Bioelectrical Activity Research Articles

ЭФФЕКТ КРАТКОВРЕМЕННОГО ОБЩЕГО ОХЛАЖДЕНИЯ НА БИОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКУЮ АКТИВНОСТЬ ЗАТЫЛОЧНОЙ И ТЕМЕННОЙ ОБЛАСТИ ГОЛОВНОГО МОЗГА

Background. When exposed to cold in individuals, depending on the individual typological features of the EEG rhythm, various neurophysiological mechanisms of mobilization of functional systems are activated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of short-term general cooling on the stress resistance of the body and the bioelectrical activity of the occipital and parietal regions of the brain. Material and methods. The analysis of stress resistance and bioelectrical activity of the occipital and parietal regions of the brain in males aged 20 to 23 years after a short-term general cooling was carried out. Results. The cryotherapy procedure increased the stress resistance of the subjects, which persisted for 15 days after its termination. By the end of cold exposure, there is an increase in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in the parietal region, most pronounced for the amplitudes of β1- and θ-rhythms, and 15 days after the cessation of short-term general cooling, an increase in θ-, δ1-activity is noted. Changes in the electroencephalogram of the occipital region after exposure to cold were characterized by an increase in the amplitude of δ1- and β1-rhythms, and this trend persisted 15 days after the course of cryotherapy. In the subjects under study, interhemispheric asymmetry is noted, manifested by a more pronounced value of the amplitudes in the left hemisphere along δ1-, δ2-rhythms, and in the right hemisphere along β1 and θ-rhythms. Conclusions. The increase in the adaptive resource of the subjects caused by the influence of this factor is obviously associated with the identified changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in the occipital and parietal regions.

Changes in indicators of the autonomic nervous system in acute poisoning with 1,4-butanediol complicated by withdrawal syndrome

Introduction. The article presents an assessment of the functional state of the autonomic nervous system in patients with acute 1,4-butanediol poisoning complicated by withdrawal syndrome using pupillometry. Purpose of the study: to analyze changes in the indicators of the autonomic nervous system in patients with acute 1,4-butanediol poisoning complicated by withdrawal syndrome.
 Material and methods. In the course of the work, a prospective examination of 30 patients with acute 1,4-butanediol poisoning, complicated by withdrawal syndrome, aged 19 to 39 years (median age was 25.3 [20.1; 24.9] years) was carried out. All patients were treated at the Center for the Treatment of 
 St. Petersburg I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine. Pupullometry was performed using the hardware-software complex KSRZRts-01. Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out in the program Statistica for Windows (version 10).
 Results. In the course of the study, patients with acute poisoning with 1,4-butanediol develop a neurovegetative variant of AS, manifested by signs of parasympathicotonia, expressed in changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in the form of irritation of cortical-subcortical structures with rapid exhaustion and instability of the functional tone of cortical neurons, cognitive impairment, ideation and motor retardation, deviations of pupillometry parameters (decrease in the initial pupil diameter and constriction amplitude, increase in the time of onset of the pupillary reaction).
 limitations. In the study of the effect of 1,4-butanediol on the indicators of the autonomic nervous system in the course of a prospective examination of 30 male patients of the Center for the Treatment of 
 St. Petersburg I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Medicine with acute poisoning by a toxicant, it was found that there were significant changes in the parameters of this system in the withdrawal period.
 Conclusion. The indicators revealed during the study prove the predominance of the neurovegetative variant of the withdrawal syndrome with a characteristic change in the bioelectrical activity of the brain, cognitive functions and pupillometry parameters.

