Bioethanol Content Research Articles

Bioethanol production from triticale by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with magnesium or calcium ions addition

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of magnesium or calcium ions content in triticale mashes on glucose and maltose content after liquefaction as well as on bioethanol yield after fermentation. Triticale variety Odyssey was used in this study. Liquefaction and saccharification in this study were performed without using any additional saccharifying enzymes, i.e. the triticale starch was hydrolyzed only by the enzymes present in triticale grain. Glucose and maltose content increased with the increase of magnesium and calcium ion content in mash. Glucose and maltose content increased by 30.16% and 9.58%, respectively, when 160mg/L of magnesium ions were added, compared to the control sample. Glucose and maltose content increased by 69.31% and 61.66%, respectively, when 160mg/L of calcium ions were added, compared to the control sample. According to the obtained results for glucose and maltose content increase during liquefaction, the supplementation of mashes with calcium ions had greater influence on the activity of triticale’s amylases than the supplementation of mashes with magnesium ions. The present investigation shows that magnesium and calcium ions addition to triticale mashes improved bioethanol production during SSF processing. When 160mg/L of magnesium ions were added bioethanol content increased by 31.22% compared to the control sample while when 160mg/L of calcium ions were added bioethanol content increased by 21.04%. High percentage of the theoretical bioethanol yield (92.19%) was achieved after fermentation when 160mg/L of magnesium ions were added to triticale mash. The obtained results show that the addition of magnesium and calcium ions in bioethanol production from triticale increase triticale’s amylase activity as well as yeast enzyme activity. All this shows that when triticale with high amylolytic enzymes activity is used in bioethanol production with the addition of magnesium ions there is no need to use commercial enzymes in starch hydrolysis, which makes the use of triticale as a raw material for bioethanol production more economical.

Experimental Investigation of 2nd Generation Bioethanol Derived from Empty-fruit-bunch (EFB) of Oil-palm on Performance and Exhaust Emission of SI Engine

The experimental investigation of 2nd generation bioethanol derived from EFB of oil-palm blended with gasoline for 10, 20, 25% by volume and pure gasoline were conducted on performance and exhaust emission tests of SI engine. A four stroke, four cylinders, programmed fuel injection (PGMFI), 16 valves variable valve timing and electronic lift control (VTEC), single overhead camshaft (SOHC), and 1,497 cm3 SI engine (Honda/L15A) was used in this investigation. Engine performance test was carried out for brake torque, power, and fuel consumption. The exhaust emission was analyzed for carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC). The engine was operated on speed range from1,500 until 4,500 rev/min with 85% throttle opening position. The results showed that the highest brake torque of bioethanol blends achieved by 10% bioethanol content at 3,000 to 4,500 rpm, the brake power was greater than pure gasoline at 3,500 to 4,500 rpm for 10% bioethanol, and bioethanol-gasoline blends of 10 and 20% resulted greater bsfc than pure gasoline at low speed from 1,500 to 3,500 rpm. The trend of CO and HC emissions tended to decrease when the engine speed increased.

Hydrogen production by steam reforming of bio-oil/bio-ethanol mixtures in a continuous thermal-catalytic process

The feasibility of the steam reforming of bio-oil aqueous fraction and bio-ethanol mixtures has been studied in a continuous process with two in-line steps: thermal step at 300 °C (for the controlled deposition of pyrolytic lignin during the heating of the bio-oil/bio-ethanol feed) followed by steam reforming in a fluidized bed reactor on a Ni/α-Al2O3 catalyst. The effect of bio-ethanol content in the feed has been analyzed in both the thermal and reforming steps, and the suitable range of operating conditions (temperature and space-time) has been determined for obtaining a high and steady hydrogen yield. Higher ethanol content in the mixture feed improves the reaction indices and reduces coke deposition. Operating conditions of 700 °C and space-times higher than 0.23 gcatalyst h (gbio-oil+EtOH)−1 are suitable for attaining almost fully conversion of oxygenates (bio-oil and ethanol) and hydrogen yields above 93%, with low catalyst deactivation.

