Biodiesel In Diesel Engine Research Articles

Experimental investigation of a diesel engine operated with oxygenated linseed oil

The increase in use of biodiesel because of its exceptional properties makes it essential to study in depth about the consequences of combustion of biodiesel in diesel engine and the pollutant gases. There are numerous methods to make biodiesel but we chose to use linseed as it is easily available and its cultivation is widely done in India. In this study cold pressed linseed oil was used to produce linseed biodiesel by using transesterification method. The linseed biodiesel once generated was blended along with petroleum diesel to obtain LS5 (5% Linseed Biodiesel, 95% diesel), LS10 (10% Linseed Biodiesel, 90% diesel) and LS15 (15% Linseed Biodiesel, 85% diesel). These ratios of mixtures will be used as samples to do the performance and emission tests of this Biodiesel to analyze the properties of the Biodiesel and compare them with pure diesel data obtained when used as fuel in a 3.5 kW 4 S single cylinder diesel engine. Also we have used nano-additives to see how it alters the biodiesel properties and makes it more suitable as a fuel in terms of emissions and its performance.

Determination of optimum diesel: jatropha blend for compression ignition diesel engines through fuel properties analysis

The non-edible oil jatropha biodiesel is a diesel blend fuel source for the compression ignition (CI) diesel engines. Hence, the determination of the exact blending ratio of biodiesel to diesel fuel for best engine operation is needed through research. Keeping this in mind, this work investigated various acceptable jatropha biodiesel-diesel blends for diesel engines through fuel properties analysis. In this study, six different volumetric percentages of the biodiesel-diesel fuel samples were prepared. The percentage of the biodiesel was varied from 5 to 30% with a step of 5% by volume. The important properties required for engine operation like cloud and pour point, flash and fire point, density, viscosity and calorific value were measured under standard conditions. The average measured properties of biodiesel-diesel blends were compared with diesel fuel. The possibility of using 100% biodiesel in diesel engines without any modifications is also checked by comparing its properties with diesel fuel. The investigation revealed that the cold flow properties of diesel fuel such as cloud and pour point were improved with jatropha biodiesel blended fuels. Also, the results confirmed the good ignition quality and stability, energy content and atomization property of jatropha biodiesel blended fuels. The diesel and 20% jatropha biodiesel blending (B20) fuels showed an identical pour point temperature of − 3.5 °C. Similarly, B20 fuel has produced only 2.28% lower calorific value and 1.2% higher density as compared to diesel fuel. The other B20 fuel properties such as fire point, viscosity, flash point and cloud point were found within 7.44% to 12.5% higher than the diesel fuel. Hence, the study has recommended the B20 as the optimum blend fuel for CI diesel engines.

Preparation and Analysis of Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel for Diesel Engine by using CaO as a Catalyst

The fossil fuel service is taken as one of the causes for the globalization. Fossil fuel demand has been increasing in day-to-day life. Biodiesel and Biogas are alternative fuels that rectify fuel some demand. The diesel engine can work under alternative fuels with green potential such as biodiesel. This offers one of the easiest ways for controlling and reduction of CO2, CO and unburned HC. As per the analysis of biodiesel seed, the Calophyllum Inophyllum seed has been selected for an effective result because of easy cultivation, high enriched oil content, free fatty acid and higher seed productivity rate. The oil has been extracted from Calophyllum Inophyllum seed with the application of mechanical extraction process. The acid catalysed esterification and alkaline catalysed trans-esterification process has been done for the production of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel. In both processes, the methanol mixing ratio is maintained at 16:1 for greater removal of glycerine content. The temperature of the alkaline catalyst acts as one of the major root causes of the performance of the biodiesel. By the study from the various alkaline catalyse, calcium oxide having more effectiveness in various preparation temperature like 700 degC, 850degC and 1000degC. The operating temperatures of the alkaline catalysed (CaO) trans-esterification process will increase the performance of bio diesel. The biodiesel blends such as BD0, BD10, BD20; BD40 and BD80 has been taken at a different temperature of the alkaline catalyst. The efficiency of the IC engine has been measured by the feed stock of the bio diesel blends.

