Biodegradable Components Research Articles

Bacillus licheniformis TK3-Y를 이용한 150 L 반응기에서의 고염분 함유 수산폐기물 생분해 및 분해 산물의 액비 이용 가능성 평가

High salinity fishery wastes (HFW) containing seaweed and fish waste cause great influence on the local environment. However, the fishery wastes contain biodegradable components such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids that are able to be converted to useful bioactive substances by useful bacterium. Therefore, we evaluated large scale biodegradation property of 17.5% of salinity HWF containing green seaweed and anchovy waste by Bacillus licheniformis TK3-Y in 150-L fermenter and utilization of HFW biodegraded product as liquid fertilizer. During 7-day biodegradation, the pH increased with increasing cell density. The decrease in DO (dissolved oxygen) and ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) meant that the HFW was actively biodegraded. CODcr (chemical oxygen demand) and T-N (total nitrogen) were also removed by 87.3 and 87.1%, respectively. In addtion, B.licheniformis TK3-Y showed 0.45 U/mL cellulolytic, 1,016 U/mL proteolytic, and 5.92 U/mL lipolytic activities. The 500- and 1000-fold diluted supernatant from the culture of HFW had no phytotoxicity. In barley hydroponic culture, the 1,000-fold diluted culture supernatant showed a good fertilizing ability. This study indicates the large-scale treatment of HFW and the biodegraded products are sufficient for agricultural value.

Novel reusable canopy trap for sampling arboreal populations of electric ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

AbstractHere we describe and test a novel canopy trap design for catching the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, known as the electric ant in Australia, as part of the National Electric Ant Eradication Program (the program) in North Queensland. As W. auropunctata is known to nest and forage both on the ground and in tree canopies, an effective arboreal trap to monitor their presence is a critical management tool. Our trap design addresses known issues with arboreal sampling such as sample retention, weather and debris proofing, robustness and canopy access. The trap is cost effective and friendlier to the environment compared with single‐use traps, due to its reusability and recyclable or biodegradable components. Field testing carried out in the Cairns region demonstrated that the canopy trap successfully collected ants with minimal non‐ant bycatch. In a known W. auropunctata‐infested area, the canopy trap recorded an 88% sensitivity rate and continues to be used as a surveillance tool within the program. Additional research is required to further evaluate the sensitivity of the canopy trap for monitoring W. auropunctata populations. We believe that the trap has potentially wider applications for arboreal arthropod sampling and can be modified to suit.

Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the molecular characterization of water resource recovery from polluted surface water using membrane bioreactor

The increasing organic contamination of surface water hinders the conventional tap water treatment process. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are a promising alternative technology for recovering water from polluted surface water. In this study, the composition changes of dissolved organic matters (DOMs) in MBR and ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O3)-MBR systems for polluted surface water treatment were investigated using Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis with unknown screening. The intense DOM ions within a mass-to-charge ratio range of 100–500 was detected, and 2340 molecular formulae from 5743 peaks were assigned to the two systems. The most abundant components were formulae with C, H, O, N, and CHO only classes. The highest formulae decrease including CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS were attributed to the bio-carrier used in both systems. Results showed that bioprocess was the main contributor in the DOM reduction, and the integration of UV/O3 into the MBR improved the DOM composition changes. Biodegradable components with low O/C ratio in the CHO and CHON classes remarkably increased in the UV/O3-MBR system. The integration of UV/O3 as a polishing step in the recirculation stream of MBR system was effective in improve the DOM removal.

Spatial and seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters of the Imo River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Variations in the water quality of the Imo River estuary was investigated by measuring values of selected physico-chemical parameters. Samples were collected bi-monthly between April 2015 and March 2016, covering the dry and wet seasons of the year. Three stations were selected: upstream (Kalibiama), midstream (Opobo) and downstream (Queenstown). Analysis of results showed that physico-chemical parameters were affected more on seasonal than spatial scale. Principal component analysis carried out indicated that values of most of the parameters recorded within the stations clustered together. On the other hand, dispersed values were recorded in months and seasons with significant variations at (p≤0.05) among most parameters. The high spatial variations in phosphates, suspended solids and lead could be associated to human activities like laundry and waste disposal within Opobo and Kalibiama stations. While, high seasonal variability in most parameters could be associated with intense sunshine, cloud cover and tidal intrusion/dilution due to runoff. It can be concluded that nutrient fluxes due to nitrogenous fertilizers are not a problem within the estuary. However, chemical factors and biodegradable components which cause fluctuations in biological oxygen demand are more of the challenge.
 Keywords: Land-use, nutrient flux, water-quality, pollution, coastal wetlands.

