Density Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Prospects for biodiesel production from Macrotermes nigeriensis: Process optimization and characterization of biodiesel properties

The use of insects as feedstock for biodiesel production has sparsely been studied and very little is known of the fuel properties and engine performance of insect biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel was initially produced from an insect feedstock M. nigeriensis, then its physicochemical properties were characterized. The biodiesel was produced via the three-step process of lipid extraction, acid esterification (1 wt% H2SO4) and alkaline transesterification (0.5 wt% NaOH). The optimal reaction time, temperature and methanol-oil molar ratio for the acid-esterification process resulted in a free fatty acid conversion of 96.58%. The volumetric yield, fatty acid methyl esters content and physicochemical properties of M. nigeriensis biodiesel were analyzed using various analytical equipment such as the GC-HRMS, and 1H NMR. Analysis of the production process showed that 86.54 vol% biodiesel was obtained from M. nigeriensis oil. Further analysis showed that the biodiesel contained 96.72% fatty acid methyl esters. The composition of the fatty acid methyl esters was found to be 48% saturated esters and 52% monosaturated esters. The biodiesel density (841 kg m−3), viscosity (2.32 mm2 s−1), flash point (125 °C), pour point (−15 °C), cetane number (51.4), higher heating value (41.8 MJ kg−1) and acid value (0.44 mgKOH.g−1) were in compliance with the ASTM D6751 standards. One of the important results to highlight is the remarkably low viscosity of the biodiesel, which is attributed to the high concentration of monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Lower viscosity of fuel helps to improve fuel atomization and combustion efficiency, and hence lower emissions. The absence of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters also indicates that the biodiesel will have good oxidation stability.

Extraction Solvents Composition Effect In Biodiesel Production From Microalgae Consortium Botryococcus Braunii And Dunaliella Sp.

Indonesia has entered an energy emergency phase, proven that Indonesia is no longer a surplus oil producer due to the productivity of the wells decrease over the years and the pattern of people's consumption of fossil fuels has been exceeding the production capacity. Therefore, we need the right solution to overcome this problem, which is developing biodiesel as renewable energy based on microalgae oil. The microalgae used in this research is the consortium of microalgae Botryococcus braunii and Dunaliella sp. Microalgae were cultivated and harvested through the dewatering process with 1 g naoh/1 L water concentration. Water contents of cultivated Botryococcus braunii are 60.2505% while Dunaliella sp. Is 64.5002%. The oil from microalgae is obtained by extracted dry microalgae through the soxhlet extraction (leaching) method with mixed solvent n-hexane and ethanol as the co-solvent using a variety of solvent ratio 2:1 and 3:1. Pure microalgae consortium oil separated from the solvent using the distillation process then analyzed with GC-FID. The analysis result is trans-linoleic acid is the most dominant fatty acid contained in this oil. Transesterification process with cao (1.5% of oil weight) as a catalyst. The results obtained from this study are the oil yield 72% extracted with a solvent mixture of n-hexane and ethanol 2:1 and 60.4% for 3:1. The biodiesel synthesis resulted in the amount of yield obtained from the solvent ratio 2:1 extraction is 94.3%, while with solvent ratio 3:1 is 79.2%. The quality of both biodiesels has met the requirements of SNI 7182:2015 and ASTM D7467, except the density of biodiesel with extraction solvent composition 3:1 which is below the standard. Therefore, the best biodiesel quality is obtained from microalgae consortium’s oil with the composition of extraction solvent 2:1.

