirement in the transportation sector under the E20 policy. However, the estimated production cost of bioethanol in Zhumadian is very high, about 1.11 $/L, which makes it lose cost advantage in the fuel market. Thus, currently, effective subsidies, mandatory energy substitution policies, along other environmental regulatory measures are desired to promote the bioethanol industry development.

Evaluation of Economic Possibilities of Production of Second-Generation Spirit Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines in Poland

With the rapid growth in industrial development, there is a particular need for new environmentally balanced energy source utilization. Ethanol produced from biomass, especially lignocellulosic waste products, represents an attractive, sustainable energy source for fuel production. Until now, in Poland, bioethanol has been produced from edible plants containing sugars susceptible to fermentation. Due to the growing technical and economical needs for alternative biomass source utilization, in the present work, an attempt has been made to identify the most cost-effective strategy to analyze ethyl alcohol production from different lignocellulose sources. The concept of an installation for the first and second stages of bioethanol production was proposed. All of the most relevant elements of the bioethanol production cost analysis were identified and characterized. Cost analyses of all important production process elements showed their relative effects on the production cost and potential for the competitive advantage of applied raw material. The study demonstrates the importance of renewable energy source utilization and the cost-effectiveness of bioethanol production. Furthermore, the proposed less energy- and labor-demanding process, primarily achieved via the implementation of technological medium recovery and recirculation, reduces the production cost and results in higher production efficiency, and therefore has a significant effect on the overall process economy.

Model for Energy Consumption and Costs of Bioethanol production from Wastepaper

Model for Energy Consumption and Costs of Bioethanol production from Wastepaper

Bioengineering and Molecular Biology of Miscanthus

Miscanthus is a perennial wild plant that is vital for the production of paper and roofing, as well as horticulture and the development of new high-yielding crops in temperate climates. Chromosome-level assembly of the ancient tetraploid genome of miscanthus chromosomes is reported to provide resources that can link its chromosomes to related diploid sorghum and complex polyploid sugarcane. Analysis of Miscanthus sinensis and Miscanthus sacchariflorus showed intense mixing and interspecific hybridization and documented the origin of a high-yielding triploid bioenergetic plant, Miscanthus × giganteus. The Miscanthus genome expands comparative genomics functions to better understand the main abilities of Andropogoneae herbs. Miscanthus × giganteus is widely regarded as a promising lignocellulosic biomass crop due to its high-biomass yield, which does not emit toxic compounds into the environment, and ability to grow in depleted lands. The high production cost of lignocellulosic bioethanol limits its commercialization. The main components that inhibit the enzymatic reactions of fermentation and saccharification are lignin in the cell wall and its by-products released during the pre-treatment stage. One approach to overcoming this barrier could be to genetically modify the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, manipulating the lignin content and composition of miscanthus.

Producción de celulasas de Aspergillus niger-ITV-02 a partir de residuos lignocelulósicos de maíz

Cellulases are enzymes used in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues for second-generation (2G) bioethanol production, the low availability in the market, and the high-cost impacts in the 40% of the total cost of 2G bioethanol production. Therefore, it is necessary to look for sustainable alternatives for its production. Cellulases are mainly produced by Aspergillus niger, and their activity can be affected by nitrogen concentration, the use of surfactants, and the carbon source, among others. The objective of this work was to identify enzymes with CMCase and β-glucosidase activity of A. niger ITV-02 from low-cost lignocellulosic residues such as corn and cob stubble in two culture media (M1 and M2). The results showed that using corn stover and medium M2 increased the volumetric activity 1.4 and 1.7 times, respectively compared to corn cob and medium M2. Likewise, enzymes with cellulase activity were identified using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 4- methyl-lumberyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (MUG). The enzymes identified in MUG correspond to a glucoamylase, two β-glucosidases, and an exo β-xylosidase. In CMC the following were identified: exo-β-1,3-glucanase, endo -β-1,4 xylanase arabinosidase, and endoglucanase.

Valorisation of source-separated food waste to bioethanol: pilot-scale demonstration

Food waste is a waste stream that is produced globally in huge amounts and therefore constitutes a major environmental concern. Additionally, the growing consumption of fossil fuels sets the need for alternative energy sources. To this end, in this paper, an holistic approach towards bioethanol production from source-separated food waste was studied as an effective strategy to cope with both issues. Source-separated food waste collected from a Greek Municipality was used as raw material. Two fermentation modes, separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, were examined in laboratory and pilot scales with varying solids loadings. For separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) trials, the solids loading increase led to a significant ethanol yield reduction from 79 to 55 g/kg food waste, whereas for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), the ethanol yield was increased by 77% (from 62 to 110 g/kg food waste) as the solids loading was increased. This is also related to greater ethanol concentrations, which are beneficial in terms of technoeconomics. The lowest bioethanol production cost, 1.57 €/kg ethanol, was estimated for the scenario of SSF with 20% solids loading while for SHF the lowest production cost was achieved (4.40 €/kg ethanol) when 15% solids loading is applied. In most cases, the energy and enzyme costs presented the most pronounced impact on the total bioethanol cost. In conclusion, it was proved that the food waste valorisation towards bioethanol production is technically feasible on a pilot scale. However, further techno-economic factors of the whole value chain must also be taken into consideration while aiming to assess the viability of the process.

