Biodegradable Raw Materials Research Articles

A preliminary study of the temperature-responsive selective extraction performance of hydrogel derived from sulfobetaine methacrylate

BackgroundThe limited extraction selectivity caused by the single extraction selection mechanism of solid phase extraction (SPE) technology is one of the bottlenecks restricting its development. The development of environmentally sensitive materials provides a new opportunity to solve this problem. Based on this, we developed the sulfobetaine methacrylate hydrogel with abundant pore structure, a large number of adsorption sites and especially temperature responsiveness, and used as adsorbent for the extraction of pesticide residues in lychees. ResultsThe new hydrogel adsorbent was prepared by free radical copolymerization with sulfobetaine methacrylate as monomer, and used for the extraction of benzoylurea insecticides from lychees. Interestingly, the hydrogel showed an almost opposite temperature-selective extraction trend for different benzoylurea insecticides with similar structure and polarity, and opposite hydrophilicity, which may be caused by the temperature-sensitive and the special action site of the hydrogel, and the change of the diffusion of aqueous solution. In addition, the analysis method of three hydrophilic benzoylurea insecticides by sulfobetaine methacrylate hydrogel-SPE-HPLC was established. Under optimal conditions, the low limits of detection (0.030 μg L−1) and quantification (0.10 μg L−1), and the wide linear ranges (0.10–50.0 μg L−1) were achieved. Its application in lychee samples were also tested, and the satisfactory results were obtained, with the spiked recoveries from 80.79 % to 108.31 %. SignificanceThis was a great breakthrough in the selective extraction of similar targets. These properties, combined with low-cost, biodegradable raw materials and convenient, green synthesis method make the sulfobetaine methacrylate hydrogel a very promising solid phase adsorbent. Temperature-responsive selective mode can greatly enrich the selective extraction mechanism and promote its development and application in complex actual samples.

Review: Natural Fibres for Textile Application

Abstract Textile industries have a central role in human health, well-being, and the global economy. Sustainable development has become a necessity in this sector by utilizing natural, renewable, and biodegradable raw materials such as kenaf, ramie, pineapple fibres, wool, cotton, and other natural fibres. Science and technology expanding option for sustainable fibre-use in the textile industry due to source-scarcity of raw materials, environmental impact concerns, and market demands. This review discusses various aspects related to natural fibres, and their applications in addition to cotton, which is the most applied natural fibres for the textile industry. Key characteristics of natural fibres include physical, mechanical, and surface properties. These properties vary and are influenced by the chemical composition of the fibres and environmental conditions in growth and production. For plant-based fibres how the fibres are extracted from the plant, and from which vegetative or reproductive structures they are extracted, can affect the ultimate fibre quality and uses of the fibres. Similarly, there are a range of processing methods that affect the final quality and utility of the fibres and application in industry.

Eco-Designing Cosmetic Products while Preserving the Sensorial-Application Properties: An Instrumental Approach toward Sustainable Formulations

Driven by growing environmental concerns and regulations, cosmetic companies are seeking reliable methods to promptly assess the possibility of replacing high-impact ingredients with sustainable alternatives. In this work, we exploited rheological and texture analyses to evaluate the possibility of using natural and biodegradable raw materials for reformulating three commercial oil-in-water skin care emulsions from an eco-design perspective. Synthetic texturizers, like nylon-12 and PMMA, were replaced with starch, maltodextrin, and silica, while acrylic rheological modifiers were substituted with polysaccharide associations of sclerotium gum, xanthan gum, diutan gum, and carrageenan. Plant-based emollients and a biodegradable elastomer were used as alternatives to silicone oils. The flow and viscoelastic properties of the samples were characterized using rheological tests under continuous and oscillatory flow conditions. The immersion/de-immersion texture analysis allowed us to measure the mechanical properties of firmness, adhesiveness, and stringiness. A double-blind sensory test assessed the products’ application and sensory characteristics. The results revealed that rheology and texture analysis are complementary and correlated techniques, useful for predicting cosmetics’ sensory characteristics. While perfect replication of the original formulas might not be achievable, this protocol can aid formulators in selecting new eco-friendly ingredients ensuring the products’ desired application and sensory properties without compromising consumer experience.

