Biodiesel In Terms Research Articles

Carbonaceous catalysts (biochar and activated carbon) from agricultural residues and their application in production of biodiesel: A review

Carbonaceous catalysts obtained from agricultural residue could have potential in the production of biofuels such as biodiesel. This review paper discusses the preparation conditions (temperature, heating rate, hold time, inert gas flow rate, etc play key roles in development of textural characteristics of the catalysts) and functionalization methods of biochar and activated carbon derived from agricultural residues and their application to produce biodiesel. Research works reported in achieving maximum yield of biodiesel in terms of variable precursors, alcohol-to-oil ratio, reaction time and temperatures have been profoundly tabulated. Effect of textural properties of the biochar and activated carbon (such as surface area, total pore volume, average pore size, and functional group attached with the catalyst) on the biodiesel yield are examined. Studies on Regeneration and reusing of the spent catalysts are carefully inspected. The economic evaluation studies for the biochar and activated carbon and the applications of these for biodiesel production are scrutinized. Finally, the strategies to increase biomass and catalyst productivity, future prospect and research directions to enhance biofuel/biodiesel production and for the development of biochar and activated carbon from agricultural residues for sustainable biodiesel production is suggested.

In-situ synergistic effect of ultrasonic irradiation and solvent addition for enhancing CaO catalyzed transesterification

This work focuses on the improvement of biodiesel production with the addition of solvents (acetone, THF, and methyl myristate) in CaO catalyzed transesterification of palm oil and methanol in an ultrasonic reactor using a methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, reaction temperature of 60 °C, and CaO loading of 5 and 10 wt%. The addition of acetone and THF in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation expressed the synergistic effect which can accelerate the initial transesterification rate by increasing the solubility and in-situ generations of microbubble droplets and calcium glyceroxide as a new active species. The addition of methyl myristate enhanced the biodiesel yield by acting as an emulsifier of the reaction mixture and producing microemulsion droplets with the help of ultrasonic irradiation. Moreover, the mixed acetone and methyl myristate with existing ultrasonic irradiation can promote CaO catalyzed transesterification by accelerating the initial rate and achieving a high biodiesel yield (97.3%). The quality of the synthesized biodiesel in terms of physical properties is proven to meet the biodiesel standard.

Comparison and Storage Stability of Biodiesels from Expired oils

Transesterification of expired vegetable oils is possible by heating them with a significant amount of methanol and an acidic or basic catalyst to improve the reaction rate and yield. In this study 4 samples have been selected, including 4 types of vegetable oils, namely: soybean, sunflower, rapeseed, pumpkin seed. The operative conditions of the reaction were reaction time (4 h), catalyst concentration (1 w/wt %), and oil-to-methanol molar ratio (6:1). The parameters studied to compare the quality of biodiesel obtained by each type of compound are: yield, pH, density, acid value. The results shows that The pumpkin seed have a positive effect on increasing the yield of Soybean biodiesels as well as biodiesel blends based on Soybean, Sunflower and rapeseed. This paper examines also the degradation of several biofuels in comparison with fossil fuels (Diesel and gasoline) with different storage conditions over 9 Weeks period. The Results indicated that: High temperature combined with the lighting strongly enhances the degradation phenomenon. The acid value of biodiesel (HM) is rapidly increasing at a rate of 0.91 mg KOH/g /Week. The pH of diesel has experienced a strong decrease of 66%. In comparison with Diesel, Diesel degrades strongly and rapidly from a biodiesel in terms of Acid Value, pH and Density.

Biodiesel from Dodonaea Plant Oil: Synthesis and Characterization-A Promising Nonedible Oil Source for Bioenergy Industry.