Advancement of biorefinery-derived platform chemicals from macroalgae: a perspective for bioethanol and lactic acid.

The extensive growth of energy and plastic demand has raised concerns over the depletion of fossil fuels. Moreover, the environmental conundrums worldwide integrated with global warming and improper plastic waste management have led to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biofuel (bioethanol) and biopolymer (lactic acid, LA) derived from biomass for fossil fuels replacement and biodegradable plastic production, respectively. However, the high production cost of bioethanol and LA had limited its industrial-scale production. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the potential and development of third-generation feedstock for bioethanol and LA production, including significant technological barriers to be overcome for potential commercialization purposes. Then, an insight into the state-of-the-art hydrolysis and fermentation technologies using macroalgae as feedstock is also deliberated in detail. Lastly, the sustainability aspect and perspective of macroalgae biomass are evaluated economically and environmentally using a developed cascading system associated with techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment, which represent the highlights of this review paper. Furthermore, this review provides a conceivable picture of macroalgae-based bioethanol and lactic acid biorefinery and future research directions that can be served as an important guideline for scientists, policymakers, and industrial players.Graphical abstract

Bioethanol Production from Spent Sugar Beet Pulp—Process Modeling and Cost Analysis

Global economic development has led to the widespread use of fossil fuels, and their extensive use has resulted in increased environmental pollution. As a result, significantly more attention is being paid to environmental issues and alternative renewable energy sources. Bioethanol production from agro-industrial byproducts, residues, and wastes is one example of sustainable energy production. This research aims to develop a process and cost model of bioethanol production from spent sugar beet pulp. The model was developed using SuperPro Designer® v.11 (Intelligen Inc., Scotch Plains, NJ, USA) software, and determines the capital and production costs for a bioethanol-producing plant processing about 17,000 tons of spent sugar beet pulp per year. In addition, the developed model predicts the process and economic indicators of the analyzed biotechnological process, determines the share of major components in bioethanol production costs, and compares different model scenarios for process co-products. Based on the obtained results, the proposed model is viable and represents a base case for further bioprocess development.

Multiperiod stochastic programming for biomass supply chain design under spatiotemporal variability of feedstock supply

Spatiotemporal uncertainties in the collection of crop residues pose great challenges to the development of a long-term and economic biomass-to-biofuel supply chain network (BSCN). A multiperiod stochastic programming (SP) model considering uncertain collectible corn stover removal and farmer participation rates is developed. The SP model is compared with the deterministic programming for the expected scenario (DPES) model to provide decision-making support for BSCN in two different periods. With the statistical results of separate deterministic programming models for each scenario generated randomly based on the normal distribution as a reference, the economic performance of the SP and DPES models is compared in the model development period and then confirmed in the model validation period. A county-level case study with a 10-year development and a 3-year validation period is applied. The economic performance of the SP model is comparable to that of the DPES model in the development period, and the SP model achieves much higher cost savings in the validation period. Although biomass transportation cost is the most unstable cost component, the variation in bioethanol production cost is largely consistent with that in biomass purchase cost. The SP model demonstrates stronger robustness to uncertainty than the DPES model.

Emerging Synergies on the Co-treatment of Spent Coffee Grounds and Brewer’s Spent Grains for Ethanol Production

Purpose Given that the depletion of fossil fuels is an important issue that should be tackled urgently, alternative routes are being sought for biofuels production. This paper, under this context, studied the potential synergies of co-treatment of two kinds of agro-waste (brewers’ spent grains, BSG and spent coffee grounds, SCG) towards the direction of biodiesel and bioethanol production, alleviating at the same time their treatment and management issues. Methods The technical feasibility of oil extraction and ethanol production was studied and optimized in both laboratory and bench scale. A treatment train including alkaline pretreatment of SCG and dilute acid pretreatment of BSG, neutralization of the solutions by mixing them, enzymatic saccharification and ethanolic fermentation led to the production of bioethanol. Results The co-treatment of BSG and SCG proved beneficial and optimum experimental conditions were defined by setting the bioethanol production cost as optimization parameter. The lowest ethanol production cost (3.9€/kg) was observed for scenario 4 (SCG/BSG mixture, chemical pretreatment (0.5 N, 5 h), enzymatic hydrolysis (400 µL/g cellulose, 16 h)) and scenario 5 (SCG/BSG mixture, chemical pretreatment (0.5 N, 5 h), enzymatic hydrolysis (800 µL/g cellulose, 5 h)). Further upscaling of the process verified the technical feasibility of process units leading to a further increase of ethanol yield and thus a decrease in the production cost. Conclusions Conclusively, it was demonstrated that the recovery and extraction of the oil content of BSG and SCG and the achievement of high ethanol yields is technically feasible. Within this context, an integrated biorefinery was presented, making evident that these substrates could reverse the eminent energy crisis via biofuels production. Graphic Abstract

