B20 Biodiesel Research Articles

Development of Solar Powered Biodiesel Reactor for Kuwait Sheep Tallow

Biodiesel is one of the more recent green fuel products in the world. It can be produced from several raw materials such as straight vegetable oils, animal fats, tallow, and waste cooking oils, and blended with diesel. Properties of biodiesel are different compared to fossil diesel in terms of production methods and emission levels released after combustion in an internal combustion engine. Kuwait consumes a huge amount of energy which is almost 8% to meet the increasing demand for electricity and water. Moreover, the use of electricity in the production of biodiesel increases energy use and cost of production. Kuwait is receiving an amount of solar irradiation ranging from 2050 kWh/m2 to 2100 kWh/m2. The present study is concerned with the evaluation of the potential to use solar energy to produce biodiesel from sheep fat waste as a raw material. An experimental test rig was set up for a single cylinder diesel engine in the laboratory, where a solar power system was used to assist the production process of biodiesel from tallow waste. The biodiesel is then blended with diesel at different volume percentages, such as graded as B20, B50, B75 and B100, respectively. The exhaust gases such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and nitric dioxide where also analyzed. An optimum decrease in values of nitric oxide levels was observed at the load of 51%, 68%, 85% and 93% during the operation at blend of biodiesel B20, B50, B75 and B100, respectively. Nitric dioxide was decreased at the load of 51%, 68% and 85% during the operation using B20, B50 and B75, respectively. Optimum SFC was achieved at B20, B50 and B75 during high loads of 85% and 93%. It can be concluded that sheep tallow biodiesel shows a promising result in terms of fuel consumption and environmental emissions of greenhouse gases.

Ignition delay and its influence on the performance of a Diesel engine operating with different Diesel–biodiesel fuels

The ignition delay is an important parameter which characterizes the initiation of combustion process and consequently its development in Diesel engines. This parameter mainly depends on chemical factors which are related to the fuel structure and its properties and also on physical factors which are related to the engine operating conditions. The need for alternative fuels usage in Diesel engines determined by the depletion of petroleum resources and by the regulations imposed on pollutant emissions have enforced the researches on renewable biofuels. Among these new fuels, biodiesel B7, actually in use, and biodiesel B20, in prospective, have received a particular interest. In this sense, an experimental and theoretical study was performed on a tractor Diesel engine aiming to determine the ignition delay of the rapeseed biodiesel B7 and B20 and to compare them with the ignition delay of pure Diesel fuel for full load and different engine speeds as tested operating conditions. This present study represents an extension of the previously mentioned research having now as objectives: to review what are the methods used for the ignition delay evaluation, to perform a comparison between several commonly Arrhenius type relationships used for the assessment of ignition delay and the ignition delay experimentally determined, and to offer a better understanding of the influences induced by the ignition delay respectively by the fuel reactivity on performance, efficiency and emissions of compression ignited engines operating with different Diesel–biodiesel fuels. The novelty of this work consists in the statistical approach to probability density of ignition delay which leads to better estimation of this crucial parameter and consequently to better control of the combustion process.

The critical techno-economic aspects for production of B10 biodiesel from second generation feedstocks: a review

ABSTRACT Global energy demand continues to increase owing to advancements in key growth sectors of Economies. Transportation-related emissions resulting from petroleum use account for 23% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. Biofuels including biodiesel are renewable substitutes for transportation fuels that have attracted global interest. This paper reviewed existing literature on technological, economic, and life cycle environmental aspects vital for assessment of the viability of production of second-generation biodiesel including the B10 blend advocated for Uganda. The quantity of biodiesel required to fulfil a B10 blend for Uganda’s downstream petroleum sector is one hundred million litres per annum. To meet this demand, 50,000 ha of land is required for cultivation of biodiesel feedstocks against the available 6,900,000 ha. Jatropha, castor, and croton, offer agronomical advantages. Biodiesel produced from these feedstocks through transesterification, should conform to ASTM D6751/EN14214 standards. Physicochemical, economic, and environmental assessments are vital to confirm its techno-economic viability.

