Biodynamic Research Articles

Efficiency of plant nutrient enhancer for sustainable agriculture in diverse agro-ecosystem

Agriculture is a dominant sector in India, thanks largely to the Green Revolution. Though it has enhanced agricultural production, productivity, and the country’s economy, long-term studies show that synthetic fertilizers and agrochemicals injudiciously deplete soil fertility and disrupt the soil ecology. In this context, a few traditional farming practices (such as Homa farming, Biodynamic farming, Agroecological farming, Permaculture, and Natural farming, under the umbrella of “Organic farming”) appear to be a viable alternative for resolving the majority of the problems associated with conventional input-intensive agriculture. Natural farming, in particular, is lately become a catchphrase amongst farmers, policymakers, and stakeholders. In its broadest meaning, natural farming is practicing agriculture that adheres to nature’s laws by considering the balance of natural biodiversity around the farm to ensure the least disruption to agroecology. The nutrient management in natural farming practice broadly revolves around the management of plant nutrient enhancers viz; Jeevamrut, Ghanjeevamrut and Beejamrut coupled with other components like Achchhadan (mulching), and mix cropping. Different farm-based fermented concoctions, named as Jeevamrut, Ghanjeevamrut and Beejamrut, are added to the soil or used to treat seeds to revitalize the soil microflora, and so to enhance soil fertility. The different studies revealed that nutritional and microbial analysis of the Jeevamrut exhibited the presence of different macro- and micro-nutrients and a large population of essential microbes including Azotobacter sp., Actinomycetes sp., and phosphate solubilizers. The microbial counts increased from its initial values with time as the incubation progressed. Different reviews have been reported for variations in the microbial counts (bacteria and fungi) as well as nutrient contents in the Jeevamrut prepared from different sources. Application methods of the Jeevamrut have also their impact on its efficiency. The solid form of the Jeevamrut, Ghanjeevamrut; also have great nutritional content and culturable microbial count compared to the Jeevamrut and FYM. The impact of application methods of a fermented concoction called Beejamrut, have also been varied for germination, vigor, and protection of seeds, seedlings, etc., from soil- and seed-borne pathogens, according to different studies.

Organic cropping systems maintain yields but have lower yield levels and yield stability than conventional systems – Results from the DOK trial in Switzerland

Sufficient and stable crop yields are the basis for feeding a growing world population. Limited cropland, climate change, degradation of soil quality and loss of biodiversity coupled with excessive use of non-renewable resources require new solutions for future cropping systems beyond existing management practices. Here we analyzed mean yields, temporal yield trends and the stability of organic and conventional cropping systems from the currently longest-lasting cropping system comparison, the DOK long-term systems comparison trial (DOK) comparing biodynamic, bioorganic and conventional cropping systems, over a period of 40 years. We used yield data of winter wheat, potatoes, grass-clover, maize and soybean in a seven-year rotation, where bioorganic and biodynamic farming systems were compared with conventional mixed and sole mineral fertilized systems. System treatments have been established at a reduced half and a regular fertilization level, which corresponds to standard Swiss farming practices. Yields were significantly lower in organic systems in non-legumes between 13% and 34%, depending on the investigated crop, whereas in legumes, no yield reduction was observed in soybean and only 10% was observed in grass-clover. Half the amount of fertilizer reduced yields by around 10% in all systems and crops. Applied mineral N determined yields mainly in winter wheat and potatoes. Temporal yield trends did not differ between organic and conventional systems, nor between half and regular fertilization over all crops. However, in winter wheat, both conventional and biodynamic management with regular fertilization showed a stronger temporal increase in yield, while yield of grass-clover under biodynamic management with half-fertilization decreased. Increased yield differences between systems in single years were due to poor performance of organic systems rather than better performance of conventional systems. Absolute stability (measured by the variance) did not differ, but conventional systems were more stable than organic ones in relative stability, measured by the coefficient of variation, expressing the stability in relation to the yield level. We found no difference in both absolute and relative stabilities between half and regular fertilization. Long-term organic management results in lower yields than conventional management, but not in a decrease of yields over time. The similarity in both stability measures between half and regular fertilization suggests that the variation in relative stability between organic and conventional management might be more related to plant protection than to fertilization intensity.