Optimization and investigation the effects of using biodiesel-ethanol blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine by genetic algorithm

The purpose of this research is to investigate the combined effects of biodiesel-ethanol fuel blends on the performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine by the response surface methodology (RSM). The genetic algorithm was also applied for optimizations of the parameters. According to the results, the brake power and torque were decreased by approximately 30% with increasing the amount of ethanol in the fuel mixture. On the other hand, the BSFC of fuel blends enhanced around 16% with a higher percentage of ethanol as a result of the lower calorific value of ethanol compared with biodiesel. However, higher viscosity and density of biodiesel cause more fuel injection; so there is no notable difference in BSFC values for all blends. About emission parameters, the more percentage of ethanol resulted in less amount of smoke level and NOx emission around 38% and 17%, respectively due to the high level of oxygen in the molecular structure of ethanol. However, there is an approximately 44% decrease in CO emissions for a high percentage of biodiesel contained blends. According to the GA optimization, the results showed that the biodiesel percentage in the fuel mixture, RPM, and engine load were converged to 94.65%, 2800, and 65.75%, respectively as the optimal conditions. It is concluded that ethanol is more effective to improve the emission characteristics than that of the performance characteristics.

Densities and excess molar volumes of mixtures containing diesel, biodiesel and alkanols at temperatures from 288.15 to 313.15 K

The present work is focusing on the synthesization and physico-chemical properties of Jatropha curcas biodiesel with diesel and alcohols. The densities of binary diesel (2) + 1-alkanols (C 3 or C 4 ) (3) and ternary Jatropha curcas biodiesel (1) + diesel (2) + 1-alkanols (C 3 or C 4 ) (3) blends have been reported over full range of composition at temperatures within range 288.15 to 313.15 K. Also densities of Jatropha curcas biodiesel (1) + diesel or 1-alkanols (C 3 or C 4 ) (2) blends have been measured at 313.15 K. Excess molar volumes, V E , V 123 E of binary and ternary blends were calculated from the measured data and the derived properties were correlated to composition using Redlich–Kister equation. A reasonable agreement was found between the measured and estimated values. Further, densities and excess molar volumes data were reasoned to discuss molecular interactions taking into consideration effect of composition and temperature.

Study on the thermophysical properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel fuel blends with 1-butanol

An Anton Paar vibrating tube densimeter HPM DMA calibrated with an uncertainty of ±0.7 kg•m−3 has been used for accurate measurements of liquid densities of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel (WCOB) and 1-butanol as pure fluids and binary liquid mixtures. The densities measurements were performed at temperatures (298.15 K to 393.15 K) and pressures (0.1 MPa to 140 MPa) and showing an absolute deviation of less than 0.007 g/cm−3 compared to the literature data. Using these new experimental data (908 points), excess molar volumes VE, isobaric thermal expansivity, αp, and isothermal compressibility, кT, have been calculated. The Tait and PC-SAFT equations correlate successfully the densities with a small absolute average deviation (AAD), the PC-SAFT model performs very well in all concentration range with a global absolute average deviation (AAD) of 0.325% and for Tait equation a global absolute average deviation of 0.086% for each concentration. PC-SAFT equation correlates satisfactorily the density and shows that it can explain the same interactions between fluid molecules contrary to the Tait equation. Excess volumes values were calculated from the experimental data and show a positive parabolic shape in all composition range almost symmetrical in the fraction molar 0.5. Furthermore, VE values were fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation and showed satisfactory correlation with very small standard deviation values with a global of 4.23·10−5 cm3·mol−1.

Study of kinematic viscosity and density of biodiesels exposed to radiations

The storage of biodiesels is a major concern for its long term performance. The present work reports the kinematic viscosity and density of Jatropha biodiesel (JBD) and Pongamia biodiesel (PBD) when exposed to sunlight and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for up to thirty days and ten hours respectively. Along with the exposure towards radiations, different antioxidants viz. Butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA), Butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT), Tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) were also added to the biodiesel samples to observe their impact along with varying storage ambiance. The study aimed to establish a concrete approach towards the stability of biodiesels when exposed to the diverse ambiance.

