Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine Research Articles

A comprehensive study on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with the blends of diesel, jojoba oil biodiesel, and butylated hydroxyl anisole as an alternative fuel

ABSTRACT Supplementary requests for nonrenewable-based fossil fuel and a massive increase in atmospheric air quality, due to the excess dependency on nonrenewable fuel especially diesel, offered a view to find energy production from a renewable resource for the unaltered compression-ignition engine. The present work intends to evaluate the engine characteristics, namely, emission and performance of a Jojoba oil biodiesel (JB100) fueled diesel engine with Butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) as an antioxidant at distinct mass fractions (50, 75, and 1000 ppm). The experimentation was conducted in a single cylinder, water-cooled, direct injection compression ignition (DICI) diesel engine with 1500 rpm at constant speed. The experimental work on the compression-ignition engine revealed that the blending of BHA to JB100 leads to improved engine efficiency through diminished fuel utilization. The findings exhibited that the addition of BHA leads to an upgraded production of emission levels from the engine (especially hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke). BHA addition to JB100 has a substantial effect on decreasing NOx emission. JB100+ BHA1000 showed lower NOx compared to all other prepared fuel samples. Based on experimentation, JB100 was observed as a noticeable substitute for conventional fuel and BHA presence helps to improve the performance and emission parameters. JB100+ BHA1000 sample was deliberated advantageous compared to JB100+ BHA750 and JB100+ BHA500 based on its engine characteristics.

Ignition study of neat biodiesel in dual fueled research engine

This work discovers the effect of acetylene (C2H2) as dual fuel in palm stearin biodiesel fuelled diesel engine. C2H2 was mixed with air at inlet manifold at a different flow rate (5 and 10 lpm). Ignition analysis of modified fuels at different BMEP is evaluated in a diesel engine by altering the engine load from 1.1 to 5.5 BMEP and compared with diesel. This work focuses on examining C2H2 as a renewable dual fuel and to diminish the emission level of a diesel engine with improved performance. Experimental results revealed that the C2H2 supply at 5 and 10 lpm provide prompt flame speed and wider flammability for PSOBD leading to improved performance and combustion patterns. Wider flammability and presence of longer C–H chain in PSOBD-C2H2 at 5 lpm and PSOBD-C2H2 at 10 lpm lowered the harmful emissions from diesel engine then neat biodiesel. This study concludes that acetylene supply at different flow rate enhances the ignition patterns of biodiesel in an unchanged diesel engine.

Investigation of swirl induced piston on the engine characteristics of a biodiesel fueled diesel engine

The investigation on the influence of swirl induced piston on the diesel engine characteristics powered using papaya biodiesel blends was studied. Papaya oil biodiesel, extracted from papaya seed, was blended by volume ratio of 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 with diesel and tested in a diesel engine. The fuel properties of the biodiesel blends were tested and a detailed fuel characterization was performed to analyze their feasibility as a partial substitute fuel. The experimental research study using a standard piston revealed that the B25 blend (25% papaya seed biodiesel, 75% diesel) shows Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) close to that of sole diesel. In order to improve the engine performance and pollutant emission for the B25 blend, a slight modification on the piston bowl geometry was introduced. Based on this, six helical holes with diameters Φ2, Φ2.5, Φ3, and Φ3.5 were drilled on four different piston crown surfaces to enhance the swirl ratio and turbulence. A numerical investigation was performed initially with modified piston geometries to understand the fundamental effects of swirl air motion due to piston modification. The numerical investigation results show that Φ2.5 mm hole size piston produces better swirl motion with increased uniform swirl velocity. The turbulent kinetic energy for the modified piston was higher compared to convention piston due to swirl enhancement. With this justification, investigation of the B25 blend was performed experimentally with three different pistons having six helical holes of size Φ2, Φ2.5, and Φ3 mm respectively. The experimental results showed improved engine characteristics for Φ2.5 mm hole piston due to swirl enhancement as indicated in the numerical study. The BTE with Φ2.5 mm hole piston for the B25 blend was 5.6% higher when compared to the conventional piston for diesel fuel. On the other hand, exhaust emissions such as HC, CO & Smoke are decreased with Φ2.5 mm hole piston for B25 blend by 17.9%, 30.5%, and 11.6% when compared to the conventional piston for diesel fuel.