In this work, Dodonaea oil was studied as a potential biodiesel source. Dodonaea (Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.) is an evergreen shrubby plant that thrives in tropical and subtropical conditions. The plant produces high-grade biodiesel in terms of both quantity and quality despite its naturally high fat content. In the transesterification followed by esterification reaction, varied ratios of oil to methanol, constant temperature (60°), reaction duration (1 h), and different catalyst concentrations (0.25–0.75% (w/w) were utilized. A maximum biodiesel yield of 90% was achieved. For fuel characteristic analysis, the prepared biodiesel was specified and compared to ASTM criteria. The chemical composition was verified using analytical techniques such as FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. As a result of the foregoing, Dodonaea is considered a possible bioenergy source, particularly in the transport sector.

Comparison of emissions and engine performance of safflower and commercial biodiesels

Safflower oilseed needs to be studied in detail in relation to the production of biodiesel and its application in engines to be an alternative to commercial biodiesel used around the world. The aim of this study is to compare safflower biodiesel with commercial biodiesel in terms of emissions and performance of an engine using blends biodiesel (B11, B15, B30, and B100). Commercial biodiesel consists of soybean oil and fat. The tests were performed on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated, and direct-injection diesel engine at four engine loads with a constant engine speed of 3000 rpm. The comparison shows that safflower biodiesel has relatively closer fuel properties to commercial biodiesel than those of diesel oil. The engine power was less affected by increasing engine loads and increasing safflower biodiesel blends compared to commercial biodiesel. Safflower B11 reduced the specific consumption by 2% in relation to diesel (D100) at a load of 3000 W. Safflower biodiesel B11 showed lower carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) compared to commercial biodiesel at high engine loads. The use of safflower biodiesel and commercial biodiesel blend B11 reduced NOx emissions by 15% at a high load of 3000 W. Therefore, safflower biodiesel is a promising alternative to diesel, although it has a higher production cost.

Effect of various ethanol/diesel cosolvents addition on combustion and emission characteristics of a CRDI heavy diesel engine

Solubility between ethanol and diesel impedes the application of ethanol in diesel engines. The objective of the experiment is to compare combustion and emission characteristics of ethanol/diesel fuels using biodiesel, n-pentanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF) as cosolvents respectively on a diesel engine under variable engine loads, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates, and injection timings. The results show: All tested blends increase the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) except at low load, and THF/ethanol/diesel fuel exhibits a higher ITE. The Coefficient of Variations of Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (COVIMEP) of ethanol/diesel blends is higher than that of diesel at low load. Under EGR conditions, ethanol/diesel blends run at lower COVIMEP, especially for biodiesel/ethanol/diesel fuel. At higher loads, all ethanol/diesel blends can decrease carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, especially for THF/ethanol/diesel fuel. Excessive retard of injection timing will increase CO and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions of ethanol/diesel fuels. The soot emissions of THF/ethanol/diesel fuel are lower than those of n-pentanol/ethanol/diesel fuel under higher EGR rates. The effect of injection timing on soot emissions becomes more pronounced at slightly higher EGR rates. Compared to diesel, biodiesel/ethanol/diesel fuel increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, especially at medium-low load, whereas n-pentanol/ethanol/diesel and THF/ethanol/diesel fuels reduce NOx at low and high loads, slightly increase NOx emissions at medium loads. In conclusion, THF may be a more promising ethanol/diesel cosolvent compared with high alcohols and biodiesel in terms of fuel economy and emissions, especially under EGR and heavy load conditions.

Critical review on use of different types of bio-diesel as sustainable fuel for Internal Combustion Engines

World’s major transportation energy requirement cannot be met alone by use of fossil fuel based petroleum products. So, as a supplement and sustainable energy usage scope and production of bio diesel is highlighted in this article. Bio-diesel can also be the part of renewable biomass sources available freely on this planet. Use of bio diesel can be made successfully by minor modification in existing transportation vehicles easily. Still further research is going on for to overcome the limitations regarding use of bio diesel in I.C. engines like as piston ring sticking, injector chocking etc. due to its high viscosity. The present work focuses on use of bio diesel in terms of its performance characteristics in IC Engines. Keywords: Bio-Fuel; Diesel Engine; Vegetable Oil; Pollutants

An assessment of surrogate fuel using Bayesian multiple kernel learning model in sight of sooting tendency