Functional testing of the lower extremity muscles

The purpose of the study was to increase the efficiency of diagnostics of the strength indicators of the lower extremity muscles by determining the optimal conditions for the mutual location of segments of kinematic links for the best implementation of contractile capabilities during functional testing. The main focus of the work was to determine the positions for the maximum overlaying of myofilaments in the sarcomeres of the investigated contractile areas of the movable segments of the lower extremities during power loads. 20 experienced football players, whose average age was 26.8±6.2 years, took part in the study. In order to fulfill the set goal, interference electromyography was performed on all athletes. The function of a separate group of muscles was considered in accordance with the endogenous ability to overcome external resistance in a given direction. Dependence of contractile manifestations was coordinated in accordance with the approach or distance of areas of attachment of muscles. The positions of the muscles were regulated by the ventral and sagittal planes, as well as by the average amplitude of rotation. On the basis of the ratio of maximum, average amplitudes and frequency, data regarding the maximum overlaying of myofilaments in sarcomeres (maximum bioelectric activity), in accordance with the position angle of the movable segment of the lower extremity were obtained. It was established that for conducting functional testing, the location of the trunk and lower extremities in the same plane of movement and axis were the optimal positions for the diarticular muscles of the thigh and lower leg; for monoarticular extensors of the lower leg - a position at a right angle between the lower leg and thigh; for rotators of the lower leg and foot - location of these segments in a plane parallel to the sagittal one. On the basis of the obtained data, the optimal conditions for the mutual location of the segments of the kinematic links for the realization of the contractile capabilities of the muscles of the lower extremities have been determined, a protocol for functional testing of the muscles of the lower extremities has been developed, it is presented in graphic form with the possibility of entering data from both limbs, while test points of rotator muscles of the thigh and lower leg have been added.

EEG Frontal Asymmetry in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression

Background: given the similarity of clinical manifestations of depressive disorder and depressive episodes within the framework of bipolar affective disorder, diagnostic errors are inevitable. Both overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of bipolar affective disorder are too common, and it may take several years to establish a correct diagnosis. Despite the fact that it is impossible to completely eliminate diagnostic errors, it is important to reduce their likelihood by better understanding diagnostic criteria.The aim of this study was to study the indicators of frontal EEG asymmetry in patients with unipolar and bipolar depression, as well as to identify possible correlations with the severity of clinical symptoms. Patients and methods: we examined 30 patients with affective disorder in the framework of a single depressive episode or recurrent depressive disorder and 30 patients with bipolar affective disorder, the current episode of mild or moderate depression. The bioelectric activity of the brain was recorded and analyzed with the calculation of the spectral power of beta and alpha rhythm in the frontal cortex and the beta/alpha ratio was calculated.Results: it was found that patients with bipolar affective disorder had left-sided frontal asymmetry, the beta/alpha ratio was lower on the right than on the left (0.57 [0.41; 0.87] vs. 0.67 [0.43; 1.08], p = 0.007), while patients with unipolar depression had a bilateral pattern of frontal beta/alpha ratio (0.67 [0.45; 1.01] vs. 0.69 [0.45; 0.98], p = 0.441). Statistically significant negative associations were also found between the beta/alpha ratio in the right leads in patients with bipolar affective disorder and the duration of the disease (rs=–0.419, p=0.033).Conclusion: the study clearly showed that quantitative EEG indicators can be used as an additional tool for differentiating bipolar and unipolar depression.

Surface electromyography evaluation of selected manual and physical therapy interventions in women with temporomandibular joint pain and limited mobility. Randomized controlled trial (RCT)

