Kinematic Viscosity Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Efficient removal of alkali and alkaline earth metals from biodiesel using Ion-exchange resin: Performance and mechanism

Raw materials, production process, and other factors cause several metal ions to exist in biodiesel. Furthermore, the existence of alkali and alkaline earth metals seriously affects the quality and performance of biodiesel. To improve fuel quality, a 732 ion-exchange resin was used to reduce the contents of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions in Jatropha biodiesel. The adsorption efficiency of the ion-exchange resin for alkali and alkaline earth metal ions in biodiesel was evaluated using ion chromatography, while the adsorption mechanism of ion change resin on alkali and alkaline earth metal ions in biodiesel was elucidated via FTIR and XPS. In addition, the effects of ion-exchange resin on several key physiochemical properties of biodiesel, including oxidation stability, corrosivity, heat value and kinematic viscosity, were also explored. The results showed that the total content of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions in biodiesel was reduced by 88.19%, and the K+, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ contents were reduced to 0.11 mg/kg, 0.89 mg/kg, 0.53 mg/kg, and 0.78 mg/kg, respectively, after removing the ion-exchange resin. In the removal process, the hydroxyl group of sulfonic acid group on the ion-exchange resin is broken, and the substitution adsorption reaction between H+ and the alkali and alkaline earth metal ions in biodiesel is carried out. Moreover, the oxidation induction period of biodiesel was prolonged by 40.8% owing to the reduction in the content of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, which significantly blocked the decomposition pathways of unstable oxidation intermediates in biodiesel. The degree of copper corrosion in biodiesel did not change significantly before and after ion-exchange resin adsorption during short-term corrosion (3 h); however, the copper corrosion grade decreased from 2c to 1b after ion-exchange resin adsorption during long term corrosion (240 h). Nevertheless, the heat value and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel were observed to be independent of the ionic metal content.

Synthesis of Sn-CaO as a bifunctional catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

Herein, a simple solid-state method was employed to synthesize a bifunctional tin (Sn) supported calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst. The synthesized catalyst (Sn-CaO) was found to be suitable for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel in a single-step reaction procedure. To achieve maximum conversion, the physicochemical and surface morphological characteristics of the catalyst were investigated using FTIR, XRD and FESEM-EDX. Box-Behnken Design based on Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize biodiesel conversion. At optimized conditions, the variables affecting the reaction were, methanol to oil molar ratio (16.15:1), time (3.42 h), temperature (85.15 °C) and catalyst concentration (2.22% with respect to oil) that led to biodiesel conversion amounting to 97.39%. Three experiments were carried out under these conditions to validate the predicted model. The experimental value of biodiesel conversion in this setting was 96.72 ± 0.61%. The acid value and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel were measured at 40 °C and were determined to be 0.48 mg KOH g−1 and 5.3 mm2 s−1, respectively, fulfilling the ASTM and EN standards. The simultaneous esterification and transesterification reaction mechanism were also described. The finding of this study leads to an economical and environmentally benign approach to biodiesel production.

Fishhook characteristics of biodiesel lubricity during autoxidation

The effects of light, ventilation and antioxidant on biodiesel performance and the corresponding influence mechanisms are investigated during long-term storage. The biodiesel exhibits slow autoxidation and its physical/chemical properties change during storage. Light and ventilation conditions can accelerate the oxidation of biodiesel, thereby aggravating its degradation. During the autoxidation process of biodiesel, the grinding spot diameter firstly decreases from 165.01 μm to 131.45 μm and then increases to 362.5 μm, similar to the shape of a fishhook. During the initial storage stage, the fatty acid methyl ester in biodiesel is decomposed into carboxylic acid and small molecular substances such as aldehydes and ketones, thereby improving the lubricity of biodiesel and reducing the grinding spot diameter. After long-term storage, insoluble resins and sediments are generated, causing an increase in the grinding spot diameter. Specifically, the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel is increased to 4.407 mm2/s even under dark and sealed storage conditions.