Experimental Analysis of Engine Performance and Exhaust Pollutant on a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine Operated Using Moringa Oleifera Biodiesel

In this investigation, biodiesel was produced from Moringa oleifera oil through a transesterification process at operating conditions including a reaction temperature of 60 °C, catalyst concentration of 1% wt., reaction time of 2 h, stirring speed of 1000 rpm and methanol to oil ratio of 8.50:1. Biodiesel blends, B10 and B20, were tested in a compression ignition engine, and the performance and emission characteristics were analyzed and compared with high-speed diesel. The engine was operated at full load conditions with engine speeds varying from 1000 rpm to 2400 rpm. All the performance and exhaust pollutants results were collected and analyzed. It was found that MOB10 produced lower BP (7.44%), BSFC (7.51%), and CO2 (7.7%). The MOB10 also reduced smoke opacity (24%) and HC (10.27%). Compared to diesel, MOB10 also increased CO (2.5%) and NOx (9%) emissions.

Effect of Biodiesel B100 and Ethanol Blends on the Performance of Small Diesel Engine

<p class="02abstracttext"><span lang="IN">A small diesel engine is a machine that has high efficiency but causes a high level of pollution. The most widely used fuel so far is fossil energy which is unrenewable energy. The fruit of the Calophyllum inophyllum plant has great potential to be developed as alternative energy for small diesel engines. In this study, the test fuel used was D100, B100, E5, E10, and E15. The small engine diesel used TG-R180 Diesel with a compression ratio of 20:1 at engine turns 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2400 rpm, and the braking load at a constant prony disc brake is 1,5 kg/cm<sup>2</sup>. The result of the study using E10 fuel can improve engine performance and can reduce the opacity of the exhaust gas. The highest power in the D100 fuel at 2100 rpm is 8,06 PS. The highest thermal efficiency of E10 fuel is 50,29%. The use of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel (B100) can reduce exhaust gas opacity in small diesel engines when compared to the use of D100. E10 fuel has the lowest exhaust gas opacity rate of 4,1%.</span></p>

Investigation of the influence of spraying angle on engine performance indicators in the process of biodiesel fuel use

The use of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines poses a number of difficulties associated with the adaptation of the engine and its systems. However, the prospect of using alternative fuels has significant economic and environmental feasibility, and therefore is extremely important. Therefore, the issue of studying the main performance indicators of engines in the process of using biodiesel fuel RME B20 is relevant. From the analysis of literary sources, it was found that diesel engines are promising for the use of biodiesel fuel. The efficiency of these engines largely depends on the main parameters of mixture formation, which have not been sufficiently investigated for RME B20 fuel. In the process of using B20 biodiesel fuel on a Renault 2.5 DCI engine with a decrease in the fuel spray angle to 60o, it was established: a decrease in engine torque by 12.5%; drop in effective power to 15.7%; reduction of the effective pressure in the engine cylinders up to 24.8%; increase in specific effective fuel consumption up to 15%. This is due to the fact that with a decrease in the fuel atomization angle, the contact area of the fuel drops and air in the engine cylinders decreases. And this, in turn, worsens the mixture formation process and leads to incomplete combustion of the fuel-air mixture. With an increase in the spray angle of the fuel to 750, the efficiency of using B20 biodiesel fuel on the Renault 2.5 DCI engine increases. Therefore, according to the results of studies of the operation of the Renault 2.5 DCI engine on commercial and biodiesel fuel RME B20, it was found that the use of biodiesel fuel leads to a deterioration in mixture formation due to which heat generation decreases, as a result, fuel consumption increases, and engine power, and torque decrease. To improve these indicators, it is necessary to change the mixture formation process by increasing the fuel atomization angle to 750.