Influence of Bioethanol-Gasoline Blended Fuel on Performance and Emissions Characteristics from Port Injection Sinjai Engine 650 cc

Performance and emissions characteristics from port injection SINJAI engine 650 cc operating on bioethanol-gasoline blended fuels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were investigated on water brake dynamometers with power capacity 120 hp. The properties of bioethanol were measured based on American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standards. Fuel consumption was measured by the time fuel consumption per 25 cc of fuel in a measuring glass whereas combustion air consumption was measured using an air flow meter. The emission parameters, exhaust gas temperature and air fuel ratio were measured using STARGAS exhaust gas analyzer. The increase of bioethanol content will increases the engine performance and reduces pollutan emission. The highest engine performance produced by E15 blended fuel with increased torsi, mean effective pressure and power output of 10,27 %, thermal efficiency 1,8% but specific fuel consumption increased approximatelly 12,42%. This condition occurs at engine speed 3000 - 3500 rpm. While the emission CO and HC emissions decreased significantly as a result of the leaning effect caused by the bioethanol addition. In this study, it was found that using bioetanol-gasoline blended fuels , the CO and HC emissions would be reduced appoximatelly by 55 and 32% Respectively.

Road Grade Influence on the Exhaust Emissions of a Scooter Fuelled with Bioethanol/Gasoline Blends

Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has assessed evidence that exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung cancer and increases the risk of bladder cancer. Because air pollution in urban areas is mainly caused by transportation, it is necessary to evaluate pollutant exhaust emissions from vehicles and scooters during their real-world use. Laboratory tests, with the exception of the high repeatability of the results, often cannot explain the influence of some parameters, such as ambient conditions, traffic congestion, and road gradients. Therefore, experiments were conducted to study the effects of road gradients on the exhaust emissions of a medium displacement scooter, which represents a very popular means of travel in Southern Italy. First, the scooter was instrumented with a global positioning system (GPS) to acquire speed profiles and positions in an urban route of Napoli city, which is characterized by significant changes in the road gradient. The velocity profile has several missing points due to GPS signal loss over some stretches of road adjacent to tall buildings. The road gradient values were built into an algorithm to synchronize the missing data through Google elevation API based on a model of the same path with a complete set of data. Afterwards, some representative slope values for each kinematic sequence/driving cycle were evaluated. These new variables were found to contribute to the individual real-world driving cycles. The resulting real-world driving cycle was tested using a chassis-dynamometer to continuously simulate the exact road gradient. A series of experiments with and without the road gradient simulations were performed to evaluate the influence of the road gradient on the exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide. This analysis was performed using a two-wheeler vehicle fuelled with commercial gasoline and two blends with a maximum bioethanol content of 20% vol. Gaseous emissions were correlated to the vehicle specific power (VSP), which is the most useful parameter for addressing the road gradient together with the kinematic characteristics of the driving cycle and the vehicle characteristics. Through a multivariate statistical approach, this type of gradient analysis can permit correlation of the emission profiles for a specific road position, and evaluate its influence on their behavior. A strict dependence on carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption exists for the VSP. The road gradient greatly increases the vehicle power demands, resulting in an increasing amount of fuel consumed for each kilometer driven.

Yeast Proteins Originated from the Production of Brazilian Bioethanol Quantification and Content

Abstract The purpose of this work was to determine the levels of protein and the amino acid distribution in the cell mass of yeast strains (Saccharomyces sensu stricto) originated from Brazilian bioethanol industries. The protein was analyzed with the Kjeldahl method and the amino acids, by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The percentages of the protein found ranged from 39 to 49%. The results show that in spite of some variation in numbers between the different yeast strains, all of them presented an amino acid profile similar to the one in the literature for S. cerevisae. The amino acids that have occurred in the largest amounts were: aspartic, glutamic acids and lysine, and those in the lowest amounts were: cysteine and methionine. Although the characteristics of the feedstock used and the process conditions are determinant of the protein values obtained in dry mass, this work elucidates that the intrinsic properties of the yeast strain influence these values.