An integrated and systematic database of sooting tendency with more than 190 kinds of fuels was obtained through a series of experimental investigations. The laser-induced incandescence (LII) method was used to acquire the 2D distribution of soot volume fraction, and an apparatus-independent yield sooting index (YSI) was experimentally obtained. Based on the database, a novel predicting model of YSI values for surrogate fuels was proposed with the application of a machine learning method, named the Bayesian multiple kernel learning (BMKL) model. A high correlation coefficient (0.986) between measured YSIs and predicted values with the BMKL model was obtained, indicating that the BMKL model had a reliable and accurate predictive capacity for YSI values of surrogate fuels. The BMKL model provides an accurate and low-cost approach to assess surrogate performances of diesel, jet fuel, and biodiesel in terms of sooting tendency. Particularly, this model is one of the first attempts to predict the sooting tendencies of surrogate fuels that concurrently contain hydrocarbon and oxygenated components and shows a satisfying matching level. During surrogate formulation, the BMKL model can be used to shrink the surrogate candidate list in terms of sooting tendency and ensure the optimal surrogate has a satisfying matching level of soot behaviors. Due to the high accuracy and resolution of YSI prediction, the BMKL model is also capable of providing distinguishing information of sooting tendency for surrogate design.

A simple method for extraction of Ricinus communis L. oil and its application for biodiesel production by ethylic route

Biodiesel is a clean fuel, and an alternative to the environmental complications ascribed to fossil fuels. However, the forms of its production are still the object of research in the literature because some issues related to its process improvement and economical viability remain a challenge. Consequently, this research aims to produce biodiesel by the ethylic route from Ricinus communis L. oil extracted with a simple solid liquid extraction method without the use of the soxhled extractor and inspired from rural communities practices. In this sense, Ricinus communis L. was extracted by n-hexane as solvent, obtaining biodiesel through ethyl transesterification via alkaline catalysis. The characterization of biodiesel in terms of—acid value (AV), combustibility and corrosivity to copper. The results indicated that the yield of the extracted oil was 14% in relation to the mass of seeds used, the value of the AV was 0.96 mg NaOH/g, showing in this case that the oil can be used in the transesterification process to obtain biodiesel. The biodiesel yield obtained was 37% and the AV was 1.98 mg NaOH/g, being considered above the acceptable value for its use in diesel engines, and should be neutralized to at least 0.8 mg NaOH/g. Based on this work, biodiesel was obtained via ethyl esterification of Ricinus communis L. oil extracted from a simple and easy method.

Improved biodiesel from palm oil using lipase immobilized calcium alginate and Irvingia gabonensis matrices

BackgroundLipase is an important microbial enzyme and biocatalyst in biodiesel production. The study investigated fuel properties of biodiesel produced from palm oil (PO) using lipase immobilized on Irvingia gabonensis and calcium alginate.ResultsBiodiesel yield from PO using free and immobilized lipases was highest at 35 °C and pH 7, with product yield using calcium alginate-immobilized lipase, CAIL (94.42, 96.9%) higher than using Irvingia gabonensis-immobilized lipase, IGIL (92.54, 95.8%). Biodiesel produced using immobilized lipases had similar pour point, cloud point, and kinematic viscosity, and they possessed improved fuel properties compared to free lipase biodiesel in terms of densities at 15 °C and flash point. Pour points, flash point, and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel produced using CAIL and IGIL met American and European Standards but density at 15 °C and cloud points are below both standards. CAIL and IGIL biodiesel had similar fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) compounds and consisted more of unsaturated fatty acids (hexadecanoate, 9-octadecenoate, octadecanoate, dodecanoate, and 9,12-octadeca-dienoate) than obtained in biodiesel from free lipase. IGIL and CAIL were re-used in 8 and 12 cycles respectively, with > 90% biodiesel yield achieved in four and 11 cycles.ConclusionsThe study showed that lipase immobilized on Irvingia gabenensis and calcium alginate and used in biodiesel production retained high enzyme activity and biodiesel yield in repeated cycles.