Nitrogen and sulfur doped carbon dots coupled cellulose nanofibers: A surface functionalized nanocellulose membranes for air filtration

BackgroundThe current study demonstrates a process to produce a hybrid bio-organic cellulose nanofiber (CNF) membrane with high filtration performance and mechanical strength. This was accomplished by 1) tailoring the functional groups of CNFs, notably using the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) radical oxidation and 2) coupling them with carbon dots (CDs). MethodsThe surface chemistry of CNF was modified through TEMPO oxidation. Subsequently, a coupling reaction was conducted with CDs synthesized hydrothermally, as well as synthesized N/S-CDs derived from palm bunch. The impact of these modifications on the formation of air filters was investigated. Modification and coupling of surface modified CNF were evaluated by advanced analytical techniques. The toxicity of pristine and N/S-CDs coupled cellulose nanofibers was studied by cytotoxicity assay. Vacuum filtration and sequential compression molding techniques were applied to fabricate CNF filters, and the particle filtration efficiency of different filters was determined. Significant findingsThe coupling of N/S-CDs to CNF significantly enhanced the tensile strength of the membranes. Coupling of N/S-CDs to TEMPOCNF membrane showed the highest tensile strength (9.3 ± 1.9 MPa), while N/S-CDs coupling to CNF membrane exhibited slightly lower tensile strength (9.0 ± 1.3 MPa). The average pore diameter of the filters was slightly reduced after the CNF surface modification, which led to higher differential pressure across the filters. Both the pristine and TEMPO-modified CNF filters displayed high filtration efficiency for 0.3 μm-aerosol particles (∼70–81 %) and 0.1 μm-aerosol model particles (∼50–68 %), which was in a range of bacteria and viruses. This study provided detailed information about the fabrication of modified CNF filters with high air filtration efficiency for micro/nano-sized particles using cost-effective biodegradable raw materials.

A Conceptual Basis for Reducing the Number of Complex Multi-Parametric Experiments in Bio-Production Engineering via Artificial Intelligence

The biologicalization of production technology requires a far-reaching transformation from fossil to biogenic raw materials as feedstock for various production processes. The development of sustainable paints, adhesives and plastics made predominantly from biogenic and biodegradable raw materials is extremely time-consuming and therefore cost-intensive, which is counterproductive to the increasing demand for sustainable products. Due to the large number and complexity of biological systems, an unmanageable number of screening experiments would be required to use them in a specific way in products and processes. Combining evolutionary algorithm and artificial intelligence, the effort could be reduced by narrowing the range of variation and random selection of parameters and identifying patterns from parameter settings and evaluation criteria. In this paper, we thus evaluate the role of combining evolutionary algorithms and artificial intelligence for the prediction of experimental results in the context of biologicalization. In doing so, we describe key challenges using an application example, develop a methodological framework and outline an approach for translation into a software solution. The presented approach is intended to serve as a conceptual basis for further development, application and verification in a diverse set of future experiments.

Novel eco-friendly bio-nano-hybridized woolen felts for effective oil/water separation

Herein, a novel eco-friendly oil/water separation membrane was fabricated by bio-nano-hybridized surface modifications of waste woolen felt, which are inexpensive and biodegradable raw material. The bio-nano-hybridized surface modification was performed by decoration of the felt with polydopamine (PDA) in the presence of TiO2 and then Ag nanoparticles loaded onto the PDA layer by in-situ reduction, followed by treating the woolen felt@PDA-TiO2-Ag with a thiol having long alkyl chain (DDT) to fabricate the woolen felt@PDA-TiO2-Ag-DDT. FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, AFM and XRD analyses were performed to examine the surface structure and morphology of the modified woolen felts. Results revealed that low surface energy as well as nanostructured roughness were created through the modification process. The modified felt showed superhydrophobicity with water contact angle of 155° and excellent water/oil separation performance. It was also demonstrated that the densities of the membrane can be adjusted by the bio-nano-hybridized modification and the water/oil separation capability can be enhanced.