Marna Pease (1866-1947): Founder of Biodynamics for the English-Speaking World

Marna Pease (1866-1947) was the founder of Biodynamic farming in Britain. The ‘Anthroposophical Agricultural Foundation’ (AAF) was inaugurated at the ‘World Conference on Spiritual Science and its Practical Applications’ (WCSS), London, July 1928, with Marna as the Honorary Secretary. Under the auspices of the AAF, Marna shepherded the fledgling Anglo Biodynamic (BD) movement through the turbulent times of the Great Depression (1929-1939), the Great Anthroposophy Purge (1935), and World War II (1939-1945). Marna stepped down in 1946. By that time there were reportedly over 400 members of the AAF. With Dr Carl Alexander Mirbt, she produced the first BD preparations in Britain at her home, Otterburn Tower, Northumberland. She took up the role of Honorary Secretary of both the AAF and the ‘Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners’. The AAF initially operated out of Otterburn (315 miles north of London, 74 miles south of Edinburgh). Marna was a member of the Executive Council of the Anthroposophical Society in Great Britain. She relocated to the Old Mill House at Bray-on-Thames (30 miles west of London) in 1930. Marna typed, bound, and despatched copies around the world, of the English translation of Rudolf Steiner’s ‘Agriculture Course’, to those who joined the Experimental Circle. She edited the first Biodynamics journal in English: ‘Anthroposophical Agricultural Foundation Notes and Correspondence’. Marna provided members with the BD preparations and she published BD pamphlets. She established a showcase Biodynamic garden and apiary at Bray-on-Thames. She recruited members, hosted visitors, and maintained an international correspondence with enquirers and members. Marna hosted Carl Mirbt (aka Mier) and his family, first at Otterburn and then at Bray. She hosted Dr Eugen Kolisko, Lilly Kolisko, and their daughter at Bray. Lilly’s ‘Biologisches Institut am Goetheanum’ (Biological Institute at the Goetheanum) relocated from Stuttgart to Bray in 1935. Marna was fluent in German and she translated Steiner’s ‘Nine Lectures on Bees’ (published 1933) and Lilly’s ‘The Moon and the Growth of Plants’ (published 1938). Marna’s legacy continues with the Biodynamic Agricultural Association (BDAA) in Britain, and with BD agriculture in the Anglo-sphere presently accounting for 30% of global BD agriculture.

Text highlighting: Three methodological studies to inform guidelines for implementation

Text highlighting was recently introduced as a method for exploring consumer attitudes and perceptions. It consists of asking participants to read a piece of text on a digital device while using highlighting functions to indicate those parts of the text that they ‘like’/feel positive about, as well as those parts they ‘dislike’/feel negative about. As with any new method, methodological research helps to develop recommendations for best practice in use. In this regard, the present research addressed three research questions (RQs) in three studies with participants from New Zealand, United Kingdom, Singapore and Malaysia (ntotal = 5381). In a qualitative approach, Study 1 (RQ1) validated the notion that the text highlighting task is not expected to induce bias. Study 2 addressed RQ2 and explored whether the process of completing the text highlighting task influence consumers’ topic- and product-related responses? There was minimal evidence of this, meaning that text highlighting can reasonably be used together with other types of consumer responses without much the risk of biasing the latter. RQ3 (Study 3) investigated whether the type of highlighting task performed influence text selection. To date the method has been implemented as a dual approach (i.e., selecting both ‘like’ and ‘dislike’ aspects of the text), however, this could tentatively bias either or both responses compared to a single response task where participants select only ‘like’ highlights or only ‘dislike’ highlights. Study 3 found no effect for ‘like’ highlights when comparing dual- and single-response highlighting. However, for ‘dislike’ highlighting, significantly fewer words were selected in the dual-response approach (although the difference in frequency of selection was < 10%). The findings were established in case studies pertaining to kiwifruit and biodynamic agriculture but require confirmation in studies with different products, texts and participants.

