Bioecological Aspects Research Articles

Bioecological aspects of triatomines and marsupials as wildTrypanosoma cruzireservoirs in urban, peri‐urban and rural areas in the Western Brazilian Amazon

In the Amazon region, Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles involve a great diversity of Triatominae vectors and mammal reservoirs. Some Rhodnius spp. mainly inhabit palm trees that act as microhabitats for hosts and vectors. The current study aimed to describe aspects of the bio-ecology of the vectors and reservoirs of T. cruzi in relation to human populations resident near areas with large quantities of palm trees, in rural, peri-urban and urban collection environments, located in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Rhodnius pictipes and Didelphis marsupialis were respectively the most predominant vector and reservoir, with rates of 71% for R. pictipes and 96.5% for D. marsupialis. The vast majority of T. cruzi isolates clustered with TcI. The most prevalent haplotype was TcI COII1 (69.7%). Mauritia flexuosa and Attalea phalerata were the main ecological indicators of infestation by triatomines. Birds were the most common food source (27,71%). T. cruzi isolated from R. robustus has the haplotype HUM-13, previously detected in a chronic Chagas patient living in the same area. Our results demonstrate the relevance of this study, with the occurrence of elevated infection rates in animals, and suggest the importance of the Amazon zones where there is a risk of infection in humans.

Current situation and future perspectives of ethnoichthyology in Brazil

Ethnoichthyology has been highlighting in several regions of the world, due to the collaboration of studies that seek to understand the traditional or local ecological knowledge about different uses and meanings of fish among different human groups. Therefore, we present a systematic review of the literature concerning the current situation of ethnoichthyological studies in Brazil. We examine the temporal and spatial citation trends in Brazil, as well as who are the research actors and the thematic areas covered in the articles. In all, 177 published articles related to the topic were found in Brazil. The number of published articles increased significantly in time, with most studies concentrated in the Northeast Region of the country (44.4%), especially in the state of Bahia (16.8%). The types of aquatic environments include both marine and freshwater, such as sea (46.3%) and rivers (70.2%). The articles mainly rely on the collaboration of artisanal fisherman (74.3%). The topic most frequently addressed in the studies was bio-ecological aspects of fish (33.8%). On the other hand, studies on morphological aspects (2.7%) represented the less frequently among the thematic areas. We concluded that ethnoichthyology is increasing significantly in Brazil. However, some issues needed to be better understand, especially the knowledge of the recreational fishermen, the morphological aspects of the fish species by local fishermen and there are few studies in South and Midwest in Brazil, which will indicate the future efforts to improve the species conservation and the resource management.

<strong>Host plant discrimination through mobility parameters by eriophyoid mites</strong>

Eriophyoidea is a well-known mite taxon of economic importance. Due to their small size, elucidating many of their bio-ecological aspects becomes a challenge. These mites are obligatory plant feeders, with high host specificity and vagrant (free living) and non-vagrant (part or whole life cycle in a host) lifestyles. The mobility (distance walked - mm, resting time - s, and number of stops) of these mites on host and non-host plant species has been investigated. Eriophyoid species were submitted to walking tests on host and non-host plants using five vagrant species and five non-vagrant species. The walking was recorded with video tracking (ViewPoint) for ten minutes. Twenty replicates were performed for each treatment (eriophyoid species and plant). There was a difference in the behavioral response of the species studied in relation to the hosts. When the species were grouped by ecological lifestyle (vagrant and non-vagrant), non-vagrant eriophyoids presented a higher mobility (higher distance walked, less resting time) than vagrant eriophyoids on their respective hosts. There was no difference in the mobility of vagrant and non-vagrant species on non-host plants. The absence of a pattern of behavioral response among the species tested here indicates that more factors are involved in the host identification and acceptance process.

