Preparation Of Biodiesel Research Articles

TiO2-ZnO based nano catalyst for biodiesel production: synthesis, characterisation, performance & emission study

Biodiesel (BD) production from bio-oil in the agriculture-based economy could minimise the energy dependency on fossil diesel (FD). Viscous properties and lower calorific value of BD restrict their direct application in the DE. These properties of BD can be enhanced by using advanced material (catalyst, adhesive etc) along with by modifying BD preparation processes. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterisation of nanocatalyst (TiO2-ZnO) and their application in BD production from waste cooking oil (WCO) via the transesterification process. Catalyst TiO2-ZnO was characterised by XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis. Catalyst TiO2-ZnO in a 4:1 mass ratio indicates the maximum BD yield. Maximum BD yield of 88% was noticed for molar methanol/WCO ratio – 1:1; catalyst dose – 2.5 g/l; reaction time – 120 min at reaction temperature -65°C respectively. The prepared BD was characterised by FTIR, GCMS, and HNMR analysis and compared their result with fossil diesel. Engine performance confirms that the 20% BD containing BM increases BSFC and EGT by 40 and 8.33% and decreases BTE by 14.26% in comparison with FD. But HC and CO emissions decreased by 50.27 and 57.44% respectively. While CO2 and O2 emissions are increased by 2.65 and 4.76% respectively. Highlights A maximum yield of 88% with TiO2-ZnO (4:1) mass ratio was obtained. BSFC and EGT increased by 40 and 8.33%. HC and CO emissions decreased by 50.27% and 57.44%.

Analysis of chemical properties for biodiesel derived from crude palm oil

AbstractHigh biodiesel purity (98.86% to 99.54%) has been achieved using cooking oil, which undergoes various purification stages before being sold. This inherent purity contributes to the high biodiesel purity produced during solvent‐aided crystallization (SAC). This study aims to investigate the performance of SAC using unpurified oil as the feedstock for crude biodiesel preparation. Crude palm oil (CPO) was used as the feedstock, and the effects of crystallization temperature (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14°C), crystallization time (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 min), and shaking speed (32, 43, 61, 71, and 84 rpm) were measured. The highest biodiesel purity achieved was 99.05% at 6°C crystallization temperature, 30 min crystallization time, and medium shaking speed. Additionally, all samples met international standards EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 for chemical properties, including iodine and acid value analysis. These results suggest that SAC is an effective method for producing high‐quality biodiesel from less refined feedstock, potentially lowering production costs and expanding the range of viable raw materials for biodiesel production.

Carbon-based magnetic nano-particle utilizing nano-biochar as core and its immobilizing lipase for biodiesel preparation

Using the transesterification capacity of lipase to produce eco-friendly biodiesel is a promising method for the achievement of a Net Zero future. The method of immobilized lipase enhances the usability of the enzyme and improves its stability. Carbon-based magnetic nano-particles (C-MNPs) with nano-biochar as the precipitation core were prepared as the support to immobilize Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB) for biodiesel preparation. The nano-biochar particles were derived through the calcination of rice straw powder and subsequently ground to the nanoscale. FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and VSM results showed that the obtained C-MNPs with a diameter of 13–17 nm were showing excellent superparamagnetism, and effectively immobilized the lipase on them (CalB@C-MNPs). The optimal reaction conditions in a 100-mL stoppered flask for biodiesel production were dissolving 5 g soybean oil in 3 mL tert-butanol solvent, adding 1.16 mL methanol (molar ratio of methanol to oil 5:1), 0.15 mL water, and 0.2 g CalB@C-MNPs, and then shaking at 200 rpm and 30 °C for 24 h. Its primarily optimized conversion efficiency of biodiesel was 83.1 %. After repeated use of immobilized CalB for 8 cycles, the remaining activity and biodiesel yield were 79.7 % and 66.3 %, respectively. As a robust catalyst, CalB@C-MNPs exhibited outstanding transesterification efficiency, the ability for rapid recovery under an external magnetic field, and a promising candidate in biodiesel production.