Dynamic use of Cow Pat Pit, Biodynamic Preparations and Peppering in Organic Farming

Working with the energies that produce and maintain life is referred to as biodynamic farming. It is a type of organic farming using farming inputs made from herbs, minerals, and raw materials processed in complex ways, and then applied to the soil and crops in minute doses. However, what distinguishes biodynamic farming from organic farming is that biodynamic farming makes use of an astrological calendar to determine the most auspicious times for planting, cultivating, and harvesting. It collaborates with the energy of the Sun, Moon, constellations, and planets to produce and sustain life. The ideas of biodynamic agriculture include substance and energy, soil, organic matter, humus, cow manure, cosmic forces, biodynamic preparations, crop rotation, peppering, farm organisms, and the control of weeds, pests, and disease. The main objective of this paper is to review and briefly highlight biodynamic cow pat pit (CPP), different types of biodynamic preparations, biodynamic peppering, and how they are related to the cosmic cycles. Biodynamic Cow Pat Pit (CPP) is a biodynamic preparation that uses cow manure to boost the humus-forming processes of the soil and encourage soil activity. On the other hand, biodynamic preparations are numbered from 500 to 508 and are straightforward, all-natural homeopathic remedies prepared from yarrow, chamomile, horn silica, and other plants. And lastly, biodynamic peppering deals with an unbalanced insect problem, animal pests, or weed problem. So, overall biodynamic agriculture uses the natural resources and energy available upon itself to create and maintain life. It somehow increases the nutritional quality of the food, improves seed vitality, fewer weeds, pests, and disease infestation, and produces living soil and healthy plants for sustainable agriculture.

Metabarcoding analysis of the bacterial and fungal communities during the maturation of preparation 500, used in biodynamic agriculture, suggests a rational link between horn and manure

Metabarcoding analysis of the bacterial and fungal communities during the maturation of preparation 500, used in biodynamic agriculture, suggests a rational link between horn and manure

Consumer insights about sustainable and ‘beyond organic’ agriculture: A study of biodynamics in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, and Germany

Agricultural systems that classify as ‘beyond organic’ have the potential to advance sustainability efforts. The present research considers these emerging systems from a consumer insights perspective. Using biodynamic (BD) agriculture as an exemplar, public opinions were explored in a multi-method and multi-national study with samples of consumers in the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, Singapore, and Germany. Across 1237 participants, the empirical findings pointed to largely positive attitudes. Between-country differences were minor, whereas consumer segmentation identified pan-national groups of people with attitudes that were, respectively, BD Positive (71%), BD Neutral (20%) or BD Negative (9%). In the BD Positive segment, consumers responded positively to the environmental and social aspects of BD agriculture, and it mattered to them that BD agriculture was a balanced and integrated approach to farming/food production. That is, they were not averse to the holistic/spiritual aspects that are unique to BD. Biodiversity, but also other aspects of environmental sustainability mattered more to consumers than social sustainability, notably worker welfare and community resilience. The research provides new consumer insights about biodynamics by being generic to BD agriculture rather than product specific (e.g., BD wine), and advances extant consumer research by jointly exploring environmental and social sustainability. Several practical implications emerge from the results.

Effects of biodynamic preparations 500 and 501 on vine and berry physiology, pedology and the soil microbiome

In the pursuit of increasing sustainability, climate change resiliency and independence of synthetic pesticides in agriculture, the interest of consumers and producers in organic and biodynamic farming has been steadily increasing in recent decennia. This is, in particular, the case for the vitivinicultural industry in Europe, where more and more producers are converting from organic to biodynamic farming. However, clear scientific evidence showing that biodynamic farming improves vine physiology, vine stress resilience, soil quality related parameters and berry or wine quality is still lacking, despite the growing number of research studies on this issue. To investigate whether biodynamic farming methods have an impact on vine physiology, berry quality and the environment, a five-year experiment was set up in 2016 in a commercial vineyard in Switzerland. In this trial, the two main biodynamic preparations 500 and 501 were applied and compared to an organic control. Vine and berry physiology (net photosynthesis, vigour, sugar, organic acids, berry weight, yield) were assessed from 2016 to 2020. Soil physical properties (soil bulk density, water holding capacity, soil structural stability, macropore volume) were analysed from 2017-2020, and, soil fungal communities were analysed by DNA-sequencing in the last year of the experiment (2020). None of the parameters related to vine and berry physiology showed significant differences throughout the duration of the experiments, except photosynthesis, which was higher when biodynamic preparations were applied at one time point. Similarly, the soil’s physical properties were not influenced by the application of the two biodynamic preparations in all years. Regarding the soil microbiome, the preparations 500 and 501 neither led to significant differences in fungal diversity nor seemed to impact the soil fungal communities. The present study confirms previous findings of different research teams that did not observe significant differences between organic and biodynamic farming methods in terms of observed soil and vine parameters.