Effects of Storage Characteristics on Flash Point and Water Content of Biodiesel derived from Crude Palm Oil, Jatropha, and Waste Cooking Oil

In recent years, there was a major drawback in the reduction of fossil fuels. Researchers attempts to find solutions to overcome this crisis including using biodiesel as replacement for fossil fuel. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ambient and storage characteristics on flash point and water content of biodiesel derived from crude palm oil, jatropha and waste cooking oil. There are three types of biodiesel blending which is 5 vol %, 10 vol % g and 15 vol% blending and compare with commercial diesel. There are three type of biodiesel blended from Crude Palm Oil, Jatropha, and Waste Cooking Oil. The biodiesel samples were stored in clinical compartment, at different temperatures and were monitored at regular interval over a period of 1960 hours’ periods and storage temperature from 28oC~35oC. The analysis of blending biodiesel properties is performed with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standard. The changes of properties of biodiesel such as density, kinematics viscosity, acid value, water content and flash point of biodiesel were discussed in detail. High blending ratio CPO blends and longer storage period influences the increasing of viscosity for both conditions. Storage characteristics has a great influence on the biodiesel blends especially under high blending ratio. Increasing storage duration and temperature for all variant blending ratios are found to influences the increasing of the water content fuel density, resulting in increased the biodiesel viscosity. However, flash point of all biodiesel blends tends to decrease with increasing storage duration at different storage temperature.

Optimization of Protection Condition on the Stability of Castor (Ricinus communis) Oil Based Biodiesel using Response Surface Methodology

The effects of designed protection conditions such as different antioxidants (propyl gallate, PG and Pyrogallol, PY), antioxidant concentration (30 – 600 ppm), temperature (30˚C -120˚C) and storage period (3 – 5 days) on the oxidation stability of castor biodiesel were investigated work was to assess the effect of the antioxidants on the oxidative stability of castor biodiesel. Using the American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM) recommended protocols to determine the changes in the physicochemical properties (acid value, p-anisidine value, peroxide value, totox value, density, kinematic viscosity and refractive index) of the castor biodiesel were measured. The protection conditions were optimized using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) according to the Box–Behnken Design (Design Expert version 11 Statistical Software). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of propyl gallate showed concentration levels and temperature as the most important factors in the biodiesel oxidation, whereas the day of storage was one of the lowest factors with the p-value of < 0.05 for most indicated process variables of both linear and quadratic model terms were significant. The changes in some important physicochemical values are indication of degradation occurring in the biodiesel under the set storage condition. The optimal storage conditions were observed in propygallol with the acid value (0.985 mg KOH/g), p-anisidine value (7.650 mg KOH/g) and Totox value 4.005 (mEq/kg) with the overall desirability of 0.923 based on comparatively lower acid, p-anisidine and Totox values, followed by PG. The combined use of PY/PG antioxidants didn't show a synergic or additive result that makes the mixture of those antioxidants unsuitable to boost the biodiesel stability based on their relatively higher Totox Value.

Investigations on the Thermophysical Properties of the Binary Mixtures of Ethyl Laurate with Four n-Alkanols

The density, viscosity and excess properties of biodiesel–alcohol fuel blends are investigated for research into the blending of fuels. Four n-alkanols (1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 1-hexanol) as additives were mixed with ethyl laurate to form binary systems for density and viscosity measurement. Excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations of the four binary systems (1-propanol + ethyl laurate), (1-butanol + ethyl laurate), (1-pentanol + ethyl laurate), and (1-hexanol + ethyl laurate) were calculated from the experimental density and viscosity data and fitted with the Redlich–Kister equation. Grunberg–Nissan and McAllister equations were used to correlate viscosities and the correlated values from McAllister equation are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results may be useful for the research and development of biodiesel–alcohol fuel blends.

A composition based approach to predict density, viscosity and surface tension of biodiesel fuels