The evolution of a single droplet water-in-palm oil derived biodiesel emulsion leading to micro-explosion

Palm oil methyl ester is blended with diesel oil as a commercial diesel product in Malaysia, known as biodiesel B10. Biodiesel mixed with water proved to reduced simultaneously both the particulate matter and NOx during combustion. Emulsified biodiesel also caused a secondary atomization due to micro-explosion of the fuel droplets, which is beneficial in improving combustion efficiency. The main factors and events leading to micro-explosion for palm oil derived biodiesel emulsified fuel has yet to be made available in the open literature. Hence, this study aimed to visualize the droplet evolution to micro-explosion of single droplet when heated. A single droplet was placed on the hot surface of a hotplate maintained at 500 °C and the droplet evolution time leading to micro-explosion were capture using a high-speed camera. The study found that all samples of the emulsified fuels produced micro-explosions in four distinct stages. The droplet underwent from a homogenous emulsion, turning from milky color to being transparent during the separation stage, volume expansion during the bubble growth stage, intense coalescence and puffing stage and finally micro-explosion stage. Larger water particles size and higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values are the main factors that caused shorter time leading to micro-explosion of droplets.

The effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of C.I. Engine fuelled with corn oil biodiesel blended with diesel fuel.

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of changing the compression ratio on the performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder, 4-stroke compression ignition (CI) engine running with biodiesel and pure diesel fuel. Corn oil biodiesel blends were prepared viz. B5(5 %), B10 (10 %), B1 (15 %) and B20 (20 %) (by volume). The tests were performed at full load, constant speed 1500 rpm and different compression ratios 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 %. The engine performance like brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emissions of CO, CO2, HC, NOX and smoke opacity for all biodiesel blends were measured. The results showed that on increasing the compression ratios, the BTE increases and BSFC decrease for all types of fuel used, but it was found that for biodiesel blends B5, B10, B15 and B20, the BTE slightly decreased by 2, 4.2, 6.5 and 8.3 % and the BSFC increased by 3.3, 6.3, 9.4 and 13 % respectively, compared to the pure diesel fuel due to the high viscosity and density of biodiesel. With increasing the compression ratio and proportion of biodiesel blend, the emissions of CO, HC and smoke opacity were decreased, at the same time, the CO2 and NOX emissions were increased. The highest reduction in the emissions of CO, HC and smoke was found in the B20 biodiesel blend, which was 30, 26 and 23.8 %, respectively, while the same blend showed the highest increase in emissions of CO2 and NOX, which were 21 and 25.7 % respectively, compared to pure diesel fuel. Therefore, the biodiesel blend can be used at proportion up to 20 % and blend with diesel fuel in CI engines without any modifications.

Analysis of Water Content on Biodiesel Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Biodiesel Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as Diesel Engine Fuels

This paper is based of policy to diversify energy from renewable energy, one of the types of renewable energy is biodiesel. The purpose of this paper is to explain the water content in biodiesel with palm oil added, and the water content in biodiesel with coconut oil added, and compare the water content of the two types of biodiesel. The type of research used is the research and development method, testing the water content of the biodiesel at the Sucofindo Padang Laboratory and the Pertamina Padang Laboratory. The results showed that the water content of biodiesel with palm oil had a lower water content compared to biodiesel with coconut oil. Referring to the provisions of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7182:2015) that the water content in biodiesel is 0.05% as the maximum limit, while referring to Gaikindo (Association of Indonesian Automotive Industries), the maximum water content in biodiesel is 0.020% to 0.025%, then biodiesel B5, B10, B15, and B20, with palm oil added, and biodiesel B5 and B10 with coconut oil added as fuel can be used for diesel engines.