Biodiesel fueled combustion performance and emission characteristics under various intake air temperature and injection timing conditions

Abstract The purpose of this investigation is to clarify the combustion performance and exhaust emissions characteristics of biodiesel fueled compression ignition diesel engine under various intake air temperature and injection timing conditions. In order to clearly figure out the effect of intake air temperature, the flow rate of intake air was controlled at constant value before heating air. In addition, the engine speed and fuel injection quantity were fixed. Hence, the charging efficiency is constant even if the intake air temperature changes. At the injection timing BTDC 6° and 9°, high IMEPnet occurred and less NOX and HC were emitted. Here, as the intake air temperature increased, the vaporization characteristics of the fuel were improved and the ignition timing advanced close to TDC. Also, it was confirmed that the combustion duration prolonged. As a result, when the intake air temperature increases from 20 °C to 100 °C, IMEPnet increased slightly (0.39 → 0.41 MPa) owing to decreasing negative work and THC (0.85 → 0.51 g/kWh) and CO (3.72 → 1.34 g/kWh) emissions decreased, but NOX emission increased slightly (3.69 → 4.82 g/kWh). In addition, although the diameter of the most emitted PM increased relatively, the number decreased.

Effect of nano-material on the performance patterns of waste cooking biodiesel fuelled diesel engine

This work paves a way on improving the Lower efficiency and higher consumption of biodiesel on a diesel engine. Biodiesel fuelled engine emits lower emission with inferior performance. Hence this work examines the effect of adding nano-material (novel graphene oxide, GO) on biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil on engine its performance. Waste cooking oil is transesterified into waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCBD) by using alcohol (Methanol), catalysts (KOH). GO nano-material is dispersed into WCBD at 100 and 200 ppm and termed as WCBD100GO and WCBD200GO respectively. Performance experiments were conducted on a diesel engine using WCBD, WCBD100GO and WCBD200GO at the same conditions. Experimental results show that the WCBD100GO and WCBD200GO have lesser BSFC (0.3 and 0.7 kg/kWh), EGT (07–16°C) and higher BTE (0.4–1.2%) than WCBD. The improvement in the performance aspects are of WCBD is owing to the Oxygen content and catalytic activity of GO nano-materials.

Emission and vibration characteristics of Niger seed oil biodiesel fueled diesel engine

The present investigation dwells the experimental investigation for the assessment of emission, vibration, and noise parameters of single-cylinder, DI diesel engine functioning through the blends of conventional diesel and Niger seed oil methyl ester (NSOME) at different engine operating loads namely 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% at a constant speed. The carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), and smoke opacity emissions have come down significantly for all the blends of NSOME namely B10, B20, and B40 while the NOx increased marginally. Besides, the vibration and noise extremity of the engine was lowered while operating with biodiesel blends as compared to conventional diesel. B20 has specified a significant reduction in emission, vibration, and noise too at all the loads range from minimum to maximum. At maximum load condition the CO, UHC, smoke opacity, root mean square (RMS) velocity, and RMS noise of B20 have reduced by 93.9%, 37.87%, 5.54%, 45.78%, and 26.15% respectively even as the NOx was increased by 12.76% compared to standard.

Combined effect of water emulsion and ZnO nanoparticle on emissions pattern of soybean biodiesel fuelled diesel engine

The present study investigates the effect of water emulsion and ZnO nanoparticle on the emissions pattern of a diesel engine running with SB. Test fuels were prepared based on the different percentage of water and mass fractions of nanoparticle, and the emission characteristics were compared with SB. The physicochemical properties were measured based on EN14214 standards, and the characteristics of nano-fuels were examined using SEM, EDS and UV–visible absorption spectrum. Experiments were carried out in a computerized, single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine with an eddy current dynamometer. The experimental results reveal that SB20W emulsion fuel promotes a drop of 41.4% and 28.3% in NOx and smoke emissions at BP of 2.56 kW compared to SB, respectively. SB10W emulsion fuel promotes an improvement of 40% and 33.3% in HC and CO emissions compared to SB at 2.56 kW BP, respectively. An inclusion of ZnO nanoparticle in SB20W emulsion fuel significantly reduces the NOx, HC, CO and smoke emissions irrespective of load conditions, and an increase in the mass fraction of nanoparticle further reduces the emissions level. At 2.56 kW BP, SB20W100ZnO emulsion fuel reduces the NOx, HC, CO and smoke emissions by 7.1%, 40%, 33.3% and 15.1% compared to SB20W emulsion fuel, respectively.