A comparative study of performance and emission characteristics of neat biodiesel operated diesel engine: a review

Environmental concern and fossil fuel depletion, researchers are forced to find alternate fuel lead to the internal combustion (IC) engines. One of the best options is biodiesel and substitute wholly or partially in the diesel engine for diesel fuel. It is obvious that the use of biodiesel in diesel engine reduced emissions such as Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke because of its higher oxygen content. The drawback of neat biodiesel-operated diesel engine is higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and lower performance. In order to improve the brake thermal efficiency and to reduce the emissions of diesel engine using neat biodiesel, a detailed review has been carried out in the present study. The in-cylinder treatment method is the most suitable because the efficiency and emission can be modified in the combustion chamber itself which will make it a viable solution for diesel engines. Neat nerium biodiesel with ZrO2-coated piston and l-ascorbic acid of are combined together and experiments are conducted. From the investigation, it has been found that ZrO2-coated piston and nerium biodiesel with l-ascorbic acid showed better results, which is very closer to diesel when compared in all aspects. From the investigation, it has been found that catalyst-coated piston with biodiesel along with antioxidant additive showed better results, which is very closer to diesel when compared in all aspects.

A Comprehensive Review on 1st-Generation Biodiesel Feedstock Palm Oil: Production, Engine Performance, and Exhaust Emissions

The rapid depletion of conventional fuel reserves and the increase in environmental pollution prompted the search for a sustainable energy solution. Biodiesel is one of the most promising energy substitutes with similar properties as conventional diesel fuel. Surplus availability of palm oil makes it suitable for biodiesel production. Due to the lack of availability of review articles that cover the entire process of palm biodiesel production and its optimum use in diesel engines, the authors were motivated to write this article. Cultivation parameters of palm trees, extraction of oil, and physicochemical properties of palm oil–based biodiesel are explained in this review. The production of palm biodiesel from raw oil can be done through pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, blending, hydro-esterification, and transesterification processes. For high biodiesel yield and less cost of operation, the transesterification method is adopted. The performance and emission parameters of diesel engines that operated on palm biodiesel and its blends are also explained. There is a decrease in brake thermal efficiency and an increase in brake-specific fuel consumption observed with the use of palm biodiesel in diesel engines. A reduction in CO and HC emissions and an increase in NOx emissions are found due to the oxygenating nature of palm biodiesel. This article provides the scientific approach to find out the optimum parameters for palm biodiesel production and its efficient use in compression ignition engines.

Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils in the Diesel Engine: A Review

Background: Vegetable oil of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) that is obtained by triglycerides of transesterification in the presence of methanol, recently, has been highly regarded by scholars for use in diesel engines. These oils can be used as biodiesels in diesel engines and have various benefits (these fuels are renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic). Objective: In this work, many studies are reviewed in the field of using vegetable oils as biodiesel in diesel engines. Moreover, a simulation study is conducted to compare oxygen and peak pressure of a diesel engine fueled by three different biodiesels in comparison to diesel fuel. We have examined the chemical ignition delay time and kinetic viscosity of biodiesel in the combustion process of diesel engine and the effects of these factors are evaluated on air–fuel mixing and subsequent combustion.

Investigation of the effect of barium-based additive on smoke and NOx emissions of a diesel engine fueled with conventional and biodiesel fuels

Nowadays, increasing energy demand and environmental and air pollution issues have spread the use of alternative fuels such as biodiesel in diesel engines. While the advantages of biodiesel that are comparable to petroleum-based diesel fuels and low unburned HC, carbon monoxide and smoke (soot) emissions make the use of this fuel environmentally significant; high NOx emissions are still a problem to be solved. The formation of decreased smoke reducing radiative heat transfer from combustion chamber in biodiesel engines and increase in formation of NOx due to rise in flame temperature are among the reasons reported for high NOx in the literature. In this study, in a diesel engine using biodiesel, soot emissions produced by petroleum diesel fuel were reduced to biodiesel level by using metallic additive (Ba), and NOx emissions were compared. When the amount of Ba in the fuel was increased, there was a significant decrease in the smoke emissions, but in this case, NOx emissions decreased slightly, while they were expected to increase. When NOx emissions of diesel and biodiesel were compared for the same or similar smoke emissions, it was seen that high NOx emissions were achieved with biodiesel. As a result, although Ba additive reduced smoke emissions, it was seen that its effect on NOx formation was not very clear.