Improvement of fermentable sugar recovery and bioethanol production from eucalyptus wood chips with the combined pretreatment of NH4Cl impregnation and refining

A combined pretreatment of NH4Cl impregnation and refining was developed to recover the fermentable sugars and improve the bioethanol yield. The xylose was recovered to decrease the cost of bioethanol production, moreover, the impregnation using nonmetal salt had little influence on the environment, and the energy consumption of the refining process was hugely reduced by the impregnation. The results showed that a high-temperature, short-time impregnation (170 °C, 10 min) led mainly to hemicelluloses degradation, where 97.4 % of the xylose was recovered from the impregnation liquor. 97.9 % of the cellulose in the refined solid substrate (SS) was converted to glucose by enzymatic hydrolysis, and 80.3 % of which was further fermented to bioethanol. The pretreatment energy efficiency was up to 260 g sugar/MJ, nearly three times higher than that using H2O impregnation and refining. Finally, the bioethanol yield (BY) and the xylose recovery reached to 189.75 and 150.95 g/kg wood, respectively.

THE COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TWO COMMERCIAL STRAINS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM HARD-TO-FERMENT SUGAR-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS

The growth of bioethanol production in Ukraine is practical for both environmental and economic reasons. To reduce the cost of bioethanol production from sugar-containing raw materials, in particular, sugar beet molasses, it is effective to use high gravity wort and osmotolerant yeasts strains. Due to long exposure to high temperatures during sugar production and because of changes in the composition during storage, molasses accumulates compounds that adversely affect the function of yeast cells. For this type of raw material, a yeast strain should be found that will not only withstand high concentrations of sugars or the finished product, but will also be more resistant to inhibitors. The use of two industrial yeast strains (Deltaferm® AL-18 and Y 5007 (K-7)) for fermentation of high gravity molasses wort has been considered. It has been determined that sugar beet molasses, which is hard-to-ferment, can be used to produce ethanol from high gravity wort if some corrective measures are taken, in particular, resistant producer strains are used. It has been found that the yeast Deltaferm® AL-18 has a longer lag phase and consumes 50–60% of carbohydrates from the medium by 24 hours later than the yeast strain Y 5007 (K-7) does. It has been established how the parameters of the wash change depending on what yeast strains ferment high gravity wort based on hard-to-ferment molasses. It has been found that when using high gravity wort obtained from low-quality molasses, the yeast strain of foreign selective breeding does not allow achieving the calculated alcohol content in the fermented wash. According to the research results, under the same fermentation conditions, the distiller’s yeast strain Y 5007 (K-7) is more effective in fermenting high gravity wort based on hard-to-ferment molasses. Unlike it is with dry yeast, the industrial use of this strain according to the classical two-stream fermentation scheme does not require additional investments.

Promoted bioethanol production through fed-batch semisimultaneous saccharification and fermentation at a high biomass load of sodium carbonate-pretreated rice straw

A study on the fed-batch semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (FB-S-SSF) of sodium carbonate-pretreated rice straw at biomass loads between 10.0 and 30.0% (m/v) was conducted. Three different feeding modes, i.e., enzyme feeding (E feeding), substrate feeding (SR feeding) and the combination of both E feeding and SR feeding as well as batch mode were conducted for comparison under identical biomass loads. High ethanol concentrations above 90 g/L were obtained in all modes at a biomass load ≥25.0%. The SR feeding modes achieved higher final ethanol concentrations than those of the E feeding mode and batch mode. At biomass loads of 25.0%, 116.8 ± 3.3 and 118.9 ± 3.6 g/L ethanol was obtained for the SR feeding mode and the combination of E feeding and SR feeding modes, respectively. For batch mode and E feeding mode, the ethanol concentrations were 112.3 ± 3.6 and 108.6 ± 3.0 g/L, respectively. The present study shows that the production cost of bioethanol from lignocellulose can be reduced by adopting in situ-produced crude enzymes produced by Aspergillus fumigatus combined with FB-S-SSF of sodium carbonate-pretreated rice straw at a high biomass load, which provides a new idea for effectively reducing the production cost of bioethanol from lignocellulose.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AS BYPRODUCT OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM AGRO-WASTES