Optimisation of nozzle geometry in the modified common rail direct injection biodiesel-fuelled diesel engine

The study of the experimental work focused on the optimisation nozzle geometry in the modified common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine powered with palm oil methyl ester (POME) fuel. The CRDI diesel engine modified in terms of the toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TRCC) shape and nozzle geometry. The experiments are conducted with POME and diesel fuels (DF) at 80% and 100% loads, respectively. The parameters, such as compression ratio (CR) 17.5, speed 1500 RPM, fuel injection timing (IT) 10° BTDC and 900 bar injection opening pressure (IOP), are maintained constant. The selected fuel IT and IOP were optimised in our previous research. The experiments results revealed that the 7-hole nozzle injector improved in break thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.5% and 1.3% for diesel and POME, respectively, as compared to the 6-hole injector. The average percentages of emissions are reduced up to 7.24% and 7.81% for diesel and POME fuels, respectively, except oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The peak pressure (PP) and heat release rate (HRR) are improved by 2.40% and 3.65%, respectively, for DF. The similar increased trend of PP and HRR is 2.53% and 4.10%, respectively, for POME in the modified CRDI diesel engine.

Effect of ammonia to reduce emission from biodiesel fuelled diesel engine

In this study, the outcome of adding ammonia to mustard methyl ester on the emissions characteristics of compression ignition engines is investigated. Single cylinder diesel engine was fuelled with ammonia/mustard methyl ester blends. The doping volume of ammonia to mustard methyl ester blends was in the range of 10% and 20%. Emission parameters such as hydro carbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and smoke emissions were examined at different load conditions. This work resulted in a significant reduction in reduction in all the emissions. Addition of ammonia as additive improves the rate of combustion, mixing and vaporisation of the blends with air and reduces the emissions associated with it. Furthermore, it can be used in the existing engine with any modification.

Effect of cerium oxide nanoadditive on the working characteristics of water emulsified biodiesel fueled diesel engine: An experimental study

The present article discusses the effect of cerium oxide nanoadditive inclusion on the working characteristics (combustion, performance, and emission) of water emulsified soybean biodiesel-fueled single cylinder Diesel engine. Test fuels with 5% and 10% volume of water in soybean biodiesel along with mass fraction of 100 ppm cerium oxide nanoparticle were prepared using mechanical agitator and ultrasonicator, and the experiments were conducted under different loading conditions in a single cylinder Diesel engine. The experimental results reveal that the emulsion fuel increases the peak in-cylinder pressure and net heat release values compared to pure soybean biodiesel, and cerium oxide nanoparticle inclusion reduces the peak combustion parameters value. The performance parameters such as brake specific fuel consumption and brake energy consumption are significantly improved with emulsion fuel, and the nanoparticle inclusion further improve the performance parameters. At low load conditions, the emulsion fuels increase the hydrocarbon and CO emissions, whereas these emission magnitudes are reduced at high load conditions. As far as the NOx and smoke emissions are concerned, an increase in water concentration directly reduces the emissions irrespective of load conditions. The cerium oxide nanoparticle inclusion reduces the emissions level from the water emulsified soybean biodiesel-fueled diesel engine.

Enhancement in combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a biodiesel-fueled diesel engine by using water emulsion and nanoadditive

The present study details the enhancement in combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of SB fueled diesel engine by using water emulsion (10% and 20%) and CNT nanoparticle (100 ppm). The biodiesel was prepared from soybean crude oil by trans-esterification process, and the fuel properties were measured. Experiments were performed in a single cylinder, four-stroke, and natural aspirated stationary diesel engine under varying BMEP conditions. The measured fuel properties of SB, 10WSB, and 100CNT10WSB are at par with standard limits, whereas 20WSB and 100CNT20WSB viscosity values are not par with standard limits. Studies in the engine revealed that the combustion starts later for water/biodiesel blends, and ICP, NHR, and RPR are higher compared to pure SB. The nanoparticle inclusion with emulsion fuels reduces the peak ICP and NHR values. Emulsion fuels show a good improvement in BSFC, BSEC, and EGT when compared to pure SB, and the nanoparticle inclusion further improves the performance parameters. The emission characteristics of test fuels show that the water/biodiesel blends have a lower magnitude of NOx and smoke emissions, and 10WSB shows better HC and CO emissions when compared to SB and 20WSB. An inclusion of CNT nanoparticle further reduces the emissions level.

A comprehensive study on the effects of internal air jet piston on the performance of a JOME fueled DI diesel engine

In DI diesel engine, air-fuel mixing is a major parameter that affects the performance, emissions parameters and combustion characteristics. In-cylinder air motion and proper mixing of fuel have a strong effect on BTE, BSFC, UHC, CO, smoke and NOx emissions, because of improvement in the combustion of fuel. In this experimental investigation in order to enhance the performance of biodiesel-fueled diesel engine, the engine was tested using piston having internal air jets using 20% Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester-diesel blend (B20 JOME). For this purpose, the piston of the standard engine having Hemispherical Combustion Chamber (HCC) was reformed into Toroidal Re-entrant Combustion Chamber with internal air jets (TRCC-IAJ) that has the same volume as baseline HCC. The tests were performed at IMEP of 1.7, 3.2, 4.7, 6.2 and 7.7 bar with the standard injection timing and pressure. The test results show that the BTE and BSFC provide the best result for the modified piston compared to the original. The TRCC-IAJ reduced the smoke, CO and HC; while it showed the opposite effect with a sharp increase in NOx emissions. In overall, the results show that the modified piston TRCC-IAJ has improved the overall performance and emissions of the JOME-diesel blend.