Design and Construction of Energy Saving Buildings in Varied Climates: Bioclimatic Approach and Sustainability

The research will explore how the design and construction of nearly zero-energy buildings can be addressed from a bioclimatic perspective, considering factors such as orientation, natural ventilation, sustainable materials, and energy efficiency strategies. Some case studies in different climates and regions are presented to understand how bioclimatic principles adapt to various environmental and geographical conditions. The documentary methodology focuses on reviewing articles published in Scopus database journals, mainly from recent years. The main results show that sustainable constructions are necessary for conserving the environment but also favor human life and the reuse of biodegradable raw materials.

Life Cycle Assessment of PLA Products: A Systematic Literature Review

The rising concerns about environmental harm and pollution create a setting for the search for better materials to produce more sustainable products. Plastic plays a crucial role in modern life and most of the commonly used are of fossil origin. Polylactic Acid (PLA) has been appointed as a more sustainable alternative, due to its origins in biodegradable raw materials. This paper aims to review scientific research, where Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is performed on this material, in order to further understand the environmental impacts and to assess whether it is a more viable option when compared to the most commonly used plastics. A systematic literature review of 81 LCA studies focused on the LCA of PLA products was conducted. An assessment of key aspects, including the system boundaries, raw materials origin, and quantitative analysis of five environmental impact categories was performed. In this comparative analysis, in addition to presenting the results for PLA products, they are also compared with other fossil-based plastics. This leads to the conclusion that PLA has higher environmental impacts on Marine Eutrophication, Freshwater Eutrophication, and Human Toxicity, which are mainly related to the agricultural phase of growing the raw materials for PLA production. For Climate Change, Polystyrene (PS) presents the higher Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, and for the Ozone Layer Depletion category, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) presents the higher impact. PLA is a solution to replace fossil plastics. However, the use of alternative biomass sources without competition with the feed and food sector could be a key option for biobased materials production, with lower environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This will be a pathway to reduce environmental impacts in categories such as climate change, marine eutrophication, and freshwater eutrophication.

Absorbent bioactive aerogels based on germinated wheat starch and grape skin extract

This study aimed to produce water-absorbent bioactive aerogels using biodegradable raw materials, wheat starch and poly ethylene oxide (PEO), and derived from agro-industrial residues (grape skin) obtained in the wine industry. The aerogels were produced using germinated wheat starch (GWS), with and without PEO, and incorporating grape skin extract (GSE) at concentrations of 5 and 10 % (w/w). The GSE was evaluated for total and individual phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity. The starch aerogels were characterized for morphology, density, porosity, functional groups by FT-IR, relative crystallinity and diffraction pattern, water absorption capacity, antioxidant activity, and in vitro release profile of phenolic compounds in food simulant medium. The total phenolic compounds in GSE was 226.25 ± 0.01 mg equivalent of gallic acid/g GSE. The aerogels showed low density and high porosity. All aerogels demonstrated high water absorption capacity (581.4 to 997.5 %). The antioxidant activity of the aerogels increased with increasing GSE concentration and the addition of PEO. The aerogels could release GSE gradually for up to 120 days in the hydrophilic simulant medium and 240 h for the hydrophobic medium. Starch-based aerogels with GSE showed potential to be applied as exudate absorbers with antioxidant activity to develop active food packaging.

Pea Protein-Based Bioplastics Crosslinked with Genipin: Analysis of the Crosslinking Evolution

Replacing conventional plastics with other products obtained from biobased and biodegradable raw materials is an increasingly studied solution. In this line, the development of protein-based bioplastics is a promising alternative. However, for some applications, such as packaging it would be necessary to improve their properties by including an additional stage to crosslink the protein chains during the production of bioplastics. Therefore, pea protein-based bioplastics crosslinked with genipin, a natural non-toxic chemical crosslinking agent, are evaluated in this study. The bioplastics are obtained via injection moulding and genipin, is included in the initial formulation. Specifically, the concentration of genipin and the effects on the protein blends with genipin over days are evaluated. The evolution of the reaction is followed by the colour change of the blend, together with thermal analyses and infrared spectroscopy. Results showed the evolution of the crosslinking in the blends resulted in conformational changes that resulted in the modification of the initial yellowish colour to a blueish system. Respect their bioplastics, more deformable systems with a lower water absorption capability are obtained by using genipin as crosslinking agent.