Characterization of urea SCR using Taguchi technique and computational methods.

Use of biodiesel in diesel engine helps to reduce HC, CO, and smoke emissions due to their enormous oxygen content, whereas NOx emissions formed by Zeldovich mechanism shoot up. Implementation of Bharat Stage (BS) VI by April 2020 in India has created extreme pressure on automobile manufacturers to include after treatment technology in their systems. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), a NOx control technology, is operated using aqueous urea solution as the reductant. There are several parameters that need to be monitored to enhance the NOx conversion efficiency of SCR retrofit. The uniformity index of ammonia, which determines the conversion efficiency, is greatly influenced by parameters like exhaust gas temperature, injection angle, injector position, mass flow rate, and SCR geometry. This paper considers two types of SCR design, namely SCR with and without mixer design and their impact on NOx reduction. The effect of mass flow rate on urea conversion in SCR design without mixer is 27%, but the impact is reduced greatly in SCR design with mixer with less than 2% variation. The UI resulting from different cases ranges from 0.59 to 0.83. Using Taguchi technique and CFD tool, the impact of parameters on both the SCR designs has been investigated and the optimum SCR design is reported.

Utility of Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

The energy resources from the fossil fuels are decreasing day by day. Rather fossil fuel is costly, it creates environmental problems by producing and NOx in the environment. Now it is argent to find a solution. The solution can be renewable energy. In this paper the effort was to find the utility of biodiesels in the conventional diesel engine. This biofuel or biodiesel is extracted from Soybean methyl ester (SME). We compared the basic performance characteristics diesel, SME 20 and SME 100 in unmodified diesel engine. This experiment will be helpful to find out the utility of SME type biodiesel in conventional diesel engine so that the uses of fossil fuels can be reduced in quick rental power plants and other uses. We can use biodiesel as substitute in an economic tariff and efficient way. The energy resources from the fossil fuels are decreasing day by day. Rather fossil fuel is costly, it creates environmental problems by producing and NOx in the environment. Now it is argent to find a solution. The solution can be renewable energy. In this paper the effort was to find the utility of biodiesels in the conventional diesel engine. This biofuel or biodiesel is extracted from Soybean methyl ester (SME). We compared the basic performance characteristics diesel, SME 20 and SME 100 in unmodified diesel engine. This experiment will be helpful to find out the utility of SME type biodiesel in conventional diesel engine so that the uses of fossil fuels can be reduced in quick rental power plants and other uses. We can use biodiesel as substitute in an economic tariff and efficient way.

Determination of a diesel engine operating parameters powered with canola, safflower and waste vegetable oil based biodiesel combination using response surface methodology (RSM)

The primary objective of this study is to determine the optimum engine running parameters regarding the performance and emissions of diesel engine using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimization is utilized to maximize the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and minimize the exhaust gas temperature (EGT), smoke emission, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission and carbon dioxides (CO2) emission. The effects of different rates of biodiesel/diesel fuel blends were experimentally investigated on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a four-stroke, single cylinder, air cooled, direct injection diesel engine. A biodiesel combination involving of canola, safflower and waste vegetable oil mixtures made by transesterification was used. RSM was used to evaluate the usability of biodiesel in diesel engine. RSM model was formed by using experimental study data. Corresponding to the results taken from the optimization, best operating parameters of the engine were found to be 1484.85-watt engine load, 215.56 bar injection pressure with 25.79% biodiesel ratio. The optimum responses obtained under these operating conditions were found as 20.54%, 199.88 °C, 0.26%, 558.44 ppm and 4.52% for BTE, EGT, smoke, NOx and CO2, respectively. At the same time, R2 (correlation coefficient) values were found as 99.81%, 99.36%, 98.84%, 98.31% and 99.00% for BTE, EGT, smoke, NOx and CO2, respectively. The results of this study showed that the RSM is a useful technique for estimating and optimizing the performance and emission values of a diesel engine powered with biodiesel.