Text highlighting combined with open‐ended questions: A methodological extension

AbstractText highlighting is a new method for consumer research, especially in attitude measurement. Presently, the method is evolved into a mixed method approach through a combination with open‐ended questions. While participants read a text they use highlighter functions to select content that they like/feel positive about, and content which they dislike/feel negative about. Immediately hereafter they answer open‐ended questions about the text they selected and why they did so. The mixed method approach was implemented in two consumer studies (1,554 participants) and the results showed that the combination of text highlighting and open‐ended questions achieved greater “completeness,” that is, more comprehensive insights on the topic of the research. The supplementary qualitative component of the mixed method design (i.e., the open‐ended questions) helped to elaborate the insights from text highlighting (i.e., the quantitative core component).Practical ApplicationsThis research showcases how the recent method of text highlighting can be combined with open‐ended questions, and that doing so is simple and beneficial. This is illustrated in two case studies on the topics of, respectively, biodynamic agriculture and vertical farming. The open‐ended questions were added to identify reasons underlying participants' “like” and “dislike” text highlights and helped to better interpret the highlighting responses. The combination of text highlighting with open‐ended questions is a general purpose method that can be used in many areas of consumer research—including novel foods/food technologies and product research.

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“Culantro”, also known as “cilantro” (Eryngium foetidum) is extensively used in seasoning, marinating and garnishing as a culinary condiment. It’s occasionally used as a cover for coriander leaves, but has a much stronger taste. Agro-homoeopathy is one of the newest approaches in husbandry exploration and also is the most chemical free, nontoxic system of growing food and other crops. So, this exploration was carried out with indigenous Culantro using Homoeopathic medicine Magnesium Phosphoricum 6X & 6C potencies at biodynamic farming prospective level. This study was conducted for 90 days to assess initial plant growth in 7 different settings to minimize obscurity. The growth was assessed by measuring plant height, number & size of leaves in millimeters. After study period the compliances shown that, Homoeopathic medicine Magnesium Phosphoricum 6X & Magnesium Phosphoricum 6C is effective in cultivating indigenous Culantro and can be recommended for agrarian field for cultivation of indigenous Culantro (Eryngium foetidum).

Substituting the Original Ingredients with the Endemic: Innovation of Yos Suprapto in Enhancing Rudolf Steiner's Biodynamic Agriculture Teaching

Substituting the Original Ingredients with the Endemic: Innovation of Yos Suprapto in Enhancing Rudolf Steiner's Biodynamic Agriculture Teaching

A comparative analysis of biodynamic agriculture and organic farming: Principles, practices, and impacts

A comparative analysis of biodynamic agriculture and organic farming: Principles, practices, and impacts

Value Chain Upgrading Strategies for Sustainable Coffee Industry:- A Visionary SWOT Approach

The government of India believes boosting exports of agricultural commodities is a sure-shot way to enhance the farmer’s income in the country [1]. Indian coffee is primarily an export-oriented commodity with over 75 per cent of the annual production being exported to various destinations around the world [2]. Small coffee growers dominate coffee production in the country. The study comprised both qualitative and quantitative data collected for coffee value chain actors in Kodagu districts of Karnataka during the study period. The main objective of the study is to develop strategies to upgrade the value chain for the sustainable coffee industry. The results of the study indicate that value chains for coffee are largely diffuse, with limited coordination in terms of quality and specifications in the conventional chain. For up gradation in the value chain in the study area farmers has to adopt Branding and Labeling, value chain through bio-dynamic farming, Sale through direct auction, Collectivization, Direct Sale of ripe cherries to a Corporate, Internet Marketing, organic certification etc [1]. This study suggests that upgrading strategies could be difficult at the level of the chain without any institutional support. Hence, the government needs to develop policies for effortless adoption by the coffee planters of identified upgrading strategies.