The present study aims to evaluate the potential of agro wastes such as apple pomace, Grasses, sugarcane bagasse as potential sources of bioethanol production. Bioethanol is the one of the recent increasing biofuels due to its positive impact on the environment and especially towards second generation of biofuels i.e. from non-food biomass. It’s produced from high sugar and starch containing raw materials and lignocellulosic biomass. Lignocellulose may be a complex mixture of carbohydrate that needs an efficient pretreatment for the assembly of fermentable sugar, after hydrolysis are fermented into ethanol. Pretreatment of lignocellulose has received considerable research globally thanks to economic and environmental sustainability of ethanol production. Microbes like Zymomonas mobilis, and Phanerochaete provide sufficient fermentation yield and can be utilized for fermenting lignocellulosic substrate. These microbes are isolated from the feedstock samples in the present study. A suitable media was also designed for the growth of the isolated microorganisms. The antioxidant tests were analyzed on the potential samples using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Lowering the cost of bioethanol production is one of the biggest challenges currently and can be greatly reduced by utilizing renewable feedstocks. Thus, making bioethanol is more economically competitive compared to fossil fuel.

Valorisation of bioethanol production residues through anaerobic digestion: Methane production and microbial communities

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) is an appealing feedstock for bioethanol production due to its richness in cellulosic materials. After fermentation and distillation, the remaining residue constitutes a source of unconsumed carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. These macromolecules can be further used via anaerobic digestion (AD) for bioenergy purposes to offset bioethanol production costs. The present study evaluated the methanogenic potential of the whole fermented residue from a selective collection of OFMSW in a semicontinuous AD at 35 °C (HRT 40 days and OLR 2.09 g VS/Ld). The experimental results showed a methanogenic yield of 212 ± 5 mL CH4/g VSin (corresponding to a COD removal of 47 ± 1 %). Microbial analysis revealed key roles of species belonging to Firmicutes (65 %), Bacteroidetes (25 %) and Euryarchaeota (0.5–1 %). Methanosarcina archaea was highlighted as a robust methanogen crucial for methane production in a process in which the stability might be compromised by potential NH4+-N and VFAs inhibitions. This study indicated that the sequential combination of these two biochemical processes (fermentation and anaerobic digestion) allow to further exploit organic residues for their conversion into a marketable bioenergy product.

Improving multiple stress-tolerance of a flocculating industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by random mutagenesis and hybridization

Breeding stress-tolerant industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains is crucial to reduce the cost of bioethanol production. In this study, a novel strategy, atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis combined with genome shuffling and hybridization, was successfully applied to obtain a multiple stress-tolerant flocculating industrial S. cerevisiae strain E-158. The enhanced strain E-158 grew better under various stress conditions compared with the original strain KF-7. The concentrations of ethanol produced by strain E-158 during batch fermentation were 10.14 %–81.02 % higher than those produced by strain KF-7 under high ethanol, high temperature, and high osmosis stress conditions. The stress tolerance of E-158 kept stable even after 30 times of sub-cultivation. The lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in strain E-158 manifested that the antioxidant defense ability of E-158 was improved and contributed to its multiple stress-tolerance. This study provided a stress-tolerant strain for industrial ethanol production and a feasible strategy for breeding multiple stress-tolerant industrial S. cerevisiae strain.

Bioconversion of Sweet Sorghum Residues by Trichoderma citrinoviride C1 Enzymes Cocktail for Effective Bioethanol Production

Improved cost-effective bioethanol production using inexpensive enzymes preparation was investigated. Three types of waste lignocellulosic materials were converted—for the production of enzyme preparation, a mixture of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran, while the source of sugars in hydrolysates was sweet sorghum biomass. A novel enzyme cocktail of Trichoderma citrinoviride C1 is presented. The one-step ultrafiltration process of crude enzyme extract resulted in a threefold increase of cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. The effectiveness of enzyme preparation, compared to Cellic® CTec2, was tested in an optimized enzymatic hydrolysis process. Depending on the test conditions, hydrolysates with different glucose concentrations were obtained—from 6.3 g L−1 to 14.6 g L−1 (representing from 90% to 79% of the CTec2 enzyme yield, respectively). Furthermore, ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SIHA Active Yeast 6 strain DF 639 in optimal conditions reached about 120 mL kg d.m.−1 (75% compared with the CTec2 process). The achieved yields suggested that the produced enzyme cocktail C1 could be potentially used to reduce the cost of bioethanol production from sweet sorghum biomass.