A Review of The Concept and Application of Geospatial Technology in Mapping and Modeling the Migration of Whale Shark (Rinchodon typus)

The Whale Shark (Rinchodon typus) is a species of pelagic fish with the largest size in the world and has a very wide range of movements. By understanding the migration of whale sharks a number of important policies can be immediately applied to preserve the population of this species in nature. This paper aims to provide an overview of the concept and application of spatial science and technology to map and model the migration of whale shark species. This paper is the result of a review of various literatures, both scientific journal articles and books related to mapping and modeling of common marine animals and whale sharks in particular. The paper begins with a description of the bioecological aspects and threats to the whale shark population. Furthermore, the concept of mapping and modeling of whale shark migration will be described, covering important factors in mapping and modeling, development of marine geographic information migration model (GIS) and application of whale shark migration modeling. The conclusion from the review is that bioecological characteristics and patterns of whale shark migration cause these species to be vulnerable to various threats from both natural factors and human activities. Migration mapping and modeling is generally based on environmental variation or oceanographic factors and species movement types. Accurate mapping and modeling results will be of great value in planning and policies regarding the management and conservation of whale shark species.

Has a non‐native cichlid of the genus Amatitlania (Actinopterygii, Cichlidae) adapted to the headwaters in Brazilian semi‐arid?

AbstractSeveral fish species from Central America and other regions have been introduced into Brazil. In this study, we evaluated the bioecological aspects of a non‐native cichlid of the genus Amatitlania (convict cichlid) and its possible establishment in high‐altitude forest enclaves of semi‐arid Northeastern Brazil. Specimens of Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther, 1867) were captured in a local stream displaying abiotic conditions like those of its natural range of distribution. The individuals collected were predominantly adult, insectivorous and displayed normal length–weight relationships, although we observed some phenotypical plasticity (variation in body depth, and a morphologically abnormal dorsal fin in three cases). Our results indicate that A. nigrofasciata has successfully colonized an Atlantic forest enclave in the Brazilian semi‐arid region, making it necessary to adopt measures to prevent the species from spreading to other water bodies in the surroundings.

The soil fungal community of native woodland in Andean Patagonian forest: A case study considering experimental forest management and seasonal effects

Forest management can alter soil fungal communities which are important in the regulation of biogeochemical cycles and other ecosystem services. The current challenge of sustainable management is that management be carried out while preserving the bioecological aspects of ecosystems. Mixed Patagonian woodlands are subject to continuous disturbance (fire, wood extraction, and livestock), with unknown consequences for soil fungal communities. Our objective was to study the fungal community and the effects of an experimental forest management program, which combines harvesting and implantation, on the soil fungal communities in Patagonian woodland, in Argentina; considering contrasting seasons and soil parameters. At site level, the mixed woodlands appear to have greater soil cover with AM plants and soil chemical characteristics similar to other forest environments in the same region, with an intermediate fungal diversity value. When the seasonal effect was analyzed, no changes were observed in the fungal richness and diversity index, whereas modifications were recorded in the class level, in the ecological guilds, and in certain soil parameters; the inversion of phyla should be highlighted. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant phyla, and presented a tendency to an inversion between seasons: Ascomycota fungi predominated in autumn, while Basidiomycota were more abundant in summer. The Glomeromycota were not well represented in this study. The most abundant classes were Agaricomycetes, followed by Leotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Tremellomycetes, with some changes in the proportions between the two seasons, which could be related to certain soil characteristics. The most abundant orders in both seasons were Agaricales, Helotiales, Mortierellales, and Filobasidiales, correlated with some soil characteristics. The ordination analysis (NMDS) showed a correlation between taxonomic assignation and some soil characteristics, and only between class seasons. The most abundant ecological guild was saprotrophs (in both seasons: Hygrocybe, Mortierella, Cryptococcus), followed by plant pathogens (Ilyonectria, which increase in autumn); and the ectomycorrhizal symbiont (Hygrocybe in both seasons, while in summer Cortinarius, Clitopilus, and Geoglossum), all are related to C and N cycle. The only post-management changes observed in soil fungal community and chemical characteristics were in fungal richness (OTUs) and available phosphorus values; all the others (diversity indexes, taxonomy, and ecological guilds) were unaffected by this anthropic disturbance. It should be highlighted that available P and fungal species richness could be proposed as bioindicators. Future studies in native management programs, considering other aspects such as diversity of vegetation uses and system functions of the area will allow us to assess whether some of these changes are early bio-indicators of sustainable use and management.