Pembuatan dan Analisis Bioetanol dari Pati Sagu (Metroxylon Sago) Asal Papua

Preparation and analysis bioethanol of sago (M. sago) from Papua have been carried out. The preparation of bioethanol was conducted by hydrolysis, fermentation, distillation and purification. The length of fermentation applied is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 days. Bioethanol then was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analyses were boiling point and molecular weigh determination. Quantitative analyses were determination of the volume of bioethanol content and the composition of bioethanol of every length of fermentation. Based on the qualitative analyses, the sample obtained was ethanol with boiling point of 79 oC and molecular weight of 46 gram/mol. Whereas based on the quantitative analyses, the more length of fermentation, the volume of ethanol obtained and the composition of ethanol increased, with the optimum of the fermentation length was 8 days and the volume ethanol obtained was 123.5 mL, in addition the composition of ethanol at fermentation length of 8 days was 100%.

G170022 エタノール環境下における熱可塑性樹脂の劣化挙動と超音波による評価

The biomass fuel, such as bio ethanol, is thought to be an effective to control the carbon dioxide exhaust, and 3% bio ethanol content gasoline is sailed on a trial basis in Japan.. Some kind of thermoplastic are deteriorated at gasoline contain ethanol environment. In this study, was conducted to investigate degradation of thermoplastic which was used in the ethanol fuel field. The thermoplastic resin used, Polypropylene, Polyacetal, Polyethylene terephthalate and Polycarbonate. Moreover, the degradation of thermoplastic was evaluated by ultrasound pulse-echo measurement. Polyacetal and Polyethylene terephthalate showed physical degradation type in ethanol because of the Flexural modulus of these thermoplastic was decreased. The weight of Polyacetal and Polyethylene terephthalate increased with immersion time because of ethanol penetrated into its specimen. On the other hand, the ultrasound velocity of Polyacetal and Polyethylene terephthalate decreased with immersion time. Polypropylene and Polycarbonate, the correlation between the amount of infiltration and ethanol ultrasonic sound velocity was not. Consequently, the variation of ultrasound velocity of Polyacetal and Polyethylene terephthalate was correlated with amount of ethanol penetration. And furthermore, ultrasound measurement could predict that amount of penetrated ethanol of Polyacetal and Polyethylene terephthalate by use of rule of mixture.

Increase in bioethanol production yield from triticale by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with application of ultrasound

AbstractBACKGROUND: Bioethanol produced from renewable biomass, such as sugar, starch or lignocellulosic materials, is one of the alternative energy resources that is environmentally friendly. Triticale crops have a high yield as well as a high starch content and amylolytic enzyme activity and are therefore considered to be ideal for bioethanol production.RESULTS: This study examined the feasibility of ultrasound pretreatment to enhance the release of fermentable sugars from triticale meal during pretreatment and consequently increase bioethanol yield in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Ultrasonic pretreatment effectively increased the glucose and maltose content after liquefaction by 15.71% and 52.57%, respectively, compared with the untreated control sample under determined optimal conditions of sonication (5 min, 60 °C). The ultrasound pretreatment consequently improved bioethanol production during SSF processing since the bioethanol content was increased by 10.89%.CONCLUSION: Taking into consideration significant process parameters obtained in the SSF process of triticale meal with ultrasound pretreatment at 60 °C, the process time may be reduced from 72 to 48 h. At that point of the SSF, maximum bioethanol content of 9.55% (w/v), bioethanol yield of 0.43 g g−1 of triticale starch, and percentage of the theoretical bioethanol yield of 84.56% were achieved. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

Possibility of Content Change in Bioethanol Gasoline during Pre-treatment Process for Using Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy

We attempted to determine the bioethanol content of E3 gasoline by applying ASTM D6866 method B. In the pre-treatment process using accelerator mass spectroscopy（AMS） ,t hegraphite samples were prepared from E3 gasoline. Three portions of the same graphite sample were measured, and the contents agreed within the measurement error of AMS. The graphite samples prepared from eight portions of the same E3 gasoline sample were measured, but the accuracy was insufficient. There ar em any kinds of hydrocarbon compounds in the gasoline and their boiling points are different. The content of bioethanol was found to decrease with vaporization when E3 gasoline was placed in open air. A very small amount of E3 gasoline is pre-treated for AMS and the volatile loss cannot be ignored. It seem st hat the content change of bioethanol was caused by vaporization of E3 gasoline during the pre-treatment process.