Cello Plastotech: adopting the triple bottom line as a sustainability strategy

Learning outcomes On completion of the case, the students will be able to understand the concept and importance of sustainability; understand how triple bottom line can help a company make a transition towards sustainability; evaluate the tensions between the three pillars of triple bottom line approach; assess the role of circular economy model as opposed to the conventional linear model in the transition of a company towards sustainability; and understand the sustainability challenge in an emerging market context. Case overview/synopsis Despite the promising growth potential of the plastics industry in India, it is faced with sustainability challenges owing to its detrimental impact on environment. To preserve the environment and human kind, the government made a bold announcement in 2018 to eliminate the use of highly polluting single-use plastics (SUPs) in the country. Amid this growing sustainability threat against plastics and the fall in demand of SUP items, this case illustrates that Sandip Patel, the plant manager of Cello Plastotech, is entrusted by the CEO with the responsibility of adopting a triple bottom line approach encompassing its three pillars, that is, people, planet and profits, as a response to the sustainability challenge. The strategic rethinking towards adopting sustainability required Patel to face the challenge of striking a balance between the three pillars of triple bottom line while also taking some valuable insights for plastic waste management from the circular economy model. While making a transition to sustainability, he needed to evaluate different options like stopping the manufacture of SUPs and look for alternatives, use of biodegradable raw material which was expensive but environment friendly or manufacture such durable plastic products that would replace SUPs. Complexity academic level The case is aimed at teaching the topic Triple Bottom Line approach in the courses of business strategy and sustainability in under-graduate and post-graduate level courses in the discipline of Management. It can also be used as a supplementary reading in courses like Corporate Social Responsibility and Circular Economy. In emerging markets’ context, these topics are generally taught to MBA students in courses like strategic management, sustainable business and business ethics. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

The coexistence of carboxymethylcellulose and transglutaminase modified the physicochemical properties and structure of whey protein concentrate films

SummaryWhey protein concentrate (WPC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were abundant in nature and biodegradable raw materials, which have a wide range of prospects for developing bioactive food packaging. In order to exploit the complementary functional properties, in this study CMC was incorporated into WPC films and modified by transglutaminase (TG). The physicochemical properties and structure characteristics of the composite films were investigated. Results showed that CMC as a filler of the protein network significantly improved the properties of WPC films, while TG contributed to the mechanical properties. The composite (1:1) film containing 10 U/gprotein of TG possessed a maximum tensile strength of 13.34 MPa compared to the WPC film. The addition of CMC and TG effectively improved the structure of the film, reducing the pore diameterr, so the composite film with TG at 10 U/gprotein showing a dense structure, with improved light transmission (37.42%) and water vapour transmission (5.06). FT‐IR and SEM results reflected that TG induced covalent cross‐linking between proteins and WPC and CMC had good compatibility. These suggest that the coexistence of CMC and TG has positive effect on the formation of composite films prepared by TG cross‐linking WPC and CMC blends, which provided a promising alternative method for the development of good edible films or coatings for food packaging in the future.

Structural Analysis of Airplane Wing Using Composite and Natural Fiber Materials: A Survey

Abstract: Natural fiber-reinforced polymer-based composites are increasingly used in modern society due to their numerous benefits for uses in mechanical engineering. Polymer-based composite materials are widely employed in civil construction, automotive, aerospace, and many other industries due to their many benefits. Natural fibers can be used to create new, highperformance polymer materials because they are affordable, environmentally friendly, renewable, and partially and fully biodegradable. Examples of these fibers include EGR Glass R Glass, Carbon fiber, and S Glass, as well as kenaf, pineapple, sugarcane, hemp, oil palm, flax, and leaf. The purpose of this study is to explore the use of natural fibers and composites in the production of airplane wings, including mechanical characteristics, applications, and potential as well as problems and future demand for natural composite materials for engineering uses. A good 50% of the airspace's components are natural composites. Because natural composites have the ability to lower aircraft weight, they are currently being used to construct helicopters, military fighter aircraft, small and large civil transport aircraft, cockpits, satellites, launch vehicles, and missiles. Rudder, spoilers, LG doors, keel beam, airbrakes, elevators, turbine engine fan blades, propellers, rear bulkhead, wing ribs, main wings, interior fixtures, etc. Composites made of natural fibers are attractive and promising. The use of natural fiber-based composite materials is growing daily due to their strength and integrity. The natural fiber is a renewable, environmentally beneficial, and biodegradable raw material. Both its mechanical and thermal insulation qualities are strong in natural fiber. However, the loading placed on the natural fiber and its youthful modulus determines its strength In addition to discussing the benefits of natural fibers over other materials, this paper provides a description of the several types of natural fiber, their physical and mechanical properties, and their advantages.