Characterization of Ground Silk Fibroin through Comparison of Nanofibroin and Higher Order Structures.

Silk fibroin, a biodegradable component of silk, is increasingly used for various applications and studied intensively. Recently, a technique for preparing nanofibers without using chemicals has been gaining attention from the environmental impact and safety perspectives. This study focuses on the structure observation of ground silk fibroin (GF) prepared using a grinding method, which is a physical nanofibrillation method. The fabricated nanofiber samples were examined in detail using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), micro Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. The nanofibrillated structures were observed in both GF and regenerated silk fibroin (RF) samples prepared using the conventional method. As results, AFM images showed that the nanofibril diameter of GF was about 1.64 nm and that of RF was about 0.32 nm. Methanol treatment induced a structural transition from a random coil to a β-sheet for the RF film, but it had no effect on the GF film. Thus, it is suggested that the grinding method provides not only ultrafine silk fibroin nanofibers without using toxic reagents but also resistance to reagents such as methanol.

Influence of several biodegradable components added to pure and nanosilver-doped PMMA bone cements on its biological and mechanical properties.

Acrylic bone cements (BC) are wildly used in medicine. Despite favorable mechanical properties, processability and inject capability, BC lack bioactivity. To overcome this, we investigated the effects of selected biodegradable additives to create a partially-degradable BC and also we evaluated its combination with nanosilver (AgNp). We hypothesized that using above strategies it would be possible to obtain bioactive BC. The Cemex was used as the base material, modified at 2.5, 5 or 10wt% with either cellulose, chitosan, magnesium, polydioxanone or tricalcium-phosphate. The resulted modified BC was examined for surface morphology, wettability, porosity, mechanical and nanomechanical properties and cytocompatibility. The composite BC doped with AgNp was also examined for its release and antibacterial properties. The results showed that it is possible to create modified cement and all studied modifiers increased its porosity. Applying the additives slightly decreased BC wettability and mechanical properties, but the positive effect of the additives was observed in nanomechanical research. The relatively poor cytocompatibility of modified BC was attributed to the unreacted monomer release, except for polydioxanone modification which increased cells viability. Furthermore, all additives facilitated AgNp release and increased BC antibacterial effectiveness. Our present studies suggest the optimal content of biodegradable component for BC is 5wt%. At this content, an improvement in BC porosity is achieved without significant deterioration of BC physical and mechanical properties. Polydioxanone and cellulose seem to be the most promising additives that improve porosity and antibacterial properties of antibiotic or nanosilver-loaded BC. Partially-degradable BC may be a good strategy to improve their antibacterial effectiveness, but some caution is still required regarding their cytocompatibility. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The lack of bone cement bioactivity is the main limitation of its effectiveness in medicine. To overcome this, we have created composite cements with partially-degradable properties. We also modified these cements with nanosilver to provide antibacterial properties. We examined five various additives at three different contents to modify a selected bone cement. Our results broaden the knowledge about potential modifiers and properties of composite cements. We selected the optimal content and the most promising additives, and showed that the combination of these additives with nanosilver would increase cements` antibacterial effectiveness. Such modified cements may be a new solution for medical applications.

Priming effect of autochthonous organic matter on enhanced degradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in water-sediment system of one eutrophic lake

Climate change and increasing eutrophication are expected to increase the release of autochthonous organic matter (OM) to sediments, where most contaminants are transformed or mineralized in freshwater lakes. This study sought to evaluate how cyanobacteria- and macrophyte-derived OM (COM and MOM) affected the microbial attenuation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in the sediment from eutrophic Lake Taihu in China. In two months of water-sediment microcosm experiments, the input of COM and MOM both promoted EE2 degradation more strongly than humic acids, and the degradation efficiency was significantly and positively correlated with the cometabolism of increasing organic carbon in sediments (P < 0.001). The enhanced degradation was explained by responses of indigenous bacterial community to OM amendment as a priming effect. The immediate breakdown of biodegradable components such as proteinaceous substances in COM and MOM remarkably augmented the metabolic activity of bacteria in terms of the stimulated activity of extracellular enzymes including fluorescein diacetate and dehydrogenase, as well as the elevated production of proteins and polysaccharides in extracellular polymeric substances. In the meantime, the bacterial community composition was reshaped toward a more eutrophic state, leading to the clear upregulation of metabolic function genes of organic carbon and xenobiotics. Correlation-based network analysis further determined the strong facilitative coordination between the community members and the compositional variability of OM in the cometabolism. These results suggest that cyanobacterial blooms-dominated zones are potential hotspot areas for steroid estrogen attenuation, a finding of significance for the control and management of complex pollution in freshwater lakes.