Investigation of preheated Dhupa seed oil biodiesel as an alternative fuel on the performance, emission and combustion in a CI engine

The present study investigates the suitability of preheated Vateria indica methyl ester (VIME) as an alternative fuel for a diesel engine. VIME is a renewable, non-toxic and sustainable alternative biodiesel obtained from Dhupa fat by transesterification. This study aims to evaluate the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of four different blends such as B0 (0% VIME and 100% mineral diesel), B30, B50 and B100 at elevated fuel inlet temperatures ranging from 35 °C to 95 °C. The tests are carried out in a single cylinder diesel engine at optimum loading condition and fixed speed. Results are obtained in terms of brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and exhaust emissions (CO, HC, NOX, CO2 and soot). It is observed that the preheating of blends decreases the viscosity which enhances fuel spray characteristics, leading to higher engine performance, lower CO and HC emissions with a slight increase in NOX and CO2 emissions. BTE and peak in-cylinder pressure for B100 at 95 °C and 75% load are increased by 7.44%, 2.97% respectively compared to unheated B100 biodiesel. BSFC, CO, HC emissions at 75% load for B100 at 95 °C are reduced by 26.73%, 28.08%, 42.7% respectively compared to unheated B100.

Optimization of sorbitan monooleate and γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles as cold-flow improver in B30 biodiesel blend using response surface methodology (RSM)

The synergy of sorbitan monooleate (SMO) and γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles, which was prepared via ultrasonic sonochemistry, as cold-flow improvers (CFI) in B30 biodiesel blend is presented in this work. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the influence of both CFIs on biodiesel's cold-flow properties, i.e., cloud point (CP), cold-filter plugging point (CFPP), filter blocking tendency (FBT), and precipitate. Based on the result, the relationship between CFI and CP's concentration was best expressed with a quadratic model. Meanwhile, two-factor interaction (2FI) models were more suitable for CFPP, FBT, and precipitate. Based on the result, the most optimum concentration of SMO and γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles were achieved at 0.1% w/v and 50ppm, respectively. At this condition, the predicted values of CP, CFPP, FBT, and precipitate of the sample were 8.52°C, 6.056°C, 7.208, and 564mg/L, respectively. It is believed that SMO's surface-activity and the ability of γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles to form Pickering emulsion were responsible for the inhibition of excessive crystallization of saturated FAME but also enhancing their colloidal stability at low temperature.

Effect of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Additive Blended in Palm Oil Biodiesel as Alternative Fuel Used in Diesel Engine

In the present study, the effects of adding of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle additive as a fuel additive to a palm oil biodiesel-diesel fuel blend on engine performance, and exhaust emissions were studied in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine under different torque conditions. The test fuels used were fossil diesel fuels, B20 blend biodiesel (as 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) with cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle additive (30ppm, 60ppm, 90ppm and 120ppm). The experimental results demonstrated that B20 blend biodiesel at 90ppm of CeO2 nanoparticles additive found significant reduction emissions nitrogen oxide (NOX), carbon dioxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC) and smoke. However, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is decreased with significant from increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by doping of CeO2 from 30ppm to 90ppm. B20 biodiesel blend with 90ppm of CeO2 nanoparticles additive as optimum blend out of the test blends.

A preliminary study of moving droplet combustion of biodiesel (B20) in a microgravity environment

The characteristics of B20 biodiesel droplet combustion on flame propagation rate at microgravity conditions are fascinating to study. The observation of Biodiesel B20 fuel was chosen because it supports the Indonesian government policy on the use of alternative energy. This research is an initial stage to determine the effect of variations in the speed of motion of biodiesel B20 droplets on the flame propagation distance. At this initial stage, the droplet velocity is set at 5 mm / s. There are three droplets used, namely droplet A (igniter droplet), droplet B (flame source droplet), and droplet C (observation droplet). Each droplet has a diameter of 1 mm. Data was collected directly through video analysis to determine the propagation distance of SBC/d0. The results showed that the investigative droplet (C), which was 3 mm from droplet B, had a maximum burnt distance of SBC/d0 = 4 - 4.2.