Consumer perception of the contributions of biodynamic agriculture to sustainability and biodiversity conservation: Insights from the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore and Germany

<h2>Abstract</h2> Environmental and biodiversity crises are upon us, and changes are urgently needed in global food production and supply chains. The present research, which is based on a paper currently undergoing peer review, delivers consumer insights about biodynamic (BD) agriculture which has the potential to advance sustainability efforts while also improving social sustainability. Using survey research, a multi-method and multi-national study was conducted with consumers in the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, Singapore, and Germany. Across 1237 participants, the empirical findings pointed to largely positive attitudes about BD agriculture. Between-country differences were minor, whereas consumer segmentation identified pan-national groups of people with attitudes that were, respectively, BD Positive (71%), BD Neutral (20%) or BD Negative (9%). In the BD Positive segment, consumers responded positively to the environmental and social aspects of BD agriculture, and it mattered to them that BD agriculture was a balanced and integrated approach to farming / food production. That is, they were not averse to the holistic/spiritual aspects that are unique to BD. Biodiversity, but also other aspects of environmental sustainability mattered more to consumers than social sustainability, notably worker welfare and community resilience. The research provides new consumer insights about biodynamics by being generic to BD agriculture rather than product specific (e.g., BD wine), and advances extant consumer research by jointly exploring environmental and social sustainability. Scale-free methods suitable for cross-cultural research were used, notably text highlighting and a variant of best-worst scaling. The former was recently introduced as an approach for direct attitude measurement.

Biological soil quality and soil organic carbon change in biodynamic, organic, and conventional farming systems after 42 years

Soils are the basis of life on land and the ways in which we manage them for crop production, impact their role, functions and quality. Conventional farming uses industrial inputs to a level that is economically justified, whilst organic farming systems avoid mineral fertilizers and synthetic chemical pesticides. This study investigates the long-term effect of organic and conventional farming systems on soil quality. The DOK trial (bioDynamic, bioOrganic, Konventionell (German for conventional)) running since 1978 in Therwil (CH), compares bioorganic (BIOORG), biodynamic (BIODYN), and conventional (CONFYM) farming systems at two farmyard manure intensities corresponding to 0.7 and 1.4 livestock units per hectare with a purely mineral fertilized system (CONMIN) and an unfertilized control (NOFERT). The treatments in the DOK trial vary in plant protection and receive system-specific organic matter inputs differing in rate and quality. With this work, we revisit the soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics across 42 years and redefine the previous perception of mainly declining SOC contents after 21 years of organic and conventional management (Fliessbach et al. 2007). After 42 years, we found SOC contents to be increased in BIODYN 1.4 and to a lesser extent also in BIOORG 1.4. CONFYM 1.4 showed stable SOC contents, while systems fertilized with manure of 0.7 livestock units and CONMIN lost SOC. SOC loss was highest in NOFERT. Enhanced biological soil quality under organic and particularly biodynamic management highlights the close link between soil biology and SOC changes. The impact of farming systems on SOC was detectable after 2 decades of continuous management. We conclude that recycling manure at a level of 1.4 livestock units per hectare permits maintenance of SOC levels and that composting manure, as performed in BIODYN 1.4, helps to further increase SOC levels and improve biological soil quality.

Novel approaches and practices to sustainable agriculture

The world population is increasing in a disquieting rate while the quantity of food to gratify this snowballing human population is an annoyance to agrarian scientists and policymakers around the globe. Today's population is snatching natural resources from the future which can endanger the future generation's right to have nutritious food and clean air. The causes for this challenge can be enumerated and listed out, but singled out as lack of and/or poor implementation of novel approaches and practices for sustainable agriculture. Some of the novel approaches are but not limited to climate smart agriculture (CSA), organic farming, biodynamic agriculture, sustainable intensification and regenerative agriculture; and novel practices as integrated farming system (IFS), precision agriculture, integrated nutrient management (INM) and integrated pest management (IPM). The adoption of these approaches and practices has been proven to safeguard agricultural sustainability. • Novel agricultural approaches are solutions for the sustainable production. • Novel agricultural practices imply sustainable production. • Sustainable agriculture has a direct positive impact on food and nutrition security. • Adopt novel approaches and practices in all scales of agricultural production.