Hybrid biocomposites

Biocomposites are being explored by research communityfor the past few decades due to rising environmental concerns. Moisture uptake, poor interface and moderate to lower mechanical properties have proved to be a bottleneck for biocomposites to partially or fully replace synthetic composites. The concept of hybridising, i.e. incorporating two or more reinforcements instead of single reinforcement in a matrix, has the potential to overcome this bottleneck by exploiting the desired contribution of both the reinforcing phases. Although hybrid composites have already extensively explored for high-performance fibres, the studies on hybrid composites using biodegradable constituents still lag behind. This review addresses studies conducted on hybrid composites using at least one biodegradable component and the findings in terms of properties and factors affecting them are discussed. The analysis on synergistic effect reported by researchers along with the scope of ongoing research and prospects for hybrid biocomposites have also been discussed in detail.

Supplementation of O2-containing gas nanobubble water to enhance methane production from anaerobic digestion of cellulose

Nanobubble water (NBW) contains 106–108 gas bubbles per milliliter with diameter <1 µm. These fine bubbles possess high mass transfer efficiency and hydrophobic property beneficial for agricultural and biomedical application. Nowadays, much attention has been paid to the secure and sustainable management of lignocellulosic wastes. Cellulose is regarded as one kind of slowly biodegradable organic components owing to its complex crystalline structure. This study investigated the effect of O2-containing gas NBW on anaerobic digestion (AD) of cellulose for methane production. Results show that the cumulative methane yields from the reactors with Air-NBW (193 NmL/g-VSreduced), N2-NBW (196 NmL/g-VSreduced) and O2-NBW (233 NmL/g-VSreduced) addition were increased by 8–30% in comparison to the control (with the same amount of deionized water addition) (179 NmL/g-VSreduced). Under NBW addition, the reductions in cellulose content and cellulose crystallinity were respectively enhanced by 8–14% and 9–21% during AD, in which cellulase activity was elevated by 10–38%. The O2-NBW reactor was found to have the highest electron transport system activity, increasing by 1.7 times compared to the control, most probably due to the collapse of O2-nanobubbles and release of O2 resulting in micro-oxygen environment under the test condition. Besides, microbial community analysis suggests that the direct interspecies electron transfer could be quickly established with the addition of NBW. Results from this study also shed light on the mechanisms involved in the bioconversion of cellulose to methane via AD supplemented with NBW.

Development of ZnO/Na-Montmorillonite Hybrid Nanostructures Used for PVOH/ZnO/Na-Montmorillonite Active Packaging Films Preparation via a Melt-Extrusion Process.

Nowadays, the shelf-life extension of foods is a topic of major interest because of its environmental and economic benefits. For this purpose, various methods like deep-freezing, ultra-high-temperature pasteurization, drying methods, use of chemicals, controlled-atmosphere preservation, ionizing irradiation, and were investigated. During the last years, the smart packaging for foods using natural biodegradable components is of great interest because it provides positive environmental fingerprint and high shelf-life extension. In the present work, a new nanostructured composite material, the ZnO/Na-Montmorillonite hybrid, was developed. The high antimicrobial properties of the 3-D ZnO material in combination with the high barrier and strength properties of the 2-D Na-Montmorillonite material provided a high promising component for food smart packaging applications. As an extra innovation of this process, the ZnO nanorods coated the external surface of the Na-Montmorillonite and it was not intercalated into the clay as a pillaring material. This new material was incorporated with a 3% w/w composition with a biodegradable poly(vinyl)alcohol (PVOH) polymeric matrix which also exhibits antimicrobial activity. The final product was tested via XRD, FTIR, SEM, tensile test, water sorption, water vapor permeability, oxygen permeability UV–vis, and anti-microbial activity tests and it exhibited advanced mechanical and antimicrobial properties, especially for a ZnO/Na-Montmorillonite fraction of 4:1.

A novel dynamic fixation system with biodegradable components on lumbar fusion between articular processes in a canine model.

The objective of this study was to design a novel dynamic fixation system with biodegradable components, apply it for lumbar fusion between articular processes and compare the fusion results and biomechanical changes to those of conventional rigid fixation. The novel dynamic fixation system was designed using a finite element model, stress distributions were compared and 24 mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to two groups and subjected to either posterior lumbar fusion surgery with a novel dynamic fixation system or titanium rods at the L5-L6 segments. Lumbar spines were assessed in both groups to detect radiographic, manual palpation and biomechanical changes. Histological examination was performed on organs and surrounding tissues. In the novel dynamic fixation system, stress was mainly distributed on the meshing teeth of the magnesium alloy spacer. The magnesium alloy components maintained their initial shape 8 weeks after the operation, but the meshing teeth were almost completely degraded at 16 weeks. The novel dynamic fixation system revealed an increased lateral bending range of motion at 8 weeks; however, both groups showed similar radiographic grades, fusion stiffness, manual palpation and histological results. The novel dynamic fixation system design is suitable, and its degradation in vivo is safe. The novel dynamic fixation system can be applied for posterior lumbar fusion between articular processes and complete the fusion like titanium rods.