Combustion, performance, and emission analysis of a CI engine fueled with mustard oil biodiesel blended in diesel fuel

The present paper discusses the use of mustard oil as a feedstock in the transesterification process through biodiesel production. In this work, the processing of biodiesel takes place via the transesterification process using an alkali catalyst (KOH-6.36 gm) with lower alcohol (methanol-260 ml) for one litre of mustard oil, at the reaction temperature of 65 °C, which provides a conversion efficiency of 91.10%. Four test fuels are prepared for engine testing by blending 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of mustard oil biodiesel in diesel fuel on a volumetric basis and labeled as diesel–biodiesel blend B10, B20, B30, and B40, respectively. Various combustion parameters are evaluated of the above-mentioned blends and compared with the diesel fuel, at different load conditions. In addition to that, the performance parameters and emission parameters are also evaluated of the above-mentioned blends and compared with the diesel fuel. Diesel fuel and all blends exhibit nearly the same value of cylinder peak pressure at higher load conditions. The value of cumulative heat release rate for blend B10 is lowest among all the blends and diesel fuel at both at 75% and 100% load conditions. Up to around 80% load, the B10 blend shows the highest brake thermal efficiency among all the blends and diesel fuel, due to more concentration of the oxygen in the fuel, which increases the combustion efficiency. The B20 blend consistently exhibits the lowest NOx emissions at 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% loading conditions which makes it the better and least NOx emission blend.

Performance and Emission of B100 Biodiesel with Various Additives in Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Alternative fuels for diesel engines have become highly important in the automotive industry due to the depleting fossil fuel sources and increased environmental concerns. Biodiesel fuel has a good combustion characteristic because of their long-chain hydrocarbon structure but the higher density and viscosity of the fuel can contribute to several engine problems such as low atomization, carbon deposit formation and injector clogging. The production of biodiesel with additives can help with the performance and emissions of diesel engines. There are many types of additives on the market but the extent of the additives on engine performance is unknown and lack of research has been done in studying the performance, emissions and fuel consumption together with B100 biodiesel. In this research, there are five types of B100 palm oil methyl ester biodiesel with various additive compositions need to be identified. The density, viscosity and calorific value of biodiesel samples were measured to study the thermo-physical properties as a simulation input. Simulation of the combustion engine is conducted using CONVERGE CFD software; based on single-cylinder, direct injection, YANMAR TF90 diesel engine parameters to study on the combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions. The simulation results were compared with the experiment results. From the simulations, biodiesel with diethyl ester and n-butanol additives give better results compared to other additives because the present of n-butanol PME is believed to reduce CO, CO2 and NOx emissions while diethyl ether can improve the spray characteristics when it blends with B100 biodiesel due to its low density and viscosity.

Cashew nut shell liquid as alternate fuel for CI engine—optimization approach for performance improvement

Increased consumption of fossil fuels and growing concerns regarding environmental pollution triggered by burning fossil fuels have directed investigators to search for renewable fuels as an alternative. Among different opportunities explored to replace diesel as sole fuel, biodiesel produced from vegetable oils is ascertained as one of the strong contestants for lowering the exhaust emissions. In this work, experiments are carried out to evaluate the performance behavior of a four-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition diesel engine running on cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) mixed with oxygenated additive diethyl ether (DEE) and diesel. The prepared blends are characterized for their kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, and calorific value. These blends’ effectiveness is optimized for brake thermal efficiency, brake power and specific fuel consumption considering fuel blend, % of additive addition, and injection pressure. Split-plot design in response surface methodology (RSM) is used for performing the experiments, and desirability analysis is used for optimization. The investigation outcomes show that brake thermal efficiency increases for B10 biodiesel blend and for lower injection pressure and for 15% addition of diethyl ether as additive. Similarly, specific fuel consumption is higher for blended fuel and for 10% addition of additive addition and 210 injection pressure. For all the outputs, the most influential parameter is injection pressure and its interaction effect with the type of fuel used. Finally, the optimized condition is obtained for both diesel and CNSL-DEE-diesel blend.