Combined effect of oxygenated liquid and metal oxide nanoparticle fuel additives on the combustion characteristics of a biodiesel engine operated with higher blend percentages

In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the use of higher blend percentage of biodiesel in diesel engines without affecting much on the performance of engines using fuel additives. Waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel B30 blend (WCO 30% + neat diesel 70%) and B40 (WCO 40% + neat diesel 70%) are used as the fuel together with diethyl ether and Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles as additives. Biodiesel is mixed with 2% by volume of diethyl ether (DEE) and 80 ppm concentration of CeO2 nanoparticles which are maintained constant throughout the study. Performance, combustion characteristics and emission parameters have been studied and compared with the values for neat B30 and B40 biodiesel. Results showed that brake thermal efficiency of B30 with additives is 29.57% and is at par with neat B20 operation (29.72%). Maximum reduction of HC and smoke emissions are observed for B40 with additives, which are 16% and 11.7% less than neat B20 fuel operation. B30 with diethyl ether and CeO2 nanoparticles showed minimum NOx emission which is 6% less than neat B20.

Performance and Emission Parameters with Blending of Jatropha Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

In the current situation limited resources of petroleum products and their higher consumption rate and pollution increase research work for an alternative option for internal combustion engines. The emissions draws from these fuels also pollute the environment more day by day. Jatropha oil from jatropha seed is one sources of biodiesel which is a less polluting, locally available and reliable renewable resource. In this research work, performance and analysis doing on 5 HP single cylinder of vertical arrangement and direct injection CI engines with rope brake dynamometer with a blending of jatropha biodiesel. The performance and emission parameter of the diesel engine were found with different proportions of biodiesel in a existing diesel fuel. The result shows that by using up to 20 % biodiesel in diesel, compatible performance parameters with reduced emissions can be achieved.

Experimental Investigation on Spray Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel/Diesel Blends at Different Injection Parameters

Biodiesel is a promising alternative solution for the energy crisis, as it is renewable, biodegradable, non - toxic and it has a fully competitive edge with petrol diesel in most technical aspects. Because of the increasing global request for diesel fuel consumption, consumption of non-renewable fossil fuels, exhaust emissions, all these led to search about alternative fuels. Biodiesel is one of the potential alternatives for depleting fossil fuels. Biodiesel fuel is an eco-friendly and renewable source of energy. Biodiesel fuel is an eco-friendly and renewable source of energy. Biodiesel is one of the best solutions and alternatives available to all countries of the world. Inedible plants and vegetable oils such as Jatropha oil, Karanji Pongamia oil, Neem oil, Jojoba oil, Cottonseed oil, Linseed oil, Mahua oil, Deccan hemp oil, Kusum oil, Orange oil, and Rubber seed oil were used as biodiesel in diesel engine. Biodiesel is produced by chemical methods from vegetable oils, but the use of vegetable oils is a high cost.Scientists searched for other sources and at the same time has a low cost. They found that waste cooking oil is the ideal solution to that problem. Four methods to minimize the high viscosity of vegetable oils to enable their use in common diesel engines without operational problems such as engine charges have been investigated: blending with petro diesel, pyrolysis, microemulsification (solvent blending), and transesterification. Transesterification is by far the most common method. Only the transesterification reaction leads to the products commonly known as biodiesel, i.e., alkyl esters of oils and fats. Biodiesel was produced from waste Cooking-oil by transesterification process have been applied for most countries to improve and raise the national energy return. Blends of WCOB and diesel were used instead of pure diesel fuel in diesel engine. However, the spray characteristic of the injected fuel depends on different parameters such as fuel injection pressure, the temperature of the injected fuel, ambient pressure, fuel viscosity, and fuel density.In internal combustion engines, such as the diesel engine used to conduct the experiment, a 20 mm window and a transparent glass box are used to facilitate the visualization of spray characteristics. The spray characteristics of the diesel/ waste cooking oil biodiesel blends fuel were studied experimentally at different injection pressure and temperature. Spray characteristics of biodiesel WCOB / diesel under various injection pressures of 150 to 300 bar and injection temperature of 25 to 275 oC have been measured and illustrated by sparing the fuel blends in a surrounding area using a high-speed Digital camera. In this work, the biodiesel/diesel blend of B40D60 has been tested. The experimental data shows the WCOB biodiesel of B40D60 gives longer spray tip penetration and spray angle are smaller than those of diesel fuels at different pressure and temperature.