Nano-additive for reducing emission in honge biodiesel-fuelled diesel engine

This study focuses on the effect of particle size of Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticle on the emissions characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with neat honge biodiesel (HBD100). Titanium oxide as an additive in various particle-sizes of 50 and 100 nm is included to HBD100 and termed as HBDTiO250 and HBDTiO2100. The experimental result proved that the CO and HC emissions are lower for HBD100 than diesel at max BMEP. TiO2 nanoparticle further reduces CO and HC emissions for HBDTiO2100 than HBD100. NOX emission in HBD100 is higher at max BMEP. When compared to HBD100, tailpipe NOx and smoke emission was found to be lower when fuelled with HBDTiO250 and HBDTiO2100.

Emission study of a diesel engine fueled with higher alcohol-biodiesel blended fuels

ABSTRACT This work examines the effect of butanol (higher alcohol) on the emission pattern of neat neem oil biodiesel (NBD100) fueled diesel engine. Single-cylinder, 4-stroke, research diesel engine was employed to conduct the trial. Blends comprising the mixture of biodiesel and higher alcohol were prepared by employing an ultrasonic agitator. Four test fuels such as neat neem oil biodiesel, diesel, and two blends of higher alcohol/neem oil biodiesel: 10% and 20% (by volume). Experimental result showed that increasing alcohol content to biodiesel brought down the various emissions such as Smoke, NOx, HC, and CO by 6.8%, 10.4%, 8.6%, and 5.9%, respectively, at all loads. It was also concluded from the trail that a 20% higher alcohol/neem oil biodiesel blends show the promising signs in reducing all the emissions associated with biodiesel fuelled diesel engine.

Environmental pollution cost analyses of biodiesel and diesel fuels for a diesel engine

In this study, Japanese Industrial Standard diesel no 2 and waste cooking oil biodiesel fuels are compared in terms of environmental pollution cost analysis. The experiments of the diesel and biodiesel fueled diesel engine are done at 100 Nm, 200 Nm and full load (294 Nm), while engine speed is constant at 1800 rpm. The method used in this study consists of a combination of economic and environmental parameters. According to the analyses, the total environmental pollution cost of the biodiesel is higher than the diesel fuel. On the other hand, the total cost of the CO2 emissions of the diesel fuel is generally found to be higher than biodiesel fuel in terms of the life cycle based environmental pollution cost. The specific environmental pollution cost is found as minimum at full load to be 2.217 US cent/kWh for the diesel fuel and 2.449 US cent/kWh for the biodiesel fuel at full load. On the other hand, the life cycle based specific environmental pollution cost is determined as minimum at full load to be 5.050 US cent/kWh for the diesel fuel and 5.309 US cent/kWh for the biodiesel fuel. The biodiesel fuel has higher values than diesel fuel in terms of the specific environmental pollution cost rates. The maximum total carbon dioxide emission rate is found as 0.2405 × 10−3 kg/kJ for the biodiesel fuel at 100 Nm engine torque and the minimum one is obtained as 0.1884 × 10−3 kg/kJ for the diesel fuel at full load. When the payback periods of the fuels are examined, biodiesel has longer period than diesel. The environmental payback period and life cycle based environmental payback period are also compared for fuels. In this context, the biodiesel has longer environmental payback periods rates than diesel. Consequently, the biodiesel fueled engine has higher environmental pollution cost rates than the diesel fueled engine, while the total carbon dioxide parameter of the diesel fuel is close to the biodiesel fuel's rate. Also, all of the other environmental parameters of diesel fuel is generally better than biodiesel. Consequently, the diesel fuel is generally better option than the biodiesel considering environmental aspects. For better environmental management, the diesel fuel utilization in the diesel engine is slightly better option than biodiesel fuel in terms of environmental pollution cost analysis.