The Influence of Some Sources of Nitrogen on the Growth and Development of the Phomopsis Incarcerata Pathogen (SACC.) Hohnel

Phomopsis incarcerata, known as the pathogen which caused the dieback of Rosa branches was detected in many orchards in Romania. Our investigations have approached a series of bio-ecological aspects of this pathogen: isolation, purification and obtaining the pathogen; determination and identification of the pathogen; establishing in vitro parameters of fungal development (nitrogen source). The isolate used in this study was obtained from Rosa spp. branches and was cultivated on three culture media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar and water agar which included five amino-acids: cysteine, glycine, beta-alanine, leucine and tryptophan. Leucine and glycine were favorable for the dynamics of the fungus.When the fungus grew on water agar, the sporulation was completely inhibited. The optimum pH values for the growth and creation of the Phomopsis incarcerata are in the range of 4.4-7, so weak to neutral acid.

The Influence of Some Sources of Nitrogen on the Growth and Development of the Phomopsis Incarcerata Pathogen (SACC.) Hohnel

Phomopsis incarcerata, known as the pathogen which caused the dieback of Rosa branches was detected in many orchards in Romania. Our investigations have approached a series of bio-ecological aspects of this pathogen: isolation, purification and obtaining the pathogen; determination and identification of the pathogen; establishing in vitro parameters of fungal development (nitrogen source). The isolate used in this study was obtained from Rosa spp. branches and was cultivated on three culture media: potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar and water agar which included five amino-acids: cysteine, glycine, beta-alanine, leucine and tryptophan. Leucine and glycine were favorable for the dynamics of the fungus.When the fungus grew on water agar, the sporulation was completely inhibited. The optimum pH values for the growth and creation of the Phomopsis incarcerata are in the range of 4.4-7, so weak to neutral acid. Keywords: Phomopsis, nitrogen sources, Rosa, pathogen

Rearing technique and demographic parameters of Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestre (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Tetrastichus giffardianus Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoid of frugivorous dipterans. In recent years, T. giffardianus has been detected parasitizing Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in different Brazilian semiarid sites. Thus, T. giffardianus has potential to be used in the biological control of C. capitata in semi-arid conditions. However, one of the factors limiting the use of this parasitoid is the lack of detailed information on rearing methods and bioecological aspects. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to demonstrate a rearing technique for T. giffardianus and to determine the increase in population under laboratory conditions. Specimens of T. giffardianus were obtained in the field through of the collection of fruits infested with C. capitata. The specimens obtained were used to adapt a rearing methodology for T. giffardianus under laboratory conditions. Information on demographic parameters for a T. giffardianus population was obtained using the same methodology. Based on the parameters evaluated, we found that the intrinsic rate of population increase of T. giffardianus was 0.34, the average time of one generation was 19.7 days, the population doubling time was 2.03 days and the finite rate of population increase (?) was 1.41. The demographic parameters obtained demonstrated that, with the rearing technique used, it is possible to maintain populations of T. giffardianus and enable them to multiply under laboratory conditions.

Tuta absoluta in Tunisia: ten years of invasion and pest management

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a pinworm native to South America, has invaded Tunisia, as well as the whole African continent, since 2008 inducing severe crop damages and substantial economic losses in all tomato-producing areas. During the last decade, several research studies and management efforts have been performed in an attempt to find out the most effective and sustainable pest control options against this devastating pest. Herein we explore, comprehensively summarize and discuss the most up-to-date state of scientific knowledge regarding bio-ecological aspects of the pest, its indigenous natural enemies and all categories of management strategies adopted so far against this economic pest in Tunisia.

Habitat suitability for Chilean silverside (Basilichthys microlepidotus) in the Mataquito River, Maule Region: a geospatial approach

Habitat suitability for the Chilean silverside (Basilichthys microlepidotus) in the Mataquito River, located in the Maule Region, was evaluate using geospatial analysis tools. Data were recorded in 2011 (a total of 40 fixed sampling stations) along the Mataquito River, as a result of five limnological surveys (i.e. January, March, June, August and November) in order to characterise the habitat and estimate the abundance of the Chilean silverside in the river. Preference curves were used to describe the dependence of Chilean silverside on relevant physicochemical, hydromorphological and biological parameters. The habitat suitability model showed that the combination of relevant parameters can more accurately explain the presence of a high habitat suitability index in the middle and lower sections of the river, as well as the lower half of the upper section of the Mataquito River. The habitat suitability model provides a comprehensive overall vision of hydrological–hydraulic, morphodynamic and environmental phenomena that determine the dominant habitat for Chilean silverside in the Mataquito River. Understanding the bioecological aspects of Chilean silverside and the dynamics of the Mataquito River system contributes to the establishment of policies for river resource conservation at the local and regional scales.