Emission characteristics and performance of neem seed (Azadirachta indica) and Camelina (Camelina sativa) based biodiesel in diesel engine

Emission characteristics and performance of Neem seed and Camelina Sativa based biodiesel in diesel engine was studied. The engine test was carried out using diesel fuels (B0), 5% and 10% (volume) blends of Neem and Camelina Sativa oil methyl esters of NB5, NB10, CB5 and CB10. The Engine performance of these fuels was tested in a 1.9 Multijet diesel Engine. The blends met the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Performance test of the Engine shows that CB10 biodiesel fuels produced better BP and averagely high BSFC compare to the diesel fuels all through the ranges of Engine speeds examined. The Emission test results also shows that NB5, CB5, NB10 and CB10 fuels reduced the average emissions of CO by 4.84%, 8.79%, 10.77% and 12.09%, for HC and CO2 their emission were 6.48%, 12.96%, 16.67%, 20.37%; and 2.64%, 4.55%, 5.72%, 6.74% compared to diesel fuels. NOx emission of the blends has higher emission values of 18.7%, 3.14%, 19.33%, and 19.78%, for NB5, CB5, NB10, and CB10 fuels compared to conventional fuels. CB10 produces lower emissions than other biodiesel fuels, thus reducing major pollution and ensuring environmental safety. CB10 can be used as a replacement for diesel fuels in unmodified engines.

Emission Properties and Performance Characteristics of Jatropha Curcas L. and Spirulina Platensis Microalgae oil-based biodiesel in diesel Machines

The article aims at investigating the performance of diesel engine and emission properties of non-eatable oils methyl esters of J. Curcas L. and Spirulina Platensis microalgae based biodiesel in diesel engines (DE). Kirloskar Six cylinder diesel engine was the test engine used to ascertain the level of Break Power (BP) and BSFC and the Emissions of Carbon (IV) Oxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NOX). Different ratios of biodiesel were mixed with diesel fuels using 10.0 and 20.0 percent by volume of methyl esters with the diesel fuels for example AB10 (10% by vol. Biodiesel and 90% by vol. Diesel fuels), JB10, AB20 and JB20 respectively. However, the procedures of the experiment was in agreement with EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 procedures. The biodiesel fuel samples used decreases the brake power (BP) and increase brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) when compared to conventional oils. Results from emission indicates that the blended biodiesel reduces CO, CO2 and HC Emission and causes an increase in NOX emission. Since AB10 gives lesser emissions, it is a better option for diesel fuels in engines that are not modified to minimize exhaust releases in the environment.

Terminalia bellirica: a new biodiesel for diesel engine: a comparative experimental investigation.

In the present study, Terminalia bellirica methyl ester (TBME)/biodiesel was formed using potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Methyl ester fuel properties were resolved as per ASTM standard. The attribute of compression ignition (CI) engine such as combustion, performance, and released emission qualities of samples, such as diesel and TBME blends (B10, B20, B30, B50, and B100), were deliberated on a single-cylinder CI engine. By varying the load to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, test data were measured. Using AVL DI GAS 444N (five gas) analyzer dissimilarity in the engine emissions were documented. The results of biodiesel test blends show the similar combustion and performance to diesel curves with minor decrement. However, CO and HC emission diminish when engine fueled with TBME test blends whereas NOx amplifies.