The variations in biodiesel composition based on the feedstock used for its production result in significant variations in the fuel properties and thereby, engine characteristics. This necessitates the need for adopting a composition based approach to analyze biodiesel fuel properties and engine characteristics. Based on this premise, biodiesel composition based multi linear regression models are proposed in the present work to predict the density, kinematic viscosity and surface tension of biodiesel. Biodiesel composition effects are captured through two new parameters, namely straight chain saturation factor (SCSF) and modified degree of unsaturation (DUm) which represents the effects of saturated and unsaturated methyl ester constituents of biodiesel, respectively. SCSF and DUm are found to better capture the effects of biodiesel composition as compared to the parameters available in the literature, namely long chain saturated factor, modified long chain saturated factor and degree of unsaturation by addressing their limitations. The proposed models also account for the effects of temperature on the variations of biodiesel properties. To train and validate the proposed multi linear regression models, the density and kinematic viscosity in the temperature range of 293 to 373 K and surface tension in the temperature range of 303 to 353 K of seven biodiesels having significantly different composition are measured. For validation, the measured property data of three additional biodiesels not considered in training the models are used. The predictions compared well with measured data with regression coefficients of 0.98, 0.97 and 0.93 and mean absolute percentage error of 6.28, 0.36 and 1.4 percent for kinematic viscosity, density and surface tension, respectively. Statistical analysis carried out using ANOVA revealed a strong correlation between biodiesel composition based parameters, SCSF and DUm and aforementioned properties. Further, DUm is found to have a profound influence on the kinematic viscosity and density of biodiesel as compared to SCSF while its effects on the surface tension are statistically insignificant.

Alteration of Biodiesel Properties and Automotive Diesel Engine Performance due to Temperature Variation of the Transesterification Process

This study aimed to examine the effects of transesterification reaction temperature on the biodiesel properties and diesel engine performance. Biodiesel properties evaluated in this work included viscosity, density, and methyl ester content. Meanwhile, the diesel engine performance testing comprised the examination of the engine’s torque and power. The research was conducted in several stages, viz. producing biodiesel from fresh cooking oil with variations in transesterification temperature of 45℃, 55℃, and 65℃; testing the characteristics of biodiesel produced; blending biodiesel with petroleum diesel to result in B30 biodiesel fuel; and testing biodiesel fuel (B30) in diesel-engined vehicles. It was revealed that the higher transesterification temperature led to the lower biodiesel viscosity, the decreasing value of biodiesel density values, and the higher methyl ester content. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that increase of the transesterification temperature resulted in the higher value of torque and power generated. However, compared to the petroleum diesel fuel (B0), biodiesel fuel (B30) exhibited the lower values of the engine’s torque and power. The highest average values of torque and power of B30 fueled diesel-engine were 108.11 Nm and 43.51 kW, respectively, provided by the biodiesel produced at the transesterification reaction temperature of 65℃.of 65℃.

Predicting the effect of pressure on biodiesel density at pressures of up to 200 MPa based on fatty acid alkyl ester profiles and density values at atmospheric pressure

The purpose of the current study is to propose a procedure to predict the effect of pressure on biodiesel density based on fatty acid alkyl ester profiles and density values at atmospheric pressure. Based on a Murnaghan equation of state to describe the effects of pressure on density and a group-contribution method to factor in the diversity of fatty acid alkyl ester components in biodiesels, the method is applicable up to 200 MPa in a wide temperature range from 280 to 400 K. Comparison of results with experimental data show that the method provides reliable high pressure predictions for biodiesels and biodiesel blends. Typical deviations calculated between the proposed method and experimental data are 0.05% for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and 0.04% for Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in terms of Average Absolute Deviation, with maximum deviations of the same order of magnitude as those of experimental uncertainties.

Density, flash point, viscosity, and heating value of waste cooking biodiesel (B20) with bioadditive essential oil (lemon, lemongrass, eucalyptus)

This research is motivated by the decreasing of fossil fuels in the earth while the level of consumption of fossil fuels is getting higher from year to year, so the need for alternative fuels increases, one of which is biodiesel. The existence of studies in preparing biodiesel as an alternative fuel is essential. This study aimed to determine the effect of bioadditive essential oils (lemon, lemongrass, and eucalyptus) on biodiesel fuels’ thermophysical properties. The method used in this study is using esterification and transesterification step for making biodiesel. The character of biodiesel can be recognized by testing the physicochemical properties which consist of kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, and low heating value tests. The results show that the density of all samples is not significantly different in value. Increased density occurs in each sample due to the higher concentration of essential oils. As the concentration of essential oil increases, flashpoint tends to decrease. Low heating value tends to decrease with the increase concentration of essential oil. Kinematic viscosity has a value that tends to decrease with the addition of essential oil concentrations.