SCOBY Cellulose Modified with Apple Powder—Biomaterial with Functional Characteristics

The need for new non-animal and non-petroleum-based materials is strongly emphasized in the sustainable and green economy. Waste materials have proven a valuable resource in this regard. In fact, there have been quite a large number of goods obtained from wastes called "Vegan leather" that have gained the clothing market's attention in recent years. In practice, they are mostly composites of waste materials like cactus, pineapples, or, eventually, apples with polymers like polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride. The article presents the results of work aimed at obtaining a material based entirely on natural, biodegradable raw materials. Bacterial cellulose produced as a byproduct of the fermentation carried out by SCOBY was modified with glycerol and then altered by the entrapment of apple powder. The effect of introducing apple powder into the SCOBY culture media on the mechanical properties of the obtained bacterial cellulose was also evaluated The resulting material acquired new mechanical characteristics that are advantageous in terms of strength. Microscopic observation of the apple powder layer showed that the coverage was uniform. Different amounts of apple powder were used to cover the cellulose surface from 10 to 60%, and it was found that the variant with 40% of this powder was the most favorable in terms of mechanical strength. Also, the application of the created material as a card folder showed that it is durable in use and retains its functional characteristics for at least 1 month. The mechanical properties of modified bacterial cellulose were favorably affected by the entrapment of apple powder on its surface, and as a result, a novel material with functional characteristics was obtained.

Mechanically Enhanced Nanocrystalline Cellulose/Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyethylene Glycol Electrically Conductive Composite Film.

Traditional conductive materials do not meet the increasing requirements of electronic products because of such materials' high rigidity, poor flexibility, and slow biodegradation after disposal. Preparing flexible conductive materials with excellent mechanical properties is an active area of research. The key to flexible conductive materials lies in the combination of the polymer matrix and conductive components. This combination can be achieved by making a film of renewable nano-microcrystalline cellulose (NCC) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with excellent electrical conductivity-by simple filtration and introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance the functionality of the composite film. Graphene imparted conductivity to the composite film, which reached 5.67 S·m-1. A reinforced NCC/rGO/PEG-4 composite film with a thickness of only 21 μm exhibited a tensile strength of 30.56 MPa, which was 83% higher than that of the sample without PEG (16.71 MPa), and toughness of 727.18 kJ·m-3, which was about 132% higher than that of the control sample (NCC/rGO, 313.86 kJ·m-3). This ultra-thin conductive composite film-which can be prepared simply, consists of environmentally sustainable and biodegradable raw materials, and exhibits excellent mechanical properties-has substantial potential for applications in e.g., flexible electronic wearable devices, electrodes, and capacitors.

Use of Eco-Friendly Materials in the Stabilization of Expansive Soils

Volume change of expansive soils is a challenging issue, which affects various engineering structures all over the world. Consequently, we need environmentally-friendly and cost-effective soil stabilizers to address the challenges related to expansive soils. The utilization of natural fibers allows for the reduction in environmental impact since they are renewable and biodegradable raw materials. Moreover, the current article presents an experimental approach to study the effect of natural fibers on the mechanical behavior of expansive soils. Various experimental tests—such as Atterberg limits, standard compaction, direct shear, swelling potential, and swelling pressure—were conducted on control and treated soil samples using different percentages of fibers. The results of measurements of the physico-mechanical properties after reinforcement of the soil with 1%, 5%, and 10% of natural fibers indicate that the mechanical behavior of expansive soils is greatly influenced by the addition of natural fibers. To conclude, 86% reduction was observed in the swelling coefficient of treated soil. Future research can be done to check the durability of the current practice in detail.