UiO-66 with Both Brønsted and Lewis Acid Sites for Catalytic Synthesis of Biodiesel.

In the present study, an acid catalyst (UiO-66-SO3H) with Brønsted and Lewis acid sites was synthesised for the preparation of highly efficient biodiesel from oleic acid and methanol using chlorosulphonic acid sulfonated metal-organic frameworks (UiO-66) prepared with acetic acid as a moderator. The prepared catalysts were characterised using XRD, SEM, FT-IR and BET. The catalytic efficiency of the sulfonated catalysts was significantly improved and successful sulfonation was demonstrated by characterisation techniques. Biodiesel was synthesised by the one-pot method and an 85.0% biodiesel yield was achieved under optimum conditions of the reaction. The esterification reaction was determined to be consistent with a proposed primary reaction and the kinetics of the reaction was investigated. A reusability study of the catalyst (UiO-66-SO3H) was also carried out with good reproducibility. In conclusion, the present study provides some ideas for the synthesis of catalysts with high catalytic activity for the application in the catalytic preparation of biodiesel.

Efficient sugar utilization and high tolerance to inhibitors enable Rhodotorula toruloides C23 to robustly produce lipid and carotenoid from lignocellulosic feedstock

The utilization of lignocellulosic substrates for microbial oil production by oleaginous yeasts has been evidenced as an economically viable process for industrial-scale biodiesel preparation. Efficient sugar utilization and tolerance to inhibitors are critical for lipid production from lignocellulosic substrates. This study investigated the lignocellulosic sugar utilization and inhibitor tolerance characteristics of Rhodotorula toruloides C23. The results demonstrated that C23 exhibited robust glucose and xylose assimilation irrespective of their ratios, yielding over 21 g/L of lipids and 11 mg/L of carotenoids. Furthermore, C23 exhibited high resistance and efficiently degradation towards toxic inhibitors commonly found in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. The potential molecular mechanism underlying xylose metabolism in C23 was explored, with several key enzymes and signal regulation pathways identified as potentially contributing to its superior lipid synthesis performance. The study highlights R. toruloides C23 as a promising candidate for robust biofuel and carotenoid production through direct utilization of non-detoxified lignocellulosic hydrolysates.

Effect of solar powered MgO/graphene nano catalysed biodiesel production from Scomber scombrus

The aim of the work is to find the efficiency of solar power in biodiesel preparation from mackerel fish. The paper also focusses on the ability of MgO/graphene prepared by one-pot synthesis using combustion methodology. The physicochemical properties of the material were analysed by XRD, N2 sorption studies, BET sorption analysis and SEM. The adsorption studies revealed the porosity of the graphene is intact, and the morphology studies indicated that MgO is uniformly distributed on the graphene surface. The highest biodiesel yield of 98.95% was obtained using the solar-powered Fresnel solar concentrator at 12.30 p.m in 6 min reaction time using 3 wt% MgO/GO catalyst at 65 °C. Conventional heating produced only 75% biodiesel at the same reaction condition, consuming25 min to complete. The solar assisted biodiesel had better HHV of 37.81 MJ/Kg, viscosity of 4.3 mm2/s, pour point of −15 °C, and a density of 0.875 g/mL. The optimized catalyst showed a shelf life of 5 cycles. The results portray the efficacy of natural energy source in alternative liquid fuel production.

Efficient Preparation of Biodiesel Using Sulfonated Camellia oleifera Shell Biochar as a Catalyst.