Effect of nanoparticle on emission and performance characteristics of biodiesel

This study inspects the emission and performance patterns of the mango seed biodiesel-fuelled diesel engine with zinc oxide nanoparticle at various particle sizes (20 and 40 nm) and the results are compared with conventional diesel fuel (BD). The inclusion of 20 nm particle size of ZnO nanoparticle in M100 improves the overall combustion process and promotes a lower level of smoke emissions, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions. The inclusion of 40 nm particle size of ZnO nanoparticle in M100 further reduces the NOx, HC, CO, and smoke emission by 4.1%, 2.89%, 3.69%, and 3.58%, respectively, at all load conditions than neat biodiesel. In addition, brake thermal efficiency is improved by 1.3% with 1.8% reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption.

Effect of antioxidant additives on performance and emission behavior of biodiesel fueled DI diesel engine

ABSTRACTMany recent studies show that 20% proportion of biodiesel–diesel blend (A20) can substantially reduce the hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and smoke emissions. However, there is a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission for A20 than that of diesel and it is barrier to market expansion. The addition of antioxidant additives is the most effective method for mitigating the NOx emission. Hence, this present work aims to investigate the effect of antioxidant additives on NOx emission in an Annona biodiesel-operated diesel engine. The antioxidant additives such as p-phenylenediamine (PPDA), A-tocopheryl acetate, and L-ascorbic acid are used in the present investigation. It is evidently proved from the experimental investigation that use of antioxidant additive is effectively controlling the NOx emission in diesel engine. Result shows that 250 mg concentration of PPDA additive with A20 is optimum for NOx mitigation up to 25.7% when compared to that of diesel without any major modifications.

Emission behaviour studies on the cause of ZnO nanoparticle inclusion in neat biodiesel

ABSTRACTThis work analyzes the emission characteristics of cashew nut shell biodiesel-fueled diesel engine with zinc oxide nanoparticle at various particle sizes (10 nm and 20 nm). Zinc oxide (ZnO) at a particle size of 10 nm and 20 nm were blended with cashew nut shell biodiesel using ultrasonicator, and the physicochemical properties were measured. Results revealed that cashew nut shell biodiesel promotes a lower level of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions with a significant increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. By adding 10 nm, the particle size of ZnO nanoparticle in cashew nut shell biodiesel reduces the CO, HC, smoke and NOx emission. The addition of ZnO nanoparticle at higher particle size in base fuel further reduces the CO, HC, smoke and NOx emissions.

Effect of combustion chamber bowl geometry modification on engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engine with its energy and exergy analysis

With deteriorating energy reserves, rising environmental apprehensions and progressively more firm energy regulations have made renewable energy resources as an extremely attractive alternative source for near future. Biodiesel was considered as one of the promising energy resource for diesel engines. In the present work, non-edible oils namely pumpkin seed oil and Moringa oleifera oil were converted into methyl ester of Pumpkin seed oil (B1) and Moringa oleifera oil (B2) using transesterification process. The engine modification technique was said to be one of the current development in the field of the engine research motivating to achieve complete combustion. Two novel bowl geometries namely Toroidal Combustion Chamber (TCC) and Trapezoidal Combustion Chamber (TRCC) were developed and compared with standard Hemispherical Combustion Chamber (HCC). Further, the work was progressed to exergy and energy analysis. Amongst the bowl geometries, TCC showed better engine characteristics than TRCC and HCC. High swirl and squish behaviour of TCC engine helps in better air-fuel mixing and leads to complete combustion. Biodiesel samples contain oxygen molecules in its structure, reduced engine exhaust emissions except NOx were observed. On the whole, B1 may be considered as the promising alternative fuel as it exhibited 66.51% of exergy efficiency in TCC engine.

Effects of Varying Injector Opening Pressure on the Performance of a B20 JOME Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine

The present work examines the influence of Injector Opening Pressure (IOP) on Jatropha oil fueled Compression Ignition (CI) engine. A Direct Injection (DI) type diesel engine was tested with a blend of 20% Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JOME) with 80% diesel (B20) on volume basis. The engine was run on four different injector opening pressures viz. 190, 210, 220 and 230 bar along with standard IOP of 200 bar. For all IOPs, performance considerations like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), combustion factors such as cylinder pressure and ignition delay and emission issues such as CO, UBHC, smoke opacity and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were investigated. From the experimental examinations it was observed that IOP of 220 bar showed improvement in terms of BTE and BSFC by about 2.3% and 4.4%. Considerable enhancement in reduction of emission levels particularly for CO, UBHC and smoke were also observed for increased IOP of 220bar by about 26.4%, 12.96% and 3.4% respectively, compared to the engine operated at standard IOP of 200 bar. However, NOx emission level was deteriorated compared to normal IOP. It was also found that increasing the IOP, lowered ignition delay and increased the in-cylinder pressure.