KESESUAIAN EKOWISATA MANGROVE DITINJAU DARI ASPEK BIOGEOFISIK KAWASAN PANTAI GONDA DI DESA LALIKO KECAMATAN CAMPALAGIAN KABUPATEN POLEWALI MANDAR

Ecotourism is a nature-based tourism activity that includes aspects of education and interpretation of the natural environment and community culture with ecological sustainability management. This study aims to determine the bioecological aspects of mangrove ecosystem as an object of ecotourism and to know the geophysical aspects of Gonda Beach as a supporter of mangrove ecotourism suitability on Gonda Beach. This research was conducted in November 2016 in Laliko Village, Campalagian Sub-district, Polewali Mandar Regency, including mangrove bioecological data collection including thickness, density, species and biota associated with mangrove and coastal geophysical data collection covering wide coastal measurement, coastal slope, depth, tidal, current, wave and substrate of waters. Result of research show potential of mangrove ecosystem to become ecotourism area with good condition of mangrove vegetation. The mangrove species in the ecosystem of the gonda mangroves are Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Xylocarpus granatum and Xylocarpus moluccensis, and diverse biota such as fish, reptiles, birds and crabs as a tourist attraction . Gonda mangrove ecosystem area is a very suitable area to become a mangrove ecotourism area.Keywords: ecotourism, mangrove, conformity analysis, tourism object

Bioecological Aspects and Heavy Metal Contamination of the Mollusk Donax denticulatus in the Colombian Caribbean Coastline.

Donax denticulatus is akey mollusk for the ecology of sandy beaches, serving as a controller of organic matter, microorganisms, and as bioindicator of heavy metals pollution. The goal of this study was to characterize some ecological aspects of D. denticulatus and its relationship with the content of heavy metals in their tissue, in three beaches of the Caribbean coast of Colombia. The results showed the study populations were different in terms of morphological characteristics and density (Berrugas-Sucre < Cartagena-Bolívar < Riohacha-Guajira), but not in sexual proportion; although density was clearly related to beach occupancy by tourists. Analysis of metals revealed tissue concentrations varied depending on the location (Greater means: Hg = 0.018 ± 0.004 in Riohacha; Pb = 0.110 ± 0.060 in Berrugas and Cd = 0.040 ± 0.010µg/g in Cartagena). No relationships were found between morphometric variables and heavy metals content. Principal components analysis highlighted Riohacha for presenting differences respecting to Bocagrande and Berrugas in terms of physicochemical water parameters such aspH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and conductivity. Results suggest tourism rather than environmental pollution could be a sensitive factor for biota survival in Caribbean beaches.

THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF ETHOLOGY AS SCIENCE ON BEHAVIOR OF ANIMALS

The science of behavior in the search for objective laws and attempts to develop concepts that could explain normal and abnormal behavior, has gone through several stages of development - reflex, biheviorialnyy, ethological. These steps taken oppose each other, but we believe that each of them is the basis for further development.&#x0D; In Ukraine, the famous ethologist was Professor of Kharkiv University Karazin AP Krapivny. His works are devoted to interspecies relations animals and bioecological aspects zoopsychology philosophical, mathematical analysis of complex behavior of animals. Kyiv National University. Shevchenko animal behavior and regulatory mechanisms mizhtvarynnyh relations actively exploring Podobaylo AV and VA Gorobchyshyna.&#x0D; The current stage is characterized not only by the lack of a unified theory in ethology, but also the availability of interdisciplinary connections, especially with comparative psychology and neurophysiology. Modern ethology phase lasts quite a long time, and it sometimes distinguish different stages. A number of famous ethologist believe that since the mid 80s of last century ethology entered a new stage of its development - the stage of the so-called "broad ethology." It is characterized, in their opinion, no discipline regarding the consolidation of a theory of private conduct and interaction based on the existence of one ethological approach. Anthropologists, although limited to the study of primates, made a significant contribution to the development of modern science of animal behavior at all.&#x0D; An important contribution to science made by psychiatrists, specialists in social psychology, veterinary doctors and employees of zoos and sanctuaries.&#x0D; The ultimate goal of the study of animal behavior that determines the practical role of ethology, behavior management believe (L. Baskin). Theoretical bases of behavior management: the theory of hierarchical social behavior of animals exposed mechanisms ritualization (demonstrative behavior that prevents aggression), communication systems, mechanisms for organizing your social behavior. However, the right to use the patterns found for the modernization and industrial livestock farming is not possible. We have to solve many specific issues related to specific species, his reaction to domestication (domestication of animals) and welfare. It found a significant number of rather similar problems related laws and domestication synanthropization (adaptation of organisms to exist near the person), their impact on the environment and animal behavior&#x0D; The development of animal husbandry is by creating new options for interaction of organisms with new physical and biological conditions. Excluding the effect of limiting factors, one introduces animals into new ecological niches. However, we are seeing with only weak changes in norms of reaction types. In most cases we are talking about the use of the existing range of standards reactions. Changing behaviors people use natural mechanisms to ensure lability behavior: simple recombination of elements within the complex, developing new responses to stimuli. Translating animals in the new environment, every time we have to review all aspects of their integrated behavior, creating the need for adequate reaction and eliminating unsuitable to the new conditions.&#x0D; In general, we can talk about a special field of research - Applied Ethology, in front of which are the following problems:&#x0D; &#x0D; Creation of an integrated model of behavior animals in artificial environments. Development ethological aspects neoevolyutsiyi (domestication and synanthropization).&#x0D; Delimitation variability coherent behavior and its elements in species important to the economy and development of methods of purposeful formation behavior.&#x0D; Study and use patterns of behavior in vitro livestock facilities, livestock grazing and intensive industrial economy.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; The evolution of ideas about the "mind" of animals and establishment of basic concepts of thinking (mental activity) animals and its effect was found in various areas of behavior over time. At all stages of the development of science questions the presence of mind in animals, its degree of development and role of psychology and behavior were mixed.&#x0D; The current stage of development of ethology characterized not only by the lack of a unified theory, but also the availability of connections, especially from comparative psychology and neurophysiology.&#x0D; Great contribution to the major trends of experimental and comparative approaches to the study of higher mental functions such animals have researchers like Pavlov.

Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. : Bioecology and population density

Kendal tree is declared as an identity flora of Kendal Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. It is predicted as a rare species; most of the local people do not know the existence of this tree. The study aimed to describe some aspects of bioecology and a population density of Kendal tree. An explorative study was conducted from March to July 2016, through interview, observation, and literature review. The respondents were determined by purposive and snowball sampling methods. The data were analysed descriptively. Results showed that there were very limited numbers (only five trees) of Kendal tree throughout Kendal Regency. The species was identified as Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. The tree is 3–15 m in height. The leaves are simple and arranged spirally, inflorescence dichotomous, bisexual, with five gamosepalous and gamopetalous. Generative reproduction occurred at a low rate. The tree grew optimally in a dusty, sandy loam soil, pH 6.0-6.5 with a temperature ranged from 27-34 °C, a light intensity of 450-1580 lux, and an altitude of about 10 meters above sea level. In conclusion, C. dichotoma is a rare plant in Kendal Regency. This plant needs an alternative method of propagation, regeneration and conservation using in vitro technique.

Key scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of high economic importance in a Mediterranean area: host plants, bio-ecological characteristics, natural enemies and pest management strategies - a review

Key scale insects that have long been considered as having high economic importance in Tunisia and for which several research studies and pest management programs have been undertaken include the mealybug species Planococcus ficus (Signoret) and Planococcus citri Risso, the soft scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) and the armoured scale Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas). The host plants, bio-ecological aspects, auxiliary fauna of each of the aforementioned species as well as the related economic losses and pest management strategies adopted are explored and discussed. Among these species, P. ficus is considered herein as the most economically important in Tunisia. Still, the present contribution constitutes the first review article on key scale insects infesting plants in the South Mediterranean Maghreb area.

Sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), vectors of Leishmania protozoa, at an Atlantic Forest Conservation Unit in the municipality of Nísia Floresta, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil.