Production and Characterization of Biodiesel from Avocado Peel Oils using Experimental Analysis (ANOVA)

The crisis of energy due to the increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources, biodiesel is an alternative energy source and promising potential energy that grows rapidly, due to its high contribution to the environment friendly, renewable, non-toxicity, biodegradability, essentially sulfur-free, and as a strategical source of renewable energy in substitution to diesel oil and contributes a minimal amount of net greenhouse gases. In this study, the extracted oil used for biodiesel production from waste avocado peel was investigated in a laboratory approach. Experimental results evaluate the major optimum process parameters for base-catalyzed transesterification on biodiesel yield as well as its properties. The most important variables affecting methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol to oil and the reaction temperature. A 95.2% FAME conversion was obtained using a methanol/oil ratio of 6:1, 1.21g NaOH, reaction time 67.5 min, and 60 0C reaction temperature. Important properties of (characterization) produced biodiesel are, (pHof 7.8, specific gravity of 0.88, density at 15 0C, kg/m3, the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel was found to be 4.22 m 2·s −1 at 40 0C, the flashpoint was 161 0C and Cetane number of 49 are well-matched the relevant international standards for biodiesel quality produced. This result shows that the oil obtained from avocado peel can be used for biodiesel production as an alternative fuel as compared to those of ASTM and EN standards.

Electrical properties and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel

Kinematic viscosity and electrical properties (permittivity and electrical conductivity) of biodiesel samples were determined in the temperature range between 298 K and 343 K. The samples were produced from sunflower, olive, canola, corn, soybean, grapeseed and jatropha vegetable oils. Electrical measurements were carried out in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 2 MHz.From the analysis of the experimental results, two models were developed to estimate the kinematic viscosity from electrical properties. The first model estimates the kinematic viscosity from relative permittivity measurements, with an RMS uncertainty below 0.4 mm2/s for all the samples. The second model allows the estimation of the kinematic viscosity from conductivity measurements, with an RMS uncertainty below 0.07 mm2/s for all the samples. The models and procedures presented in this work reduce the measuring time for kinematic viscosity from several minutes to a few seconds. The results are relevant for biodiesel characterization, on-line viscosity monitoring systems, and in measurements where time is prioritized over accuracy. Moreover, a power law scaling was found relating kinematic viscosity and electrical conductivity. This result is relevant for the study of processes that depend on these transport properties, such as flow electrification. For the samples studied, the fitted value of the power law exponent is -0.67±0.02.

Characteristics of Kemiri Sunan (reutalis trisperma (blanco) airy shaw) biodiesel processed by a one stage transesterification process

Kemiri sunan (Reutalis trisperma (blanco) airy shaw) is a plant that has the potential to be developed as a biodiesel feedstock in Indonesia because its fruit seeds have several advantages compared to jatropha and palm oil, including its oil content and productivity. The biodiesel production process consists of three stages, namely, esterification, transesterification, and purification. The process requires strong mixing to obtain sufficient contact between the vegetable oil and the catalyst or alcohol, especially at the beginning of the reaction. It is carried out manually in the reaction process through mechanical mixing (stirring) and heating in the transesterification process. Furthermore, biodiesel production process is greatly influenced by the accuracy of concentration and type of catalyst. This study aims to identify the optimal method for the process of biodiesel production from kemiri sunan oil. The research was conducted with a one-stage transesterification to determine the biodiesel yield and quality. The results showed that several biodiesel parameters satisfied the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for biodiesel (SNI number 7182:2015). However, the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel was still higher than the standard.

Improved biodiesel from palm oil using lipase immobilized calcium alginate and Irvingia gabonensis matrices

BackgroundLipase is an important microbial enzyme and biocatalyst in biodiesel production. The study investigated fuel properties of biodiesel produced from palm oil (PO) using lipase immobilized on Irvingia gabonensis and calcium alginate.ResultsBiodiesel yield from PO using free and immobilized lipases was highest at 35 °C and pH 7, with product yield using calcium alginate-immobilized lipase, CAIL (94.42, 96.9%) higher than using Irvingia gabonensis-immobilized lipase, IGIL (92.54, 95.8%). Biodiesel produced using immobilized lipases had similar pour point, cloud point, and kinematic viscosity, and they possessed improved fuel properties compared to free lipase biodiesel in terms of densities at 15 °C and flash point. Pour points, flash point, and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel produced using CAIL and IGIL met American and European Standards but density at 15 °C and cloud points are below both standards. CAIL and IGIL biodiesel had similar fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) compounds and consisted more of unsaturated fatty acids (hexadecanoate, 9-octadecenoate, octadecanoate, dodecanoate, and 9,12-octadeca-dienoate) than obtained in biodiesel from free lipase. IGIL and CAIL were re-used in 8 and 12 cycles respectively, with > 90% biodiesel yield achieved in four and 11 cycles.ConclusionsThe study showed that lipase immobilized on Irvingia gabenensis and calcium alginate and used in biodiesel production retained high enzyme activity and biodiesel yield in repeated cycles.