Plastic in the ocean and global warming: New challenges for geosynthetics

The application of geosynthetics is state of the art onshore, at the coast and offshore. Geosynthetics complement conventional construction methods, or even replace them and generate advantages for the client, the designer and even more for the environment, e.g. by reducing carbon footprint. Decades of research and experience have resulted in standards and products, which are optimised for long-term performance and reliable application. Geosynthetics, by definition, are products covered by soil and thus protected against impacts or abrasion. As they are often used in contact to water, they are tested to be groundwater neutral. On the other hand, however, concerns about the use of plastic are omnipresent and must be taken into account. In some very limited but not negligible applications, temporary or periodical environmental influences have to be discussed, e.g. permanently or temporarily uncovered geotextile applications such as scour protection measures, coastal protection or riverbed stabilisation. As the geosynthetics, beside their technical beneficial use, can be subject to abrasion in this limited range of applications, further options for optimisation shall be discussed. One possible alternative is to design geosynthetics from or with the use of biodegradable raw materials. The subject of this article is the presentation of geosynthetic products made from alternative raw materials which biodegrade after their planned period of use. Other applications may require a defined degradation process over time, for example erosion control products. Making use of biodegradable materials, the potential risk of causing damage to the flora and fauna in case of an undesirable entry into the environment can be limited.

Cellulose Flame-retardant Film using Lettuce Residue as Raw Material

This study had the objective of developing a product having as raw material the residual parts of lettuce, which are its roots and residual leaves. To this effect, a thought experiment was performed in order to create a flame-retardant cellulose film using a green-sourced, vegan, and biodegradable raw material. This product was designed with the goal of protecting furniture, however, the product could also be effectively applied in paintings and other cellulose-based materials. A production line was proposed, and through economic analysis, it was determined that the manufacture of this product is profitable, with a production price of 2.15€ per unit (m2) and a retail price of 6€ per unit (m2). This flame-retardant film is unique compared to the others on the market, which are mainly plastic-based, since it is developed from a biodegradable material, making it a sustainable option for a zero-carbon economy. This film has a fire delay of approximately 4.5 minutes when exposed to fire.

Economic Conditions of Using Biodegradable Waste for Biogas Production, Using the Example of Poland and Germany

Biogas production is a process with great potential. It uses the biodegradable raw materials of animal, vegetable and municipal waste. The amount of municipal as well as agricultural waste is increasing every year. This waste is an unmanaged and nuisance waste, and using it in biogas plants reduces the amount of waste. Biogas production is part of the EU’s policy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and use energy from renewable sources (diversification of energy sources). Its importance is certain to increase in the future as energy demand increases. This article deals with the economical use of biodegradable waste for biogas production in Poland and Germany. Both countries have a similar agricultural and municipal waste structure. An agricultural biogas plant is one way of obtaining energy based on renewable energy sources (RES). Energy production from agricultural biogas will allow Poland to meet the 32% obligation imposed by the EU and Germany to continue to be the market leader in biogas plants. The biogas market in Poland is growing, while in Germany, there is a decline in biogas installations. The article indicates what changes need to take place in agriculture and the use of municipal waste in these countries to sustain the development of biogas plants. Both countries should maintain animal husbandry to ensure continuous access to substrate and use waste for production rather than growing maize or other mixtures only for biogas plants. Due to the high price of chemical fertilisers, pulp from biogas plants should be an alternative to chemical fertilisers in both countries, which will contribute to greener crops. The governments of both countries should support such measures.

Modified Starch-Based Adhesives: A Review.

Consumer trends towards environmentally friendly products are driving plastics industries to investigate more benign alternatives to petroleum-based polymers. In the case of adhesives, one possibility to achieve sustainable production is to use non-toxic, low-cost starches as biodegradable raw materials for adhesive production. While native starch contains only hydroxyl groups and has limited scope, chemically modified starch shows superior water resistance properties for adhesive applications. Esterified starches, starches with ester substituents, can be feasibly produced and utilized to prepare bio-based adhesives with improved water resistance. Syntheses of esterified starch materials can involve esterification, transesterification, alkylation, acetylation, succinylation, or enzymatic reactions. The main focus of this review is on the production of esterified starches and their utilization in adhesive applications (for paper, plywood, wood composites, fiberboard, and particleboard). The latter part of this review discusses other processes (etherification, crosslinking, grafting, oxidation, or utilizing biobased coupling agents) to prepare modified starches that can be further applied in adhesive production. Further discussion on the characteristics of modified starch materials and required processing methods for adhesive production is also included.