BackgroundSand flies are insect vectors of protozoa from the genus Leishmania, causative parasites of visceral and American tegumentary leishmaniases. The present study discusses the bioecological aspects of sand fly species, transmitters of Leishmania protozoa, in different ecotopes of an Atlantic Forest Conservation Unit located in the metropolitan region of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil.MethodsTwo monthly captures were made in 1 year, using CDC light traps, in two anthropized and two preserved environments.ResultsA total of 2936 sand flies belonging to the following ten species were captured: Evandromyia walkeri, Evandromyia evandroi, Psychodopygus wellcomei, Sciopemyia sordellii, Psathyromyia brasiliensis, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Evandromyia lenti, Psathyromyia shannoni, Nyssomyia whitmani and Nyssomyia intermedia. The most common species was E. walkeri (77.6 %), followed by E. evandroi (17.5 %). Forest was the site with the greatest abundance (32.4 %), followed by bamboo grove (26.3 %).ConclusionsSand flies were generally more abundant in the rainy season and L. longipalpis, a vector species of Leishmania infantum, was adapted to anthropized environments. It was confirmed that P. wellcomei, a vector of Leishmania braziliensis in Amazônia, is a species associated with more preserved environments, and occurs only in the rainy season.

Tamarixia radiata(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) ×Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Liviidae): Mass Rearing and Potential Use of the Parasitoid in Brazil

Huanglongbing (HLB) is the most serious disease affecting citriculture worldwide. Its vector in the main producing regions is the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Brazil has the largest orange-growing area and is also the largest exporter of processed juice in the world. Since the first detection of the disease in this country, >38 million plants have been destroyed and pesticide consumption has increased considerably. During early research on control methods, the parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was found in Brazil. Subsequent studies focused on its bio-ecological aspects and distribution in citrus-producing regions. Based on successful preliminary results for biological control with T. radiata in small areas, mass rearing was initiated for mass releases in Brazilian conditions. Here, we review the Brazilian experience using T. radiata in D. citri control, with releases at sites of HLB outbreaks, adjacent to commercial areas, in abandoned groves, areas with orange jessamine (a psyllid host), and backyards.

Bio-ecology of malaria vectors in an endemic area, Southeast of Iran

To determine some bio-ecological aspects of malaria vectors in Jask County, where is targeted for malaria elimination in the national program. Mosquitoes were collected monthly during 2013-2014 using different collection methods. Subsequently, ELISA test was used to detect the human blood index of mosquitoes. The susceptibility status of Anopheles stephensi was evaluated against the diagnostic dosages of seven WHO recommended insecticides. A total of 3650 female and 4736 Anopheles larvae were collected including Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles culicifacies s.l., Anopheles dthali, Anopheles fluviatilis s.l., Anopheles moghulensis and Anopheles turkhodi species. Anopheles stephensi was the dominant collected species on human baits and indoors with high rate of unfed and gravid specimens in internal and external window traps. Human blood index wascalculated as 14.3% for this species. It was also found to be resistant to DDT andDieldrin. The collected species had a wide range of habitats, and resting behaviors. With regarding to the presence of most important malaria vectors in Jask, control of the disease may be so complicated; as based on the weather condition it can be transmitted during the whole year, expect for cold months. With this strong potential of transmission, existing population movements in the area may lead to imported cases of malaria and local outbreak(s). So, more specific studies on malaria vectors in high risk areas of Jask County are recommended.

The influence of the area of the Serra da Mesa Hydroelectric Plant, State of Goiás, on the frequency and diversity of anophelines (Diptera: Culicidae): a study on the effect of a reservoir.

Bioecological aspects of anophelines (Diptera: Culicidae) near areas under the direct influence of the hydroelectric plant reservoir of Serra da Mesa in Goiás, Brazil, were analyzed. Samples were collected at the surrounding dam area during the phases before and after reservoir impoundment. The influence of climatic and environmental factors on the occurrence of Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles albitarsis, Anopheles triannulatus, Anopheles oswaldoi and Anopheles evansae was assessed using Pearson's correlations with indicators for richness and diversity as well as the index of species abundance (ISA) and the standardized index of species abundance (SISA). The highest anopheline density occurred during the phase after filling the tank; however, no direct correlation with the climatic factors was observed during this stage. The reservoir formation determined the incidence of the anopheline species. An. darlingi was the predominant species (SISA = 1.00). The significant difference (p < 0.05) observed between the species incidence during the different reservoir phases demonstrates the environmental effect of the reservoir on anophelines.