Non-invasive approach is gaining an increasing recognition in the TMD patients management. It is therefore reasonable to conduct RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of both physical and manual physiotherapy interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term efficacy of selected physiotherapeutic interventions and their effect on the bioelectrical function of the masseter muscle in patients with pain and limited TMJ mobility. The study was conducted on a group of 186 women (T) with the Ib disorder diagnosed in DC/TMD. The control group consisted of 104 women without diagnosed TMDs. Diagnostic procedures were performed in both groups. The G1 group was randomly divided into 7 therapeutic groups in which the therapy was carried out for 10 days: magnetostimulation (T1), magnetoledotherapy (T2), magnetolaserotherapy (T3), manual therapy- positional release and therapeutic exercises (T4), manual therapy – massage and therapeutic exercises (T5), manual therapy – PIR and therapeutic exercises (T6), self therapy - therapeutic exercises (T7). In the T4 and T5 groups, the treatments led to complete resolution of pain after the 10th day of therapy and to the largest minimal clinically significant difference in the MMO and LM parameter. GEE model for PC1 values using treatment method and time point showed that T4, T5 and T6 treatments had the strongest effect on the parameters studied. Therefore, it may be concluded that SEMG testing is a helpful indicator to assess the therapeutic effectiveness of physiotherapeutic interventions. BackgroundNon-invasive approach is gaining an increasing recognition in the TMD patients management. It is therefore reasonable to conduct RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of both physical and manual physiotherapy interventions in a qualitative and quantitative manner. However, there were numerous controversies reported regarding the use of surface electromyography (SEMG) in Orofacial Pain patients. Therefore, we wanted to assess the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions in TMD patients using SEMG. PurposeEvaluation of the short-term efficacy of selected physiotherapeutic interventions and their effect on the bioelectrical function of the masseter muscle in patients with pain and limited TMJ mobility. Material and MethodsThe study was conducted on a group of 186 women (T) with the Ib disorder diagnosed in DC/TMD (Ib - myofascial pain with restricted mobility). The control group consisted of 104 women without diagnosed TMDs (normal reference values for TMJ ROM and masseter muscle SEMG bioelectric activity). Diagnostic procedures were performed in both groups (SEMG of the masseter muscles at baseline and during exercise, measurement of TMJ mobility, assessment of pain intensity - NRS scale). The G1 group was randomly divided into 7 therapeutic groups in which the therapy was carried out for 10 days: magnetostimulation (T1), magnetoledotherapy (T2), magnetolaserotherapy (T3), manual therapy- positional release and therapeutic exercises (T4), manual therapy – massage and therapeutic exercises (T5), manual therapy – PIR and therapeutic exercises (T6), self-therapy - therapeutic exercises (T7). Each time after therapy, the intensity of pain and TMJ mobility were assessed. Sealed, opaque envelopes were used for randomization. After 5 and 10 days of therapy, bilateral SEMG signals of the masseter muscles were acquired. PC1 factor analysis was performed. A score of 99% in the PC1 parameter, demonstrates the clinical relevance of electromyography (MVC). ResultsSynergism of physical factors will lead to a higher MID on the NRS scale. Evaluating the MID of the therapeutic interventions used showed a better therapeutic effect of manual interventions over physical and self-therapy. In the T4 and T5 groups, the treatments led to complete resolution of pain after the 10th day of therapy and to the largest minimal clinically significant difference in the MMO and LM parameter. GEE model for PC1 values using treatment method and time point showed that T4, T5 and T6 treatments had the strongest effect on the parameters studied. Conclusions1. Exercise SEMG testing is a helpful indicator to assess the therapeutic effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions. 2. Manual therapy treatments are superior to physical treatments in their relaxation and analgesic efficacy and should therefore be prescribed as a first line non-invasive intervention for TMD pain patients.

Electrocardiographic Analysis of the Cardiac Activity of Large-Horned Cattle in the Ecological Conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan

In this article, the physiological basis of natural resistance in unfavorable environmental conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, as well as indicators of bioelectric activity and effectiveness of the heart of cattle belonging to the black and Latvian brown breeds of different ages are determined. The study of the electrocardiogram of large-horned cattle was carried out under the influence of different intensity and duration of air temperature and solar radiation. To increase the fertility of large-horned cattle, the physiological mechanisms of adaptation of brought breeding animals to extreme conditions of the Republic of Karakalpakstan have been studied. Changes in the bioelectric activity of the heart have been detected in cows of different breeds (black, Latvian brown cattle, Zebu cattle) and calves that are now born and up to 6 months old. In this article, it is indicated that the functional state of the cardiovascular system of agriculture animals is one of the main physiological indicators through which it is possible to determine the nature of the impact of the environment on the body.

Coherence analysis in electroencephalography. Prospects and problems of using coherent analysis in EEG practice (lecture one)

In the lecture, the author analyzes in detail the legitimacy of using the coherence function to analyze the bioelectrical activity of the brain in practical electroencephalography from the standpoint of mathematical and clinical validity. The author touches upon the issues of the informational significance of EEG coherence indicators in the disclosure in the assessment of the functional state of the brain about the mental characteristics of a person. As an evidence base, the author demonstrates examples of the information content of EEG coherence analysis data in terms of predicting the outcome in patients in an unconscious state. The author describes the stages of the formation of intracerebral connections according to the data of coherent analysis of the EEG at the stages of age-related development on the model of infants of age, after term birth and in preterm infants with a favorable course of development, and also the formation of spatio- temporal relations of the EEG of premature infants with periventricular leukomalacia on the 1st — 2 nd years of life.

COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND THE IMPACT OF INTERHEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY ON THE COURSE OF STRUCTURAL EPILEPSY

A study of patients suffering from structural epilepsy was carried out taking into account the state of the cognitive sphere and lateralization of the epileptogenic focus. It was found that the development of cognitive dysfunction was related to a number of factors. The neurophysiological researches have shown causality of cognitive disorders with functional changes of bioelectrical activity in certain parts of the brain.