The study on the influence of oxidation degree and temperature on the viscosity of biodiesel

AbstractJatropha curcas biodiesel was taken as the research object, studied the single and compound effects of oxidation degree and temperature on kinematic viscosity of biodiesel, and established a mathematical model. The results indicate that the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel decreases gradually with the increase of temperature, and the mathematical model affected by the single factor of temperature is η = e(A + Bt + Ct2) . The kinematic viscosity of biodiesel increases with the increase of oxidation time. The regression equation between kinematic viscosity and conductivity is established as follows: η = A + Bμ. It is found that the influence of temperature on the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel is much greater than that of oxidation, and the higher the temperature, the lower the influence of oxidation on the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel. Through the analysis of the influence weight of two factors and the change rate of kinematic viscosity, it is found that with the increase of temperature, the effect of conductivity on the change rate of kinematic viscosity of biodiesel is positive, but the influence decreases gradually. The relationship between kinematic viscosity, temperature and oxidation

Study of Thermal and Oxidative Stability of Cottonseed Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel with excellent lubricity and biodegradability. However, its use may be compromised by factors that change its characteristics and occur during production, transportation and/or storage. Some of them are associated with biodiesel stability and can affect vehicle performance. The objective of this work was to analyze the main causes of cottonseed oil biodiesel instability due to the storage process, determining some physicochemical properties as kinematic viscosity, acidity index, refractive index, electrical conductivity as well as ester content, mass of precipitate formed and pH. The acidity and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel from cottonseed oil increase with storage time. The latter suggests the occurrence of a partial oxidation of biodiesel with formation of products that increase its viscosity. Gas chromatography results showed that even after thermo-oxidative treatment, biodiesel samples maintained the minimum ester content required by the ANP (Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels) and unsaturated bonds tends to be preferentially oxidized over other carbon-carbon bonds. There was no significant influence of light exposure (storage in amber and transparent vials) on the ester content, refractive index and mass of precipitate formed. On the other hand, the latter was influenced by the heating time.

Kinetics and thermodynamic studies on Moringa oleifera oil extraction for biodiesel production via transesterification

Moringa oleifera produces oil which can be extracted and converted to biodiesel. However, the kinetics and thermodynamics of this viable fuel have been seldomly investigated. We examine the kinetics and thermodynamics of the oil extraction for biodiesel production. The biodiesel kinematic viscosity (3.75 ± 0.04 mm2/s), cetane number (67.12), oxidative stability (15.2 ± 0.5), acid value (0.012 mg/KOH), pour point (−9) and carbon residue (0.020 0.001) satisfy the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) limits. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy distinguishes the biodiesel and the base oil at 1435.77 cm−1 (-CH3 stretch), 1195.74 cm−1 (O-CH3) and 1377.67 cm−1 (O-CH2) because -CH3 and O-CH3 stretches are absent in the oil whereas the biodiesel lacks O-CH2 stretch. The highly negative activation entropy (−214.11 0.16 J mol−1 K −1) and greater activation enthalpy (30.39 0.05 kJ/mol) indicate a slower extraction rate due to the higher energy requirement and stiffer transition of the extraction, respectively. The slower extraction rate agrees with the lower mass transfer coefficients (0.0119–0.0210 min−1). The equilibrium constant (K) is positive whilst the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is negative, indicating a forward and spontaneous process. This investigation of kinetics, thermodynamics and transesterification essentially provides in-depth knowledge on oil extraction and biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production from cotton oil using heterogeneous CaO catalysts from eggshells prepared at different calcination temperatures

Abstract Biodiesel is a fuel from vegetable oil or animal fat, and is a promising substitute for petroleum-derived diesel. Transesterification is the most widely used method in biodiesel production. Eggshell is rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and when it is subjected to heat treatment it results in calcium oxide (CaO). CaO from eggshells was prepared at different calcination temperatures, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained CaO was used as a catalyst. All catalysts showed good stability and excellent morphology for biodiesel synthesis. Catalytic activity was evaluated by the methyl transesterification reaction of cotton oil for 3 h, 9:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, 3 wt% (catalyst/oil weight ratio) catalyst and 60°C. Biodiesels showed an ester content of 97.83%, 97.23% and 98.08%, obtained from calcined eggshell at 800°C, 900°C and 1000°C, respectively. Biodiesel quality was affected by the acidity of the cation exchange resin. The kinematic viscosity of biodiesel was in accordance with specification, except for the biodiesel obtained from the calcined catalyst at 1000°C. The CaO from eggshells obtained at different calcination temperatures is promising for biodiesel synthesis.