Effects of piston and cylinder swirl generation on the performance of ceiba pentandra and nigella sativa B20 biodiesel blended diesel engine operation

In order to improve the combustion of two B20-based Ceiba Penandra (CPNTOME B20) and Nigella Sativa (NIZSAOME B20) selected for the analysis, experimental Investigations into a modified diesel engine have been conducted with artificially induced swirl techniques implemented on both the piston and the head of the cylinder. B20 Biodiesels Used to decrease dependence on fossil-based fuels and there by address the alarmins emission levels in the atmosphere as biodiesels are renewable and are carbon neutral candidates. Growing number of piston grooves and number of cylinder head grooves and bridges increase engine output in terms of higher thermal break efficiency (BTE), lower hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), smoke emissions while CPNTOME B20 showed higher performance while NOx increased from the two B20 blends.

The effect of use of biodiesel B30 from palm oil to degradation of oil lubrication in 1-cylinder diesel engine 4-stroke

New alternative fuels are needed to reduce the fossil fuels. Biodiesel from palm oil is one alternative fuel to replace fossil fuel. This is because Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil in the world. There are several analyzes that the use of palm oil causes a significant decrease in the viscosity of lubricating oil. A research is carried out to evaluate the effect of B30 biodiesel from palm oil on the degradation of diesel engine lubricating oil. The method used is experiment with testing diesel engines endurance referring to the standards of the Engine Manufacture Association (EMA) to determine differences in lubrication degradation. As a result, B30 biodiesel from palm oil causes greater degradation in lubricating oil than using Dexlite diesel fuel. Biodiesel B30 causes lubricating oil to decrease its viscosity by 46.98%, increase the viscosity index by 7.84%, increase in the flash point, increase in the pour point some 3°C and decrease in the base number by 4.62% and 3.6026% less water content.

Performance of diesel engine using cooking oil biodiesel (B20) with additional bioaditive essential oils (Eucalyptus)

This research is geared by the depletion of the availability of fossil fuels in nature. This is inversely proportional to the level of fossil fuel consumption, which is getting higher from year to year. Thus, there is a need for alternative fuels. One of which is biodiesel. The existence of an assessment in preparing biodiesel as an alternative fuel is significant. This study aims to determine the effect of the addition of bioaditive essential oil (eucalyptus) on the performance of diesel engines. The method used in this research was the manufacture of biodiesel through esterification and transesterification steps, then testing the diesel engine to determine the performance and gas emissions were also carried out. The results show that brake torque has decreased along with the loading at each engine speed. The value of brake power increases from 1700 rpm to 1900 rpm and then decreases to 2300 rpm. Brake fuel consumption increases with increasing engine speed, and thermal brake efficiency decrease with increasing engine speed. The CO emission is constant, but in the B20 biodiesel sample with 0.1% eucalyptus oil additive, the CO emission increases to 2100 rpm. CO2 and HC emissions fluctuate with an increasing trend with increasing engine speed. O2 emissions fluctuate with a decreasing trend along with the increase in engine speed, the O2 content produced by pure biodiesel B20 is lower than B20 with additives

Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a DI-CI diesel engine fueled with corn oil methyl ester biodiesel blends

As a result of increased global emission, higher fuel price, and limited natural resources, the need of alternative fuels is highly focused by various researchers. Use of edible oil in internal combustion (IC) engine is finding its place to replace the use of conventional fuel. In the present experimental investigation, corn oil methyl ester (COME) and its blends of biodiesel fueled in diesel engine to assess the combustion, performance, emission characteristics. The maximum blend ratio of corn oil methyl ester is limited to 30% with neat diesel. Results showed that using B10 biodiesel blend significantly improved the performance of engine and the maximum engine efficiency using B10 biodiesel blend is found as 33.98% and it is lower than neat diesel. Similarly, the BSFC of diesel engine using B10 biodiesel blend is increased only by 2%, whereas, using B20 and B30, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased to about 4 and 6%, respectively. Results showed that the formation of NOx is higher as the oxygen content available in the fuel is higher and similarly, the CO2 during combustion increased. The other emission such as CO and HC are reduced.