Psychoemotional state and bioelectrical brain activity in patients of different ages with metabolic syndrome after COVID-19

The aim of this study was to find out the impact of COVID-19 infection on the psycho-emotional state and bioelectrical brain activity in persons of different ages with metabolic syndrome. Material and methods. We examined 53 people who were divided into groups depending on age (40–59 years and 60 years and older) and status with regard to COVID-19 infection (contracted, not contracted). Patients had metabolic syndrome (ATP III), underwent comprehensive clinical and laboratory examinations, electroencephalography (an 18-channel electroencephalograph Nihon Kohden, Japan) and answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. Results. Symptoms of anxiety or depression after COVID-19 were found in both age groups of MS. Anxiety symptoms were more often found in the group of 60 years and older. At the same time, subclinical anxiety was noted in persons of 60 years and older, while clinical anxiety – in middle-aged individuals. The latter also showed a trend towards an increase in clinically evident depression after COVID-19. Persons after COVID-19 with symptoms of anxiety or depression (according to the HADS scale) demonstrated changes in the frequency-amplitude indicators of the electroencephalogram (EEG) characterized by a power increase in the range of theta rhythm and accompanied by subclinical and clinical manifestations of depression. About 80 % of people who did not suffer from COVID-19 had normal EEG since 9 Hz alpha rhythm power was registered. In patients after COVID-19, there was a redistribution of alpha-rhythm power range: an increase in the ranges of alpha-1 rhythm and decrease in alpha-2 rhythm power as well as an increase in the delta and theta rhythm power range. Conclusions. 1–3 months following the acute period of COVID-19, the frequency of depression is 3 times higher in middle-aged patients with metabolic syndrome. In elderly patients with metabolic syndrome after COVID-19, anxiety is predominantly diagnosed – almost in every second. These manifestations of anxiety and depression are accompanied by disorganization of the bioelectrical brain activity.

Cross-Subject Classification of Effectiveness in Performing Cognitive Tasks Using Resting-State EEG

A high level of mathematical education is often associated with high effectiveness in solving cognitive problems and professional success. It is known that cognitive processes are accompanied by specific bioelectric activity in the brain and success in mathematical education as a behavioral phenotype is also reflected in EEG both during mental activity and at rest. This study tested the potential to distinguish volunteers with an advanced level of education in mathematics (AM) from individuals with a basic level of education in mathematics (BM) based on the frequency parameters of the resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded before the start of cognitive tasks. Further, the volunteers were divided into two groups, highly successful and moderately successful, according to their task-solving performance. The Light Gradient Boosting Machine learning algorithm was used for cross-subject classification based on the power spectral density of seven EEG frequency bands. It most accurately recognized and differentiated EEG of highly successful from highly successful BM subjects. The results indicate that success in solving tasks in combination with a high level of education in mathematics can be reflected in or predicted by the specific rhythmic activity of the brain at rest.

Using guided breathing exercises to prevent mental health complications in the post-COVID period

The novel coronavirus infection has been one of the major public health issues of the past few years. Most COVID-19 patients report loss of energy, difficulty concentrating, memory loss and difficulty remembering, decreased motivation and mood. The purpose of our work was to determine the differences between general performance and brain rhythms in COVID-19 patients and those who had not been infected, and to assess the effects of breathing exercises (BE) on changes in these parameters in order to recommend the proposed therapy. The parameters of bioelectrical activity of the brain in patients after the novel coronavirus infection and those who had not been infected were studied by means of hardware-software complex «Omega-M». Statistical processing was performed using Microsoft Office.During the study, the following significant changes were observed: decreased efficiency in COVID-19 sufferers, reduced alpha and beta rhythms and negligible changes after BE compared to those who had not had COVID-19, and higher delta and theta waves and lack of their normalization after BE in COVID-19 sufferers. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the use of guided breathing exercises can be recommended after COVID-19.