KUALITAS BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK JELANTAH BERDASARKAN PROSES SAPONIFIKASI DAN TANPA SAPONIFIKASI

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be renewed and as a promising of diesel fuel in the future. In this study, the production of biodiesel from used waste vegetable oil through the initial treatment reaction saponification and without saponification. The process of producing of biodiesel can used by the transesterification method. The yield of biodiesel were obtained then analysis for quantity by calculating of the percent yield on each yield for biodiesel with saponification successively is 61.68%. The biodiesel product without saponification successively is 81.93%. The quality test produced for biodiesel density test with and without saponification is 0.8871 g / mL and 0.8975 g / mL ,% FFA 0.3375 mg KOH / g and 0.6325 mg KOH / g, and flash point 184 ℃ and 182.6 ℃.

Pengolahan Limbah Ikan Menjadi Biodiesel dengan Radiasi Mikrogelombang

The fish waste contains a lot of oil, so there needs to be a way to treat fish waste to be more useful. One way that can be done is to process it into biodiesel. Biodiesel production begins with taking oil from fish waste by steaming, fish waste oil was analyzed for free fatty acid levels, and obtained by 1.8%. The process was continued with esterification because the FFA value was above 1%, with a reaction time of 15 minutes and a 450watt microwave power. The esterification and transesterification process were carried out in a modified microwave. This study uses a variable change in the form of micro-wave (microwave) power variations of 300, 450, 600 and 800 watts and the ratio of moles of oil to methanol 1: 6, 1:12, 1:18, 1:24. The highest yield obtained by Biodiesel in reactant ratio 1:18 variable and 600 watt microwave power by 97%, while the lowest yield in variable 1: 6 with 300 watt microwave wave power by 88%. Biodiesel from fish waste produced was analyzed using GC-MS to determine the formation of methyl esters. The methyl esters contained in the form of stearic acid with an area of 21%. Analysis of the characteristics of biodiesel density was 863 kg/m3, viscosity was 3.12 mm2/s, cetane number was 55.72. From several characteristics test of biodiesel, fish waste is included in the biodiesel requirements of the Indonesian National Standard. Testing the water content is still high above the limit set by SNI biodiesel which is equal to 0.80%.

Potensi Minyak Jelantah Sebagai Biodiesel dan Pengaruh Katalis Serta Waktu Reaksi Terhadap Kualitas Biodiesel Melalui Proses Transesterifikasi

This study aimed to determine the effect of reaction time and catalyst variations on the quality of biodiesel according to SNI 7182: 2015 determine the best reaction time and catalyst variations on the yield parameters, water content, viscosity, density, flash point, and methyl ester levels of biodiesel produced. Based on the research, the results show that the quality of biodiesel obtained for each parameter meets the SNI 7182: 2015 quality standards except for water content parameters that still exceed the quality standard limits. The best quality of biodiesel is shown in the variation of the reaction time of 120 minutes with KOH catalyst with a yield of 77.95%, moisture content of 0.2673%, density of 0.8669 gr/ml, the viscosity of 5.15 CST, flash point 174°C and levels of methyl esters 98.42%. Biodiesel from used cooking oil can be applied as renewable energy that is more environmentally efficient.<h1 style="margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-indent: 0cm; mso-list: none; tab-stops: 36.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; text-transform: none; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;" lang="EN-US">This study aimed to determine the effect of reaction time and catalyst variations on the quality of biodiesel according to SNI 7182: 2015 determine the best reaction time and catalyst variations on the yield parameters, water content, viscosity, density, flash point, and methyl ester levels of biodiesel produced. Based on the research, the results show that the quality of biodiesel obtained for each parameter meets the SNI 7182: 2015 quality standards except for water content parameters that still exceed the quality standard limits. The best quality of biodiesel is shown in the variation of the reaction time of 120 minutes with KOH catalyst with a yield of 77.95%, moisture content of 0.2673%, density of 0.8669 gr/ml, the viscosity of 5.15 CST, flash point 174°C and levels of methyl esters 98.42%. Biodiesel from used cooking oil can be applied as renewable energy that is more environmentally efficient.</span></h1>