Evaluation of Performance and Emissions of Ceramic Coated Turbocharged Direct Injection Diesel Engine operated with Diesel and Biodiesel Blends

It is evident that the main derivatives of biodiesel obtained from the transesterification of vegetable oils are identified as a best suitable alternate fuel for conventional diesel fuel. However higher viscosity and poor volatility of biodiesel causes engine problems for long-term use in diesel engines. Preheating of biodiesel is one of the technique reducing the problems associated with the higher viscosity of biodiesel in diesel engines. The positive effect of increased operating temperature of ceramic-coated engine concept is incorporated to avoid the preheating and maximize the effective heat release of biodiesel. The combination of increased operating temperature associated with LHR engine and oxygenated nature of biodiesel ensure nearly complete combustion. The experiment was conducted on a four cylinder four stroke direct injection turbocharged diesel engine and the combustion chamber was coated with partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) of 0.35 mm thickness over 0.15 mm thickness of NiCrAl bond coat. The performance and emissions of conventional turbocharged engine and ceramic coated turbocharged engine were analyzed using diesel and biodiesel blends.

Methodology for the validation of fuel consumption in diesel engines installed on board military ships, using diesel oil and biodiesel blends

Maritime transport accounts for 90% of global trade, and therefore, the levels of air pollution from ships are high. In this respect, MARPOL 73/78 suggests the use of biodiesel in diesel engines installed on board ships as an alternative in order to reduce emission levels, while still ensuring torque and power supply, for which they were designed. In this regard, the contribution of this work is to present a methodology for the prediction of biodiesel blend consumption in engines installed on board military ships. For this purpose, a one-dimensional, quasi-steady thermodynamic model was developed, comprising a diesel engine operation cycle. Since biodiesel has lower heating value than diesel oil, fuel consumption increases, so the nonlinear Levenberg–Marquardt optimization technique was used to evaluate the injection duration. The method implemented was validated using statistical tools, with experimental data obtained in a direct injection single-cylinder diesel engine, installed on test bench, using several soybean biodiesel blends, and the results showed good accuracy related to performance parameters. Finally, a direct injection diesel engine with common rail installed in a military ship was chosen as case study, and the results demonstrated that in order to maintain engine performance, fuel consumption increases as the biodiesel content increases in the blend.

Alternating the environmental benefits of Aegle-diesel blends used in compression ignition

The steady state condition diesel engines used for commercial applications, transportation and industries have led to the crisis of petroleum based fuel. The harmful emissions produced by compression ignition engines. In the present study, the performance, combustion, and emissions of aegle methyl ester biodiesel-diesel blends in a single cylinder, four strokes, direct injection, diesel engine at different loads, at constant advanced injection timing and speed of 1500 rpm, were simulated using Diesel-RK software. In order to optimize the use of aegle methyl ester (AME) biodiesel in diesel engines, the B20 blend of AME biodiesel was investigated. Oxides of nitrogen (NOX) emission by AME biodiesel blends were higher than diesel; however, smoke and particulate matter (PM) emissions were found to be lower. The cylinder pressure for AME20 was higher than diesel at full engine load. Results showed that AME20 biodiesel had around 3.72, 4.2, 3.52, 6.68, and 17.0% lower thermal efficiency, peak heat release rate, exhaust gas temperature, pressure rise rate and ignition delay, respectively and about 3.16, 1.4 and 8.5% higher specific fuel consumption, cylinder peak pressure and sauter mean diameter, respectively, as compared to the diesel fuel at full loads. PM and smoke emissions for AME20 biodiesel blend was reduced by 17.2 and 20.8% while the NOX was emission higher by 8.5% as compared to diesel. The blend ratio AME20 of biodiesel was found to be higher performing in delivering acceptable engine characteristics at a higher fuel injection pressure of 220 bar and full load conditions.

Investigation on the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of pongamia biodiesel diesel blends in CI engine using response surface methodology

The present work focusses on the interactive effect of variables such as compression ratio, blend and loading conditions on the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel in diesel engine. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the factorial design of 3n is used to design the experiments. The experiments are conducted on single cylinder, water cooled CI engine according to the design matrix and results are tabulated. Mathematical models are developed to study the interactive effect of performance parameters such as Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and emission parameters such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydro carbon (UHC) using regression methodology. Optimization of the problem is formulated using desirability approach to get better performance and lower CO, UHC emissions. Statistical analysis revealed the optimum combination for the blend B60, CR-18 and load 42% is considered for the pongamia biodiesel-diesel blends.