Flash point prediction with UNIFAC type models of ethylic biodiesel and binary/ternary mixtures of FAEEs

In order to guarantee safe handling of a combustible liquid, such as biodiesel, it is important to be aware of its Flash Point (FP). Thus, the present study focused on FP experimental measurement and thermodynamic correlation of binary and ternary mixtures of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) as surrogates for biodiesel. FP of different types of ethylic biodiesel in terms of feedstock (canola, corn, cotton and soy oils) were also measured and compared with the predicted values. Experiments were carried out in agreement with the standard closed cup procedure ASTM D6450. Liaw’s model was applied to FP prediction, with liquid phase non-ideality description accounted for by UNIFAC group contribution models (Original UNIFAC, UNIFAC-Dortmund and UNIFAC-Bessa with revised parameters for fats). FP prediction accounting for non-ideality proved to be accurate, with some difference between the UNIFAC type models and Root Mean Square Deviations (RMSD) varying from 0.27 K to 3.95 K for binary and ternary mixtures.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel Prepared from Spent Bleaching Clay Residual Oil.

Energy plays a key role in each sector of life ranging from basic needs to better standards of life. The world is concerned about 3 ps (population, poverty, and pollution). The increase of these three factors has led the search of the best alternative sources of energies to fulfill all needs of a modern way of life. Biodiesel is a sustainable energy source that has proved to be the best alternate of mineral diesel that possesses similar properties as found in mineral diesel. The recent trend in biodiesel research is towards the use of very cheap feedstock to make this substitute more economical. Following this similar trend, the attempt is made to produce biodiesel from less expensive feedstock namely; residual oil of spent bleaching clay (SBC). In the first step, the quantity of the residual oil that can be recovered followed by assessing its quality was investigated. Afterward, a two-step method of the transesterification process was employed to enhance the yield of methyl ester. The highest yield of 85% was obtained. Key fuel properties were measured and found in good agreement with ASTMD 6751 standards limits. The study also concerned with the practical availability of biodiesel in terms of its stability. For this purpose, produced biodiesel was evaluated for its oxidation stability during 90 days of storage by FT-IR and rancimat methods.

Modeling of cetane number of biodiesel from fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) information using GA-, PSO-, and HGAPSO- LSSVM models

One of the major properties of biodiesel fuels is cetane number (CN) which expresses the ignition characteristics and quality of motor power. The main idea of this work was proposing an accurate model for estimation of the cetane number of biodiesel in terms of fatty acid methyl esters composition. In doing so, least-square support vector machine (LSSVM) approach was coupled with Genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and hybrid of GA and PSO (HGAPSO) algorithms and a total number of 232 samples of fuels were extracted from literature. The coefficient of determination (R2), mean relative errors (MREs), mean squared errors (MSEs) and standard deviations (STD) were calculated for evaluation of the models. The R2 values in the testing phase for LSSVM-GA, LSSVM-PSO, and LSSVM-HGAPSO were estimated by 0.965, 0.966 and 0.978 respectively. The statistical and graphical analyses showed that the LSSVM algorithm coupled with GA, PSO or HGAPSO algorithms can be used as an accurate model for estimation of the cetane number of the biodiesel fuels.

Biodiesel synthesis from transesterified Madhuca indica oil by waste egg shell–derived heterogeneous catalyst: parametric optimization by Taguchi approach

The present study investigates the synthesis of biodiesel from Madhuca indica oil (MIO) employing waste egg shell–derived heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst, developed by calcination of waste egg shells and successive impregnation of sodium using sodium nitrate, was employed to catalyse transesterification of waste Madhuca indica seeds–derived non-edible oil. The productivity of biodiesel in terms of yield was optimized to attain maximum conversion employing Taguchi approach. Initially, parameters affecting the yield were identified statistically and optimized condition for each significant parameter was derived using 3FI model. Among the selected parameters, yield was mainly affected by Methanol to oil ratio (M/O), reaction temperature, and the sodium nitrate concentration kept at the time of impregnation (MCI). The selected optimization technique revealed its accuracy in prediction of maximum biodiesel yield of 81.56% at M/O 9:1, MCI 5%, and temperature 60 °C. The predicted optimized conditions were validated by confirmatory experiments. The produced biodiesel was also characterized by following ASTM standards. Thus, overall results have proved that the waste egg shell–derived catalyst is reusable and bears appreciable catalytic activity for catalysing the transesterification of poor-quality MIO. Hence, it could be said that the proposed study would be beneficial in converting waste into active solid catalyst and renewable fuel.