This study prepared sulfonated Camellia oleifera shell biochar using Camellia oleifera shell agricultural waste as a carbon source, and evaluated its performance as a catalyst for preparing biodiesel. The biochar obtained from carbonizing Camellia oleifera shells at 500 °C for 2 h serves as the carbon skeleton, and then the biochar is sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfonic acid groups are mainly grafted onto the surface of Camellia oleifera shell biochar through covalent bonding to obtain sulfonic acid type biochar catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorption-desorption Brunel-Emmett-Taylor Theory (BET), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The acid density of the sulfonated Camellia oleifera fruit shell biochar catalyst is 2.86 mmol/g, and the specific surface area is 2.67 m2/g, indicating high catalytic activity. The optimal reaction conditions are 4 wt% catalyst with a 6:1 alcohol to oil ratio. After esterification at 70 °C for 2 h, the yield of biodiesel was 91.4%. Under the optimal reaction conditions, after four repeated uses of the catalyst, the yield of biodiesel still reached 90%. Therefore, sulfonated Camellia oleifera shell biochar is a low-cost, green, non-homogeneous catalyst with great potential for biodiesel production by esterification reaction in future development.

Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by immobilized lipase in magnetic ZIF-8 nanomaterial

Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by immobilized lipase in magnetic ZIF-8 nanomaterial

Comparison of photocatalytic vs conventional transesterification for biodiesel preparation from fish waste oil using green TiO2/SiO2 catalyst

This work has focused on various aspects that include environmental beingness, conservation of energy, and compatibility of TiO2 over the porous material SiO2. The current work describes the single pot green synthesis of TiO2/SiO2 photocatalyst using pongamia pinnata leaf extract. Core shell formation of TiO2 over SiO2 was displayed in SEM pictures confirming the uniform coating of TiO2 on SiO2. Fish waste oil was employed as the bioresource for the FAME preparation through phototransesterification and conventional transesterification methodologies using the composite catalyst. At the fixed reaction conditions (catalyst weight = 30 mg, and oil: methanol = 1:5), TiO2/SiO2 catalyst showed good catalytic activity in both photoinduced and conventional transesterification methods (97.5% and 98.6% respectively into 94.5% and 95.65% FAME respectively). The resulting biodiesel was tested according to ASTM standards which showed the viscosity of the photocatalytic biodiesel (5.6 mm2/S) and transesterification biodiesel (4.5 mm2/S) was higher and calorific value (<45 MJ/kg) was also marginally less compared to fossil diesel. The future scope of the work would be to increase the HHV and studies on automobile parameters of the prepared biodiesel.

Effect of n‐pentanol with novel water hyacinth biodiesel‐diesel ternary blends on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics

AbstractPresent research deals with crude oil production from water hyacinth biomass and its biodiesel preparation. Alcohol additive n‐pentanol is mixed with biodiesel and diesel blends to identify their effects on diesel engine performance and emission parameters experimentally. Water hyacinth oil (WHO) is produced through Soxhlet extraction technique, and its biodiesel is prepared by transesterification. n‐pentanol is mixed through magnetic stirring in biodiesel‐diesel blends to improve their combustion quality and efficiency. Prepared fuel blends properties are examined as per ASTM standards. Experimental results reveal that, BSFC and BTE are evaluated as 0.26 kg/kW‐h and 29.5%, respectively, with HC emissions as 29 ppm, CO emissions as 0.28 vol%, NOx emissions as 330 ppm and CO2 emissions as 2.21 vol% for WHB20D75P5 fuel at maximum load. The comparison of D100 and WHB20D80 with respect to WHB20D75P5 reveals 3.27% reduction and 7.27% improvement in BTE, respectively. Both HC and CO are reduced by 14.70% and 22.22% for WHB20D75P5 fuel compared to diesel. NOx and CO2 emissions are increased by 6.79% and 12.75% for WHB20D75P5 fuel compared to diesel. Overall, WHB20D75P5 fuel is the best performer.