A simple method to determine bioethanol content in gasoline using two-step extraction and liquid scintillation counting

A simple method for determining bioethanol content in gasoline containing bioethanol (denoted as E-gasoline in this study) is urgently required. Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) was employed based on the principle that 14C exists in bioethanol but not in synthetic ethanol. Bioethanol was extracted in two steps by water from E-gasoline containing 3% (E3) or 10% (E10) bioethanol. The 14C radioactivity was measured by LSC and converted to the amount of bioethanol. The bioethanol content in E-gasoline was determined precisely from the partition coefficient in the extraction and the amount of bioethanol in the water phases: 2.98 ± 0.10% for E3 and 10.0 ± 0.1% for E10 (means ± SD; n = 3). It appears that this method can be used to determine bioethanol content in E-gasoline quickly and easily.

Direct Analysis of Automotive Fuels for Bioethanol Content Using Radiocarbon Analysis

Exploratory work was performed to investigate the feasibility of using a simplified radiometric analytical approach for determining the bioethanol content of US automotive fuels. The method involves mixing fuel samples directly with a suitable fluor. Sample preparation is extremely rapid since all conventional sample preparation steps are essentially eliminated. Results are based on the background-corrected DPM values obtained when using 10 mL of sample mixed with 10 mL of Permafluor E+. Results are also reported in terms of conventional pMC for some of the samples. Bioethanol from a dry-mill ethanol plant served as the analytical reference sample that represented a 100% bioethanol content. Using current-day bioethanol as a reference sample eliminates the need to correct for “bomb carbon.” For 1:1 mixtures of sample and fluor, the background-corrected DPM showed a linear relationship with the bioethanol concentration, indicating that the quench correction approach was effective for the variable-quench samples. Based on the analysis of E0 (pure gasoline), E10, and “E85” from local gas stations, it appears that the method has good potential for determining the bioethanol content in commercial ethanol/gasoline blends. However, a variety of potential sources of error still require investigation in order to refine the method.

Quantitative Determination by 14C Analysis of the Biological Component in Fuels

Radiocarbon analysis was performed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to assess whether the content of biological components in hydrocarbon fuels could be derived. Different fuel mixtures were prepared containing bioethanol, fossil ethanol, and fossil gasoline. The specific 14C activity of these mixtures was obtained from LSC measurements and directly related to the concentration of carbon originating from the bioethanol (biocarbon). The results were checked via standardized carbon dating procedures and AMS. A good linear correlation exists between the fuel mixture's specific 14C activity and the concentration of biocarbon. Also, the biocarbon fraction of the fuel mixture (the ratio biocarbon : total carbon) and the normalized fraction of biocarbon (%M) showed good linear correlation. Therefore, both relations provide a possibility to quantitatively determine a fuel's biocarbon content by 14C analysis. When the sample composition is known (e.g. resolved by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy [GC-MS] and nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR]), the amount of particular biological components in a fuel sample can be derived subsequently. For mixtures of bioethanol, fossil ethanol, and gasoline with bioethanol contents in the range of 0.5–2% m/m, it was found that errors in the normalized fraction of biocarbon (%M) were in the range of 25–10%, respectively. For samples with a higher bioethanol content (up to pure bioethanol), the errors in %M were <10%. Errors might be larger if substantial changes in the concentration of atmospheric 14C took place during the growth period of the biofuel feedstock. By taking into account the variation in specific 14C activity of carbon over the last decades, and by modeling simple tree-growth, it could be illustrated that this effect becomes significant only if the biofuel feedstock stopped growing more than 1 decade ago, e.g. with wood from constructions.