Liquid-liquid equilibrium for systems composed by biodiesel from Catolé oil (Syagrus cearensis) - methanol and glycerol

The biodiesel inclusion in the Brazilian energy matrix still faces challenges due to the lack of diversity of raw material and the high costs associated with the stages of production, purification and phase separation of the biofuel. In this work, the potential of Catol? (Syagrus cearensis) was evaluated as an alternative source for biodiesel production, through methyl transesterification by alkaline catalysis. Given the absence of reported data on this oilseed, the aim of the present paper is to characterize the oil and biodiesel in terms of density, kinematic viscosity, and acid value. A liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) study of Catol? biodiesel-methanol-glycerin systems at 298.15, 308.15 and 323.15 K at atmospheric pressure was also carried out. Results showed that Catol? seed oil is a viable alternative for biodiesel production, with parameters found in accordance with the quality standards and an ester yield of 97.1%. Ternary diagrams showed that the solubility of the components lowers at low temperatures. Tie-lines evidenced higher affinity of methanol with the glycerin-rich phase. Distribution and selectivity coefficients were determined and the Othmer-Tobias and Hand correlations were applied to verify the quality of the experimental data. The determination indices (>0.97) proved the thermodynamic consistency of the data.

Testing of anisole and methyl acetate as additives to diesel and biodiesel fuels in a compression ignition engine

This paper investigates the effects of anisole and methyl acetate (as fuel additives) on the performance and emission characteristics of a compression-ignition (i.e., diesel) engine. Anisole and methyl acetate can be obtained from methylation of phenol and acetic acid, respectively. Phenol and acetic acid are compounds which are abundant in bio-oil derived from pyrolysis of wood and is thus renewable in nature. Using methyl acetate as a diesel fuel additive in compression-ignition engines has rarely been reported in the literature. The objective of the current work is to provide testing results of methyl acetate and perform comparisons with anisole as fuel additives for both diesel and biodiesel fuels. The effects of loads, additive type, and base fuels were tested. The tested loads include 0, 1.26, 2.52, and 3.78 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and the base fuels include No.2 diesel and biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The additive concentrations were kept at 10% by volume. Engine performance, exhaust emissions, and in-cylinder combustion were measured and analyzed. For diesel-anisole (DA) blends, it was seen that the blends were comparable to diesel in terms of performance but with slightly higher fuel consumption rates. HC and CO emissions reduced slightly, however, NOx and soot concentration increased. Diesel-methyl acetate (DM) blends were comparable to diesel in terms of performance with a slight increase in the fuel consumption rates. HC and CO emissions decreased with added methyl acetates. NOx and soot concentration increased. Both anisole and methyl acetate of 10% by volume in biodiesel were tested and it was observed that both blends were slightly better than pure biodiesel in terms of performance. HC and CO emissions reduced for both blends. NOx and soot concentration however increased as compared to pure biodiesel. From the experiments, it is believed that both anisole and methyl acetate can be used as suitable additives to diesel and biodiesel in terms of performance; however, the emissions of NOx and soot can pose a challenge.