RSM optimization and kinetics study of α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4@H photocatalyst with S-type heterojunction for esterifying crude castor oil to reduce acidity and synthesize biodiesel

The preparation of biodiesel from low-quality oil conforms to the concept of sustainable development. In this study, low-quality castor oil was used as raw material, and α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4@halloysite photocatalyst prepared by two-step calcination method was used to pre-esterify the raw material to reduce the acid value, so that the quality of the raw material met the requirements of a homogeneous alkali catalyst, and then biodiesel was prepared by transesterification catalyzed by NaOH. The results show that the doped g-C3N4 has a larger specific surface area and better photoelectric properties, and the photocatalyst loaded with 10 wt% α-Fe2O3 has stronger light absorption characteristics and electron-hole separation ability. Response surface method was used to optimize the experiment: the molar ratio of ethanol to oil was 11.74:1, the amount of catalyst was 3.44 wt%, and the reaction time was 2.72 h. The reaction temperature was 74.57 ℃, and the conversion rate of FFAs (free fatty acids) was 97.62 %. The catalyst was recycled 5 times, and the conversion rate of FFAs still exceeded 80 %. The photocatalytic esterification reaction in this study conformed to the reversible second-order kinetic model. The physicochemical properties of castor oil-based biodiesel prepared by adding additives or preparing B20 biodiesel meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

Preparation of biodiesel by transesterification of castor oil catalyzed by flaky halloysite supported ZnO/SnO2 heterojunction photocatalyst

Biodiesel belongs to renewable energy and is a potential substitute for petrochemical diesel. In this study, ZnO/SnO2@halloysite heterojunction photocatalyst was prepared by loading semiconductor zinc oxide and tin dioxide on layered kaolin by the improved wet calcination method, which was used to photocatalytic the transesterification of castor oil and ethanol to produce biodiesel. TG-DTG, BET, XRD, UV–vis and SEM-EDS were used to characterize the composition, specific surface area, light absorption characteristics and photocatalytic performance of the samples. The reaction conditions were optimized by the Taguchi method. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows: catalyst dosage 4 wt%, molar ratio of ethanol to oil 12:1, reaction temperature 75 °C. After 2 h, the yield of biodiesel was 96.75 %. In the study of catalyst reusability, the yield of biodiesel is still above 85 % after being reused for 5 times. The kinetics of photocatalytic transesterification was studied, and the results accorded with quasi-first-order kinetics. The activation energy was 75.02 kJ/mol. Lastly, an eight-step reaction mechanism of photocatalytic transesterification was proposed. The prepared castor oil biodiesel can be prepared into B20 biodiesel through additives or mixing to meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

Sulfonated reduced graphene oxide catalyzed fatty acid methyl ester production from macroalgae Dictyota dichotoma in supercritical conditions

Despite proposed alternative fuels in the recent past, the race for a natural substitute still exists. In this research work, we suggest biodiesel preparation from the rarely explored macroalgae D. dichotoma using a supercritical fluid system of ethanol/ THF. Reduced graphene oxide was prepared using dried jasmine powder as bio-reductant. Reduced graphene oxide was sulphonated using sulfanilic acid, and the catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET surface area, FTIR, and SEM techniques. The reaction conditions for algal oil conversion into biodiesel in supercritical ethanolysis were optimized. FTIR, and GCMS were eployed as analytical tools to analyze the produced biodiesel. The optimized reaction conditions were 265 °C, ethanol: algal oil= 15:1, Reaction time = 10 min, catalyst loading = 5% GO, and THF: ethanol −0.4 for 78% FAEE yield using GO. 10 wt% S-rGO yielded a maximum of 89% FAEE; and 22.55% C18:2. The catalyst was efficient till five cycles. The work assures the utility of abundant macroalgae for alternative fuel production.