Deep eutectic solvent: a green and sustainable alternative for the synthesis of copper phthalocyanine blue and its value added applications

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a simple, effective and environmentally benign method for the synthesis of commercially important pigment copper phthalocyanine (PC) blue has been developed using deep eutectic solvent (DES).Design/methodology/approachDES prepared from choline chloride and urea is used as a reaction medium, as well as a source of ammonia. The design of the experiment and factorial design study has proved that the milder reaction conditions with high yields and reusability of DES are the key features of the present study.FindingsThe synthesized pigment is obtained at milder reaction conditions with excellent yield, which can be seen from the design of experiments done for the optimization of results.Practical implicationsThe synthesized pigment was used as a colorant in epoxy-based paint and in screen ink, which gave satisfactory results with respect to color values and stability.Social implicationsThe screen ink prepared was formulated considering environmental aspects to avoid the use of solvents. Biodegradable components were added to the colorant to make the ink environment friendly.Originality/valueReactions occur at moderate temperatures without affecting the time factor, thus, it saves energy. A simple, effective and environmentally benign method for the synthesis of commercially important copper PC has been developed using DES. After the first batch, DES synthesized can be reused as a reaction medium where only a stoichiometric amount of urea is to be added. Simple work up, high yield and purity are achieved.

Methane yield predictive model based on the composition of biomass: Focus on the anaerobic digestion mode and regression method

Nine kinds of biomass were used to investigate the correlation of organic composition with the methane yield in continuous anaerobic digestion (AD) mode with different organic loading rates (OLRs). The experimental results showed that the methane yields were different with the change of OLR; thus, only one model was unable to satisfy the prediction accuracy for all the operation conditions. A stepwise regression model and two self-defined models were used to determine the prediction accuracy for different operation OLRs in the present assay. The results showed that the self-defined models constituted by biodegradable components (protein, fat, and readily degradable sugars) obtained a higher determination coefficient (R2) than the model fitted by the traditional stepwise regression method. Biomass with a higher content of easily degradable matter had a lower predictive deviation. Based on this, it is recommended that the various biomasses be divided into two groups to obtain better model fitting and prediction accuracy. The biomass with a content of readily degradable section that was more than 47% or the content of lignin was less than 8% can be classified into one group, and the others can be classified into another group according to the present test results.

NIR-triggered doxorubicin photorelease using CuS@Albumin composites and in-vitro effect over HeLa cells

Drug photodelivery systems are emerging as useful tools for the development of new cancer chemotherapies with reduced side effects. In this context the development of nanodevices that utilize biodegradable components are especially appealing to reduce the accumulation of exogenous materials in important organs. Here we present the development of a nanocomposite comprising copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) covered with human serum albumin (HSA) for transporting and photorelease doxorubicin (DOX) using near-infrared light. In a first step, 11 nm CuSNPs were synthesized by a hydrothermal method in the presence of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as stabilizing intermediary ligand. In a second step, SDBS was exchanged with dopamine (DOP) to produce CuS@DOP that associates human serum albumin (HSA) through multivalent electrostatic interactions. The as-obtained CuS@HSA nanocomposite was observed capable to load DOX at the large extension of 27.8% (w/w) and deliver it to HeLa cells upon irradiation with an 808 nm laser (0.2 w/cm2), producing a therapeutic effect. This work proves the potential of the biodegradable CuS@HSA bioconjugate in biomedical applications that require the spatiotemporal administration of drugs.

Toward Low-Cost All-Organic and Biodegradable Li-Ion Batteries

This work presents an alternative method for fabricating Li-ion electrodes in which the use of aluminum/copper current collectors and expensive binders is avoided. Low-cost natural cellulose fibers with a 2-mm length are employed as binder and support for the electrode. The objective of this method is to eliminate the use of heavy and inactive current collector foils as substrates and to replace conventional costly binders with cellulose fibers. Moreover, no harmful solvents, such as N-methylpyrrolidone, are employed for film fabrication. Water-soluble carbons are also utilized to reduce the preparation time and to achieve a better repartition of carbon in the electrode, thus improving the electrochemical performance. Flexible and resistant LiFePO4 (LFP), Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), organic 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), and graphite electrodes are obtained with active mass loadings similar to those obtained by the current casting method. The initial discharge capacity of approximately 130 mAh·g−1 at 2 C is obtained for an LFP/LTO paper battery with an approximately 91.6% capacity retention after 1000 cycles. An all-organic prelithiated PTCDA/graphite cell without a transition metal is prepared and electrochemically tested. It is one of the first self-standing batteries that is composed of organic redox active molecules and biodegradable components reported in literature.