Direct Methanolysis of Oleaginous Yeast Biomass (<i>Pseudozyma parantarctica</i>) to Microbial Biodiesel

In this study, intracellular lipids of a novel oleaginous biomass of P. parantarctica were converted to biodiesel directly using simple acid catalyst methanolysis. The optimum condition of this method was investigated. Under optimum conditions (0.1 M H2SO4, 10 h reaction time, 65°C reaction temperature, and 1:20 (w/v) biomass-to-methanol ratio), the yield of crude biodiesel was 93.18 ± 2.09% based on total cellular lipids. The composition of crude biodiesel was C16:C18 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) for 91.91%. Especially, the C18:1 methyl ester was the main FAME (47.10%). In addition, the result showed that this technique could produce the microbial biodiesel from biomass containing high free fatty acids (FFAs) without soap formation. The predicted cetane number and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel were characterized according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Our results indicated that this process produces a good quality biodiesel. Moreover, it can decrease the manufacturing costs of microbial biodiesel production from oleaginous yeast biomass without cell disruption and lipid extraction.

Prediction of density and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel by artificial neural networks

ABSTRACTEnvironmental pollution is one of the biggest issues all over the world. For this reason, researchers try to find alternative fuels for diesel engines, and biodiesel is the most profitable alternate fuel for diesel engines. In this study, biodiesel produced from cotton oil was used. The produced cotton oil biodiesel was mixed with diesel fuel at volumetric fraction of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 75%. Viscosity and density values at different temperatures for each fuel and blends were determined experimentally. Then, artificial neural network technique was used to predict viscosity and density. In this way, temperature and blend ratio were used as input for prediction of fuel properties. To train network, 85% of total data were used, and the remaining 15% of data were used to test prediction performance of structure. Results were compared with linear regression modelling. As a result, artificial neural network gave more accurate results than linear regression and can be suggested as good a prediction method.

The effects of long-term storage on the cold flow properties and viscosity of canola-based biodiesel

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effects of long-term storage on the viscosity and cold flow properties of biodiesel were investigated. Canola oil with a high content of unsaturated fatty acid was used to produce biodiesel in the experiments. Biodiesel sample was kept in ordinary atmospheric storage conditions for 6 months. The samples were taken from the biodiesel feedstock in every 30 days and cold flow properties and kinematic viscosity of the samples were measured. During 6-month storage, no significant deterioration was observed in cold flow properties and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel. Additionally, the same pour point (PP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) values (−11°C) were obtained during this period.

Neural network prediction of biodiesel kinematic viscosity at 313 K

Viscosity is an important fluid property because of its direct relation with the fuel injection process for engines. The kinematic viscosity of biodiesel at 313K should satisfy the range specified by the international biodiesel standards. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) method was developed to predict the biodiesel kinematic viscosity at 313K with the experimental data of 105 biodiesel samples collected from the literature. The ANN method only uses the mass fractions of 19 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) as inputs, which avoids the need of the kinematic viscosities of the individual FAMEs required by the prediction methods using the mixing equations. Two previously reported methods based on empirical equations, the Knothe–Steidley method with the experimental or predicted (when experimental data are unavailable) viscosities of FAMEs as inputs and the Ramírez-Verduzco method with the predicted viscosities of FAMEs as inputs were also extensively evaluated to compare with the proposed ANN method. Results indicate that the proposed ANN method is able to predict overall more accurate biodiesel kinematic viscosities at 313K with the mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0099 compared with the Knothe–Steidley method and the Ramírez-Verduzco method. In most cases, both the Knothe–Steidley method and the Ramírez-Verduzco method tend to under-predict the kinematic viscosities. The underestimation might be attributed to the viscosity contributions of minor mono-, di- and triacylglycerols resulting from incomplete transesterification and minor or trace amount of other FAMEs to the experimental viscosities, as well as the neglect of the interactions between the individual components in calculation of the mixture kinematic viscosities. However, the ANN method could learn to account for the viscosity contributions from the minor components and the interactions between the individual components to some extent during the training process. Overall, the ANN method realizes the best accuracy for the prediction of biodiesel kinematic viscosity with the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9774.

Cold Flow Properties and Kinematic Viscosity of Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a substitute diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats by trans-esterification in the presence of a catalyst. Due to its environmental friendliness, its use is becoming necessary in all regions, however, there are problems associated with its fluidity in cold temperatures. This paper examines the cold flow properties as well as the kinematic viscosity of produced biodiesels. The review shows that both properties are affected by the length of the carbon chain and degree of saturation. However, these can be improved by blending either with petro-diesel or less saturated FAME, as well as the use of some additives.