The crucial role of interaction between WOx and Ti–Si composite oxide for selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol

Hydrogenolysis of glycerol, a by-product in the preparation of biodiesel, to synthesize 1,3-propanediol has attracted widespread attention because of its environmental and economic benefits. How to activate the secondary hydroxyl group in glycerol to suppress the formation of 1,2-propanediol is still challenging. Pt-WOx-based catalyst has been popularly studied due to high 1,3-propanediol selectivity but its stability is unsatisfactory. Here we synthesized an oxygen vacancy-rich support (HTSO) consisting of Ti–Si composite oxide to stabilize WOx species. The glycerol conversion and 1,3-propanediol selectivity of optimized 2Pt-10WOx/HTSO-1.0 catalyst achieved 40% and 46%, respectively. Moreover, the catalytic performance remained stable over 10 reaction cycles. Based on the investigation of the structure-performance relationship of catalysts, the excellent catalytic performance was attributed to the anchoring of WOx species by oxygen vacancies, thus stabilizing the chemical valence of W. The correlation between acid sites and catalyst performance was intensively investigated. This work provides an alternative approach for preparing stable Pt-WOx-based catalysts and deepens the knowledge of the correlation between acidic sites and 1,3-propanediol selectivity.

Unveiling the innovation: Optimized biodiesel production from emerging Acer truncatum Bunge seed oil using novel and highly effective alkaline ionic liquid catalyst

Herein, three novel alkaline ionic liquids (ILs) with nitrogen-containing heterocycles were prepared via a two-step method, which were then utilized as excellent catalysts for biodiesel synthesis through transesterification of emerging Acer truncatum Bunge seed oil (ATBSO) and methanol. The alkaline ILs exhibited favorable catalytic performance, with 1-(2,3-dihydroxy)-propyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene) hydroxide ([DPTD][OH]) exhibiting the highest catalytic efficiency among them. Furthermore, the effect of the independent variables and their interactions on biodiesel yield were assessed and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimal parameters, which consisted of a reaction temperature of 71 °C, a reaction time of 137 min, a substrate molar ratio of methanol to ATBSO of 12:1, and a catalyst loading of 1.3 wt%, the biodiesel yield reached a maximum of 97.3 %. The catalytic transesterification of ATBSO for the preparation of biodiesel exhibited an activation energy (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of 35.14 kJ·mol−1, 32.37 kJ·mol−1, −178.80 J·mol−1·K−1 and 93.70 kJ·mol−1 at 343 K, respectively. It is worth noting that, after the reaction, an automatic phase separation between biodiesel and the catalyst occurred, minimizing the processes of product isolation and purification. Additionally, [DPTD][OH] exhibited favorable reusability over the four reaction cycles, providing a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for biodiesel production. The biodiesel obtained from ATBSO demonstrated excellent physicochemical properties, such as good cold flow property and flash point, which conform to the biodiesel standards outlined in ASTM D6751 and EN 14212.

A Study of Green Synthesis of Nano-TiO2 Catalyst by Gossypium Leaf Extract and Its Nanocatalysis in the Synthesis of Biofuel from Gossypium Seed Oil

Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by aqueous leaf extract of Gossypium (Gossypiumarboretum) leaves on meta titanic acid [TiO(OH)2]. Rutile tetragonal TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM studies and their particle size was calculated, which was below 100 nm. The Obtained TiO2NPs were used as catalysts in the transesterification of Gossypium seed oil, which enhanced the rate of reaction. Thus, it is a very attractive catalyst for biodiesel production from Gossypium seed oil. The effect of the amount of nano-TiO2 catalyst and microwave heating was studied. In this study, the preparation of both catalyst and biodiesel from the parts of the same Gossypium plant and the feasibility of carrying out the microwave-assisted transesterification (green process) of Gossypium seed oil by using biogenic nanoTiO2 catalyst was explored. They improve the efficiency of transesterification. The used catalyst can be recycled by simple filtration and reused without reduction in its activity. It is a green method (affords nontoxic and noncorrosive medium), clean reaction, simple experimental, isolation procedures, gives high yield and the properties of synthesized biodiesel are in good agreement with that of diesel oil. So, it may be used alone or by blending with diesel.