Green IT-An Eco-friendly Practices and Methods for Environmental Sustainability

Information Technology is like the central nervous system for business, private sectors, Government organizations and for the social infrastructure. Of course it connects all part of the world. Most of the works are computerized and automated solely depends only on IT. IT sector depends on the electricity to run all the works and at the same time high power consumption emits larger heat by the resources which are threatening and giving unsustainable climatic conditions on the globe. So there is a need to follow the best practices for Energy conservation as well as gradual awareness for bringing environmental sustainability. The best environmental practices can reduce the use of hazardous materials and maximize Energy efficiency during product’s lifetime to avoid Green House Gas Emissions and Co2. Green IT plays a vital role to improve the climate conditions on earth by “Go Green approaches” by effective design, manufacture, use and disposal of e-wastes with no or very minimal cause on the environment. Using Green IT stakeholders or organization can avoid toxic landfills by reduce and reuse equipment’s with the manufacturing of biodegradable components. Through Green IT cost savings is possible with energy efficient products through the best practices, approaches, standards and techniques like virtualization and configuring the servers by power management options and there by gaining energy from renewable natural resources, also switching to digitalization to roll out traditional paper works. In this research paper, the proposed approach is to address the power consumption and environmental issues from various ITC resources like compute, network and storage with better algorithms like ACVFS and Energy-Conscience Workload Scheduling, Resource Efficiency techniques in data centers, thin provisioning and by recycling approaches like 3R’s for managing e-wastes to make the Earth Greener for the next generation.

A review of bio-degradable materials for fused deposition modeling machine

The industrial name for 3D printing is additive manufacturing. AM is a manufacturing process operated by a device that imprints 3-D items by depositing materials, typically in layers. It makes reference to a process that makes use of digital 3D design data to develop a product or part. Additive Manufacturing allows structures that are extremely complicated but can still be incredibly light and reliable. It offers a high level of design liberty, workable functionality optimisation and convergence, the produce of small batch shapes at sensible unit cost and a high level of item customization even in series manufacturing. Now a day bio-degradable components are being used for prosthetic applications of 3D printing or additive manufacturing. This article gives a detailed review of recent developments on polymeric bio-degradable materials for the additive manufacturing applications. Printing techniques with an emphasis on the constraints and obstacles of their benefits in productivity and processability as well as biodegradable material printability. The characteristics and features of the developed products and their numerous intriguing applications are then emphasised in specific in the fields of biomedical (morphological designs, tissue engineering and drug delivery), aviation, automotive, army, energy and ecological, acoustic applications and sporting equipment. Finally, this review concludes with an attitude for FDM-based hybrid bio-degradable composite materials, new business opportunities, significant challenges and possible alternatives.

Ingenious Method Towards Sustainable Decentralized Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management is a huge environmental threat not just in context to Indian Scenario, but globally as well. It is reported that on average around 1.5 lakh tones of solid waste is generated per day in India of which only 20% is treated and managed safely, the rest is dumped on land or burnt both which are highly toxic to human and animal health. At several waste processing sites in India, the fresh mixed waste received each day, is first manually separated to remove plastics and other non-biodegradable contents, this exposes the laborers to a very unhygienic working conditions and exposes them to deadly microbes and stench.. In the present work, we have developed an ingenious way which handles mixed waste with minimal manual intervention and protects the health of laborers while generating good quality manure. The mixed waste is directly fed in to the bio bins where due to microbial action, the biodegradable components are composted, the treated waste is then separated in to compost and non-biodegradable components using a bench top trommel. It was found that Bioinoculum combined with cow dung quickly achieved the compost of mixed organic waste with minimal maintenance in contrast to vermi-composting. From this study, it is observed that the mixed municipality waste could be treated and managed effectively, safeguarding the health of laborers and the generated compost is of good quality which can be used for crop cultivation or gardening

Surface Engineering of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys for Enhanced Orthopedic Implants.

Magnesium (Mg) alloys have been promised for biomedical implants in orthopedic field, however, the fast corrosion rate and mode challenge their clinical application. To push Mg alloys materials