Assessing Processing Waste from the Sea Urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii) Fishery as an Organic Fertilizer

The longspined sea urchin, Centrostephanus rodgersii, is a climate-driven pest species in south-eastern Australia. The harvest of this species is highly encouraged and in Tasmania, the existing fishery is expanding resulting in a large amount of waste that needs disposal. Research into use of waste products as inputs for organic or biodynamic farming systems can help reduce costs of disposal and keep the industry profitable; by sustaining or incrementing sea urchin harvest the industry can assist in their control. In the current study, urchin waste was dried and finely ground to a powder and applied to tomato plants in a greenhouse to examine the effect on growth and productivity. Urchin waste powder (UWP) had a mineral composition of Ca (40 g 100 g−1), Mg (1.7 g 100 g−1), P (0.03 g 100 g−1), Fe (19.34 mg kg−1) and B (38 mg kg−1), a pH 8.06 in water and an Electrical Conductivity (EC) value of 7.64 dSm−1. Seven different treatment rates of UWP (0.3%; 0.5%; 0.8%; 1%; 2%; 3%; 5%), were added to 10 replicate pots containing 4 kg nutrient-poor potting mix planted with tomato (Variety K1) seedlings. Plant growth, yield, quality attributes and mineral content of tomato were measured under UWP treatments with comparison against a Hoagland solution control. UWP influenced tomato growth and productivity proportional to the quantity applied, however, the Hoagland solution control had a significantly greater yield. Potting mix pH increased from 6.8 to 7 and higher available P was detected in potting mix receiving higher rates of UWP. No phytotoxic effects were detected. The highest UWP treatment matched the Hoagland control in fruit quality and nutritional composition. Processing waste from the sea urchin fishery has potential as organic fertiliser or amendment providing plant-available Ca and some microelements such as Boron.

Deciphering the microbial composition of biodynamic preparations and their effects on the apple rhizosphere microbiome

Soil microbial communities are crucial for plant growth and are already depleted by anthropogenic activities. The application of microbial transplants provides a strategy to restore beneficial soil traits, but less is known about the microbiota of traditional inoculants used in biodynamic agriculture. In this study, we used amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR to decipher microbial communities of composts, biodynamic manures, and plant preparations from Austria and France. In addition, we investigated the effect of extracts derived from biodynamic manure and compost on the rhizosphere microbiome of apple trees. Microbiota abundance, composition, and diversity of biodynamic manures, plant preparations, and composts were distinct. Microbial abundances ranged between 1010-1011(bacterial 16S rRNA genes) and 109-1011(fungal ITS genes). The bacterial diversity was significantly higher in biodynamic manures compared to compost without discernible differences in abundance. Fungal diversity was not significantly different while abundance was increased in biodynamic manures. The microbial communities of biodynamic manures and plant preparations were specific for each production site, but all contain potentially plant-beneficial bacterial genera. When applied in apple orchards, biodynamic preparations (extracts) had the non-significant effect of reducing bacterial and fungal abundance in apple rhizosphere (4 months post-application), while increasing fungal and lowering bacterial Shannon diversity. One to four months after inoculation, individual taxa indicated differential abundance. We observed the reduction of the pathogenic fungusAlternaria, and the enrichment of potentially beneficial bacterial genera such asPseudomonas.Our study paves way for the science-based adaptation of empirically developed biodynamic formulations under different farming practices to restore the vitality of agricultural soils.

Technical Efficiency of Organic and Biodynamic Farms in the Czech Republic

The aim of this paper is to estimate based on panel data from 2005–2012 the inefficiency and efficiency of biodynamic farms and compare it to the organic. Using stochastic frontier analysis and t-test we tested whether the biodynamic farms are less efficient in using their inputs than organic farms. Another concern was the impact of subsidies on the production and technical inefficiency of the farms. The estimated average inefficiency of biodynamic was 58.09 % and of organic farms 28.60 % and we found statistically significant differences between both groups. While the direct payments’ and support from EAFRD fund increased the production of both types of farms, and other subsidies’ decreased it, all type of subsidies decrease the technical inefficiency. The research is financed from grant No. 11110/1312/3160 - “AnalyI za vybranyI ch ukazateluIS biodynamickeI ho zemeIŒdeIŒlstviI – komparace ve sveIŒtoveI m meIŒrIŒiI tku†of the IGA, FEM, CULS.

A Model and Plan for Bio-Dynamic Agriculture based on Agricultural Producers Group: A Case Study in Moldova

A Model and Plan for Bio-Dynamic Agriculture based on Agricultural Producers Group: A Case Study in Moldova