Biodiesel preparation from Camelina sativa oil by homogeneous and heterogeneous transesterification

Biodiesel preparation from Camelina sativa oil by homogeneous and heterogeneous transesterification

Cohydrothermal carbonization of defatted microalgae and glucose for the production of supercapacitor carbon material

Most research on the utilization of microalgae resources is the preparation of biodiesel, but this method will produce a large amount of defatted microalgae waste. This paper mainly studies the resource utilization of defatted microalgae waste, that is, through the cohydrothermal carbonization (C-HTC) of defatted Chlorella pyrenoidosa (DFCP) and glucose (G), to prepare nitrogen-containing carbon materials for the preparation of supercapacitor electrodes. The effects of feedstock, temperature, time, and G:DFCP mass ratio on the yield and properties of the hydrochar produced from the C-HTC of G and DFCP were examined. The hydrochar yield produced from the C-HTC of G and DFCP was 43 wt%, which is much higher than that of the HTC of G (34.0 wt%) and DFCP (25.5 wt%) alone due to the promotion of Maillard reactions between the derivatives produced from G and DFCP. The specific area and micropore volume played important roles in the specific capacitances of the activated hydrochars rather than the effect of heteroatomic doping. At a current density of 1 A/g, the activated hydrochar produced from the C-HTC of G and DFCP at 200 °C for 5 h (AHC-DFCP+G-200-5) achieved a specific capacity of 220.95 F/g. After 20,000 cycles at a charge density of 2 A/g, this kind of activated hydrochar still maintained an outstanding coulomb efficiency of 100 % and a good capacitance retention of 98.26 %. This study provides a new solution to the high-value-added utilization of defatted microalgae waste and the improvement of the economics of microalgae biorefinery.

Taguchi method for optimizing the cation exchange resin catalyzed esterification of oleic acid with ethanol and adsorption kinetics study

In this study, solid acid catalysts (cation exchange resins) were used to catalyze the esterification reaction of acidified oil and ethanol for the preparation of biodiesel. The catalyst was characterized by SEM, BET, XRD, and FTIR. The esterification reaction was studied under various conditions using one-way analysis. Process optimization was performed by the Taguchi method, revealing that the optimal conditions for maximum oleic acid conversion (91.63%) were a catalyst dosage of 20 wt%, ethanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 9:1, reaction time of 5 h, and reaction temperature of 80 ℃. In addition, the adsorption behavior of cation exchange resin (S-CER) on oleic acid and ethanol during the esterification process was investigated. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption kinetic models of the resin were also established. This study focused on the dynamic equilibrium of oleic acid and ethanol adsorption on the S-CER catalyst surface. The adsorption process was found to align better with the Freundlich isotherm equation. According to this equation, oleic acid's maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 371.24 mg/g. Lastly, a pseudo-primary kinetic equation for the esterification reaction was formulated, and the calculated activation energy for the reaction was 35.59 kJ/mol.

Biodiesel synthesis through soybean oil transesterification using choline-based amino acid ionic liquids as catalysts

In this study, twelve choline-based amino acid ionic liquids ([Cho][AA]-ILs) were synthesized employing amino acids and choline as raw materials. [Cho][AA]-ILs were effectively employed as catalysts in the biodiesel preparation via the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. Among the synthesized [Cho][AA]-ILs, cholinium arginate ([Cho][Arg]) was selected as the appropriate catalyst. To optimize the primary experimental reaction conditions (methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst load, reaction temperature, and reaction time), an experimental design was achieved by the A response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The maximum biodiesel conversion of 98.58% was achieved with the [Cho][Arg] catalyst under the following optimal conditions: methanol to oil molar ratio of 9.13:1, catalyst load of 14.75%, a reaction time of 56.44 min and temperature 81.41 °C. A first-order kinetic of [Cho][Arg]-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil with methanol was shown with activation energy and a pre-exponential factor of 10.06 kJ·mol−1 and 1.1707 min−1, respectively. The ionic liquid [Cho][Arg] is a promising, easy to synthesize, and biodegradable catalyst that can replace traditional catalysts for the synthesis of biodiesel.