THE IMPACT OF BORTEZOMIB-CONTAINING CHEMOTHERAPY REGIMEN ON MYOCARDIAL BIOELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND CONCOMITANT CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Introduction. The mortality rate in oncology has been steadily decreasing since the 1990s, leading to increased life expectancy among cancer survivors. However, chemotherapy-related toxicity, including cardiotoxicity, remains a concern in the selection of chemotherapy drugs. Multiple myeloma, a type of cancer, has increased in prevalence and morbidity rates in recent decades. The specific treatments for multiple myeloma can have cardiotoxic effects, such as arterial hypertension, heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, and heart rhythm and conductivity disorders.
 Objective. This study aims at investigating the unique characteristics of myocardial bioelectric activity in patients with progressive multiple myeloma and concomitant coronary artery disease undergoing bortezomib-containing chemotherapy.
 Materials and Methods. A total of 42 multiple myeloma patients were examined, 22 (52.5%) of them were diagnosed to have concomitant coronary artery disease. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of coronary artery disease. All patients received bortezomib-containing chemotherapy regimens. Assessments were conducted in three time periods: before the chemotherapy, in 84 days, and in 140 days. General and biochemical blood counts were analyzed, and heart rhythm and conductivity disorders were assessed using 12-lead electrocardiography.
 Results: The risk of developing anaemia did not significantly differ between the two groups during the first examination. A trend of increased conductivity disorder rates was observed in multiple myeloma patients with concomitant coronary artery disease compared to those without heart disorders. After the fourth chemotherapy course, there was a tendency for increased heart rhythm disorder rates in multiple myeloma patients with concomitant coronary artery disease compared to the previous examination, although supraventricular rhythm disorders were more frequently observed during the third examination.
 Conclusions. Multiple myeloma onset was associated with similar rates of rhythm disorder development in patients with and without concomitant coronary artery disease, but combined rhythm disorders were observed only in patients with concomitant coronary artery disease. There has been found a tendency for increased heart rhythm disorder rates after the fourth chemotherapy course in multiple myeloma patients with concomitant coronary artery disease. Additionally, there has been a trend of increased conductivity disorder rates in multiple myeloma patients at high cardiovascular risk compared to those without concomitant heart disorders

Dynamic electroencephalographic study of persons – mild COVID-19 convalescents

Background. The term “postcovid syndrome” is firmly entrenched in medical terminology, but many aspects of its clinical manifestations are not well understood. Aim. To establish the presence of the nature and severity of changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in COVID-19 survivors, as well as their relationship with the formed clinical neurological and neuropsychological syndromes during convalescence. Materials and methods. A dynamic study was conducted of 38 COVID-19 survivors returning to work. Neurophysiological studies were carried out using the EGI-GES-300 system (128 channels). The descriptive characteristics of electroencephalograms were built on the method of studying the spectral density of the electroencephalographic signal on the surface of the scalp, and the dynamic characteristics of the signal were studied by fixing electroencephalographic microstates, using the method of D. Lemmon and T. Kenning. Results and conclusions. In the study, a relatively new diagnostic technique for studying cognitive impairments based on the analysis of electroencephalographic microstates was implemented, which made it possible to identify signs of functional restructuring of the neuronal macronetworks of the brain and trace the characteristic adaptation of a person during the period of convalescence.

Гемодинамическая асимметрия и альфа-асимметрия полушарий головного мозга человека при различных положениях тела

Hemispheric asymmetry has been intensively studied by psycho- and neurophysiology mostly using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, there is little data available on the characteristics of bioelectrical and haemodynamic asymmetry of the human brain during postural changes. This pilot study introduces a combined technique of simultaneous recording of brain haemodynamic and bioelectric asymmetry in different body positions. The aim of the paper was to compare asymmetry coefficients in three different body positions and to establish cortex areas with the most active shift in blood flow and alpha power in response to postural changes. The research involved 12 healthy volunteers aged between 20 and 25 years (mean age 21.4 ± 1.5 years) evenly distributed by sex. Materials and methods. Bioelectric and haemodynamic activity of the brain was assessed by means of rheoencephalography and EEG, respectively. Rheographic index and spectral power of alpha waves were recorded in three body positions (sitting, supine and 45° head-down tilt), followed by the calculation of haemodynamic asymmetry (Khda) and alpha asymmetry (Kαa) coefficients. Results. Statistical analysis of Khda showed no sex differences or significant differences in this parameter between the body positions, which can be explained by direct effects of baroreflex and cerebrovascular autoregulation. Statistical comparison of Kαa of EEG signals from all electrode leads with each other and in each position demonstrated significant changes in Kαa of P3/P4, T5/T6 and F3/F4 pairs in male subjects. These findings can indicate that posterior parietal cortex of both hemispheres and left parietotemporal region, which play an important role in spatial perception, as well as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which participates in muscle tone regulation for posture correction, are actively involved in bioelectrical response to postural changes.