Biodiesel Synthesis From Coconut Oil using Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)

The aim of this research is to determine the properties of biodiesel from coconut oil using plug flow reactor (PFR) using potassium hidroxide (KOH) as catalyst. The experiments were conducted by flowing oil and the catalyst into plug flow reactor continuously. The temperature of reaction at 600C, variation of feed flow ( 10 ml/min, 15 ml/min, 20 ml/min, 25 ml/min), methanol ratio 25% w/w oil and catalyst ratio 0,5% w/w oil. The highest biodiesel yield at feed flow rate 25 ml/min was 86,53%. The density of Biodiesel was 880,04 kg/m3 . The viscosity of biodiesel was 2,8 cSt. The Acid number of biodiesel was 0,228 mgKOH/g. Water content of biodiesel was 7,189 %. Flash point of the biodiesel was 48 0C. From the analysis of biodiesel parameter, the biodiesel was meet the needs of Biodiesel Standard SNI 04-7182-2006 and closed to diesel fuel properties.

Application and analysis of rapid determination of oxidative degradation of biodiesel by surface tension and UV absorbance

In this paper, the accelerated degradation and oxidation of Jatropha biodiesel were carried out at 110 °C through the Rancimat method. The applicability of surface tension and UV absorbance in the fuel oxidation degree detection was studied through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer(GC-MS) and acid value titration. The analysis of experimental data demonstrated that the acid value, surface tension and density of Jatropha biodiesel increased by 551%, 3.8% and 0.91% following oxidation, respectively, while the UV absorption intensity at 230 nm increased nearly 2 times. Subsequently to oxidation, the correlations among surface tension, UV absorbance and acid value of Jatropha biodiesel were 0.9743 and 0.9702. Based on this fact, four prediction models for the degree prediction of fuel oxidation through surface tension and UV absorbance were proposed, while the cross-validation method was utilized. The test analysis finally determined that the two models were Logarithm model and Power model, while the RMESP and R values were 0.093, 0.9875, 0.0705 and 0.9928. Both the accuracy and correlation were high. The acid value prediction model based on surface tension was 7.8%, while the acid value prediction model based on UV absorbance was 3.8%. Both could accurately determine the oxidation degree of biodiesel.

Concentration of cao catalyst from chicken eggshell in transesterification process of pangi seed oil biodiesel

The purpose of this research was to obtain best consentration of CaO catalyst chicken eggshell in transesterification process on quality of biodiesel produced from pangi seed oil. The treatment of CaO catalyst concentrations in this research was S1 (1%), S2 (1.5%), S3 (2%), S4 (2.5%), and S5 (3%). The collected data were statistically analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) continued by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) test at 5% level. The parameters observed were acid value, density, iodium value, saponification value, and cetana number. The results of analysis showed that consentration of CaO catalyst chicken eggshell gave unsignificantly affect on acid value and cetana number but significantly affect on density, iodium value, and saponification value of biodiesel. The chosen treatment in this research was S5 (CaO catalyst 3%). The treatment of S5 has yield 97.99% with characteristics acid value 0.68 mg KOH/g, density 885.22 kg/m3, iodium value 81.41 g I2/100 g, saponification value 179.00 mg KOH/g, and cetana number 58.48. A post-publication change was made to this article on 11 Mar 2020 to correct the conference title in the PDF header.

High-Pressure Soybean Oil Biodiesel Density: Experimental Measurements, Correlation by Tait Equation, and Perturbed Chain SAFT (PC-SAFT) Modeling

Biodiesel can easily become the crucial solution for environmental problems. The high production rate of soybean oil has been the subject of several research works to transform it into biodiesel. K...