Recent Development in the Production of Third Generation Biodiesel from Microalgae

Increasing global energy demand at a rate faster than the population growth has led the researcher to look for alternative fuel. Amongst the options, biodiesel is an environmentally sustainable substitute of diesel fuel being renewable, biodegradable and have similar properties of fossil diesel. Among the biodiesel sources, microalgae is a potential third generation biodiesel feedstock which can be produced throughout the year and its oil yield is higher than any other crops. This paper reviews recent development in microalgae biodiesel in terms of its oil extraction technics, challenges of oil extraction, production of biodiesel from microalgae oil and its fuel properties. Finally, the paper discusses the performance and combustion analysis of diesel engine fuelled with microalgae biodiesel. This paper provides a clear understanding of the potential use of microalgae biodiesel as an alternative source to fossil diesel for diesel engines.

Combustion performance and pollutant emissions analysis of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and its blend with 2-methylfuran

2-Methylfuran (MF) is a promising and attractive alternative fuel with its improved production technology, but MF is rarely applied into compression ignition engines. Here the impacts of fuel characteristics and loads on burning and emissions were investigated in a four-cylinder direct-injection compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel and its mixtures with MF. The experimental conditions were load at 0.13–1.13 MPa brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and speed at 1800 rpm. At 0.13 MPa BMEP, with the rising MF mass fraction, the largest values of heat release rate and cylinder pressure both declined, but both increased at 0.63 and 0.88 MPa BMEP. Biodiesel-MF blends were featured with shorter burning duration and longer ignition delay at medium and high loads. Both regulated and unregulated emissions were measured. Less HC and CO and more NOx were emitted, while the soot emissions were constantly low with the increasing MF mass fraction. Unregulated emissions of 1,3-butadiene, benzene and acetaldehyde decreased with the increasing MF mass fraction at both modest and high loads. With further engine loading, less benzene and acetaldehyde were emitted, while 1,3-butadiene emissions first dropped and then rose. The biodiesel blended with low mass fraction of MF outperformed pure biodiesel in terms of combustion and emissions except for BM30.

Analitik Hiyerarşi Proses Kullanarak Farklı Biyodizellerin Alternatif Yakıt Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

The industrialization that develops with the increasing population causes an increase in demand for fossil fuels in the world, which affects the supply-demand balance. This imbalance also causes a rise in prices. Therefore, increased oil prices and oil dependency lead the countries to the production and use of new energy resources. At this point, countries are evaluating biomass for biofuel production to generate energy, thus increasing the share of biofuels in total energy consumption. In this study, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to structure the decision problem and to attribute weights to criteria. Among the evaluated physicochemical fuel properties, the most important one is calculated as heating value and also the Cottonseed Fame is determined as the most suitable biodiesel in terms of fuel properties among the evaluated biodiesels.

Study on isobutanol and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel as a partial replacement in CI engine applications

Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel is seems to be a potential alternative fuel for diesel engine applications due to its non-edible form, easily cultivable nature and abundant availability everywhere in the world. Isobutanol is the next generation biofuel which can be used as partial substitute to petroleum diesel or biodiesel due to its better solvency character. In the present study, a comparative assessment on diesel engine characteristics is carried out using isobutanol as an additive with diesel and biodiesel in the form of binary and ternary blends. Five blends are prepared by 20% of isobutanol with diesel and biodiesel as D80IB20 and B80IB20 along with three ternary blends of diesel-biodiesel-isobutanol using 10%, 15% and 20% concentrations of isobutanol. Experimental study in a diesel engine revealed that the brake thermal efficiency is improved by 3.19% for 10% isobutanol addition in diesel-biodiesel blends with significant improvement in brake specific fuel consumption when compared to biodiesel. All binary and ternary blends of isobutanol reduce CO emission by 13–59% than that of diesel fuel with substantial penalty in HC emission. Meanwhile, when compared to biodiesel, the oxides of nitrogen emission is decreased by 8.16% for isobutanol addition with diesel and biodiesel in terms of binary and ternary blends but higher than that of conventional diesel fuel. Furthermore, momentous improvement is observed in heat release rate during isobutanol addition for B80IB20, D70B10IB20, D70B15IB15 and D70B20IB10 fuel blends when compared to pure biodiesel. Finally, it is noted that isobutanol would be a feasible additive for the partial replacement of diesel and biodiesel in the blends for diesel engine applications.