Difference analysis of musculation and estimation of sEMG-to-force in process of increasing force and decreasing force

The movement of the human limb is driven by muscle contraction. Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a weak bioelectric activity generated during muscle contraction, which reflects information regarding muscle activation. The increasing force and the decreasing force are reverse processes. Investigating the difference in musculation between the two processes and establishing an input–output model between sEMG and force can clarify the biodynamics mechanism of the human body. In the study, we try to find the truth about the difference in musculation using sEMG signal in the process of increasing and decreasing force, and create a model of the relationship between sEMG and force. A synchronous data acquisition device is used to collect force and sEMG signals, including the raw sEMG signal and its envelope signal. A new method for extracting the feature of the sEMG signal based on the spectrogram is introduced. Up to sixteen features are extracted from the sEMG signal, and their performances are evaluated. The experimental results indicate that sliding mean filtering can significantly improve feature performance. A processing means of isometric force and sEMG feature is proposed. Difference in musculation about force-increasing and force-decreasing is detailedly analyzed by statistical T-test. We come to the conclusion that the sEMG signal evoked via musculation is not exactly the same in the two processes, with a more significant difference when the muscle contraction strength is weaker, and a less significant difference when the muscle contraction strength is stronger. Finally, five regression models are used for sEMG-to-force estimation, and their performances are compared separately. The experimental results show that the DNN exhibits the best performance, achieving a RMSE of 12.782 and a R2 of 0.911.

Assessment of Changes in Functional Brain Connectivity During Depression Treatment with TMS Using Granger Causality Based Methods

Directed transfer function (DTF) method was used to assess brain connectivity disturbances in depression. The results were depicted as a brain model with the electroencephalographic (EEG) registration points, through which the directions of bioelectric activity transfer are defined. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used as an alternative treatment for drug-resistant depression and is considered to restore impaired connections. The combination of TMS and EEG allows to study changes of functional brain connectivity (FBC) in a non-invasive way. It was found that the FBC of resistant patients differed more from that of healthy subjects than in non-resistant patients. The largest changes in connectivity were identified in theta frequency.

Improving Functional Abilities in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Non-Invasive REAC Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization Treatments: A PEDI-CAT Study.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, such as radioelectric asymmetric conveyer (REAC) technology, have gained attention for their potential to improve the endogenous bioelectric activity (EBA) and neurobiological processes underlying ASD. Neuro Postural Optimization (NPO) and Neuro Psycho Physical Optimization (NPPO) treatments are non-invasive and painless neuromodulation treatments that utilize REAC technology and have shown promising results in improving the symptoms of ASD. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of NPO and NPPO treatments on functional abilities in children and adolescents with ASD using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT). The study consisted of 27 children and adolescents with ASD who underwent a single session of NPO followed by 18 sessions of NPPO treatment over a period of one week. The results showed significant improvements in the children's and adolescents' functional abilities across all domains of the PEDI-CAT. These findings suggest that NPO and NPPO may be effective treatments for improving functional abilities in children and adolescents with ASD.

The Role of P2Y6 Receptors in the Mechanisms of the Neuroprotective Effect of Citicoline.

Spontaneous bioelectrical activity of the brain and the duration of gasping were recorded in mice during modeling of global strangulation ischemia of the brain against the background of preventive administration of citicoline. The maximum neuroprotective effect of citicoline was observed when it was administered 60 min before the simulation of ischemia and was completely prevented by preliminary administration of a selective P2Y6 receptor antagonist MRS2578. The obtained experimental data attest to the leading role of receptor mechanisms in the implementation of neuroprotective activity of citicoline.