Base-transesterification process for biodiesel fuel production from spent frying oils

The concept of converting recycled oils to clean biodiesel aims towards reducing the amount of waste oils to be treated and lowering the cost of biodiesel production. Samples of waste oils were prepared from Spent Frying oil collected from local hotels and restaurants in Khartoum, Sudan. Selected methods to achieve maximum yield of biodiesel using the waste feedstock were presented and compared. Some properties of the feedstock, such as free fatty acid content and moisture content, were measured and evaluated. Biodiesel yield recovery obtained, from Base-transesterification process about 92%. Produced Biodiesel specifications were also analyzed and discussed in Base-transesterification process. Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel was found to be 5.51 mm2·s?1 at 40?C, the flash point was 174.2?C and Cetane No of 48.19. Biodiesel was characterized by its physical and fuel properties according to ASTM and DIN V 51606 standards.

Biodiesel production from Tung oil and blended oil via ultrasonic transesterification process

The effects of ultrasonic irradiation time ( t US) on the transesterification yield ( Y F) of biodiesel from Tung ( Vernicia fordii) and blended oils with CH 3OH and KOH, and on some properties of biodiesel such as acid value (AV), iodine value (IV), kinematic viscosity (KV), density and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) were investigated. The blended oil is consisted of 20, 50 and 30% of Tung, canola and palm oils, respectively. The molar ratio of methanol to oil is 6:1 and the catalyst concentration is 1 wt.%. Temperature and ultrasonic frequency were kept at 20–30 °C and 25 kHz, respectively. The t US was set in the range of 1–30 min. The results showed that Y F reaches high value of 87–91% for Tung oil as t US ≥ 5 min, while of about 92–94% for blended oil as t US ≥ 1 min. At t US = 10 min, the properties of biodiesel produced from Tung oil are with AV of 0.11 mg KOH/g, IV of 159.36 mg I 2/100 g, KV of 9.17 mm 2/s, density of 905 kg/m 3 and CFPP of −16 °C, while those from blended oil are with AV of 0.11 mg KOH/g, IV of 120.35 mg I 2/100 g, KV of 5.54 mm 2/s, density of 887 kg/m 3 and CFPP of −5 °C. Comparing these values with the ASTM-D6751 standards with AV < 0.5 mg KOH/g, KV = 1.9–6 mm 2/s and density = 860–900 kg/m 3 pointed out that the Tung oil should be blended with other oils in order to produce biodiesel satisfying the biodiesel standards. Moreover, the results indicated that a certain enough time, say 5 min, is needed to provide sufficient cavity heating and mixing via ultrasonic wave ensuring good properties of biodiesel produced. The KV of biodiesel using blended oil decreases from 6.26 mm 2/s at t US = 1 min to 5.54 mm 2/s at t US = 5 min, thus meeting the ASTM-D6751 value of 1.9–6.0 mm 2/s. The information obtained in this study is useful for the proper use of Tung oil in conjunction with other edible oils for the production of biodiesel with satisfactory qualities and the rational design and operation of ultrasonically catalytic transesterification process.

Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel components (fatty acid alkyl esters) and related compounds at low temperatures

Abstract Biodiesel, defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats is, has undergone rapid development and acceptance as an alternative diesel fuel. Kinematic viscosity is one of the fuel properties specified in biodiesel standards, with 40 °C being the temperature at which this property is to be determined and ranges of acceptable kinematic viscosity given. While data on kinematic viscosity of biodiesel and related materials at higher temperatures are available in the literature, this work reports on the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel and a variety of fatty acid alkyl esters at temperatures from 40 °C down to −10 °C in increments of 5 °C using the appropriately modified standard reference method ASTM D445. Investigating the low-temperature properties of biodiesel, including viscosity, of biodiesel and its components is important because of the problems associated with the use of biodiesel under these conditions. Such data may aid in developing biodiesel fuels optimized for fatty ester composition. An index termed here the low-temperature viscosity ratio (LTVR) using data at 0 °C and 40 °C (divide viscosity value at 0 °C by viscosity value at 40 °C) was used to evaluate individual compounds but also mixtures by their low-temperature viscosity behavior. Compounds tested included a variety of saturated, monounsaturated, diunsaturated and triunsaturated fatty esters, methyl ricinoleate, in which the OH group leads to a significant increase in viscosity as well as triolein, as well as some fatty alcohols and alkanes. Esters of oleic acid have the highest viscosity of all biodiesel components that are liquids at low temperatures. The behavior of blends of biodiesel and some fatty esters with a low-sulfur diesel fuel was also investigated.