New possibilities of multimodal correction of disorders of central nervous system functions in elderly persons

NEW POSSIBILITIES OF MULTIMODAL CORRECTION OF DISORDERS OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS IN ELDERLY PERSONS Victor V. Kuznetsov, Serhiy H. Burchynskyi, Kostiantyn O. Apykhtin D. F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv 04114, Ukraine Introduction. The increase in the share of elderly and senile people in the population adds urgency to the problems of various forms of cognitive dysfunction and closely related psycho-emotional disorders and disorders of cerebral circulation. Real success in solving these problems is possible only with the application of therapeutic effects at the earliest possible stage of the disease, as well as with the possibility of implementing a pharmacological prophylactic approach. At the root of the weakening of cognitive functions is a violation of the neurotransmitter balance in the brain. An effective way to prevent it is the use of nootropics. Nootropics affect the biosynthetic energy, neurotransmitter processes in the brain, the blood supply to the brain by exerting a protective effect on the vascular wall, inhibiting the thrombus formation reaction, normalizing blood viscosity, etc. The drug MemoProve is a unique combination of neurotropic peptone polypeptides (N-PEP-12), which is able to reproduce the effects of natural neurotrophic factors in the central nervous system (NGF), as well as improve cholinergic neuromediation by activating the main enzyme of acetylcholine biosynthesis – choline acetyltransferase. The aim is comprehensive analysis of the effect of a course of MemoProve on the psycho-emotional state, the structure of the state of bioelectrical activity of the brain, and the state of cerebral blood circulation in the elderly. Materials and Methods. A comprehensive clinical and instrumental examination of 20 elderly patients (average age 68.2 ± 3.2 years) with initial manifestations of dyscirculatory atherosclerotic encephalopathy was conducted. Before conducting an analysis of the effect of course (1 month) use of MemoProve on the functional state of the brain in elderly patients, an EEG study was conducted before and 24 hours after taking 2 tablets of the drug in order to determine the sensitivity of the brain to MemoProve. Results and conclusions. Three variants of the EEG reaction to MemoProve were identified. Common to these options is an increase in the total power of electrogenesis of the brain (by 15-25 %), an increase in the frequency of the -rhythm – the main, basic rhythm of the EEG. The type of influence of MemoProve on the power of slow rhythms (delta, theta) has features depending on the EEG variant. In elderly patients, MemoProve caused an increase in the linear systolic blood flow velocity in the two middle cerebral arteries, the vertebral arteries and the main artery. The results of a comprehensive analysis of the effect of course therapy of MemoProve indicate its positive effect on the functional state of the brain (in terms of emotional and cognitive indicators, bioelectrical activity of the brain, the state of cerebral hemodynamics) in elderly people and give grounds for recommending MemoProve for use in the system of geriatric pharmacological correction of emotional and cognitive processes. Keywords: cognitive dysfunction, neurotransmitter balance, nootropics, peptone polypeptides, MemoProve, EEG.

Tonic Eye-Opening Associated with the «Burst-Suppression» Pattern in Patients with Acute Anoxic Brain Injury (Case Series)

Massive anoxic brain injury caused by cardiac arrest leads to wakefulness suppression up to coma. The prediction of outcome is based on the analysis of the clinical features and the results of instrumental tests. One of the well-known signs of an unfavorable prognosis is involuntary motor activity, which is most commonly represented by myoclonus. In case of their cortical origin, they are accompanied by epileptiform activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG).Material and methods. We present a case series and literature review concerning a very rare fatal sign, non-rhythmic spontaneous eye opening accompanied by a «burst-suppression» pattern (BS) in the EEG. All patients suffered from transient acute hypotension or arrhythmia that required cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in three cases. A literature search found only 11 publications describing post-anoxic tonic eye-opening (PATEO).Results. The PATEO with BS was observed for less than a day followed by cessation of brain bioelectric activity in all patients. Only two patients exhibited isolated eye-opening and closing, while the rest had axial and limbs myoclonus just after CPR. In one case, eyelid opening was followed by a clonic movement of the head to the right, the EEG bursts were prolonged and had spike-like morphology. Three patients received antiepileptic and sedative therapy. All patients died in 3-43 days after the fatal cardiovascular event.Visual superposition of bursts in EEG and myogram of m. orbicularis oculi demonstrating identical morphology for EEG and myographic bursts was described for the first time. Our cases and literature review confirm that, regardless of the intensive treatment, patients with PATEO have fatal outcomes.Conclusion. The clinical and electrographic PATEO with BS phenomenon always indicates a lethal prognosis. The origin of PATEO is still under discussion. We suggest that it could be caused by disinhibition of subcortical and stem structures during extensive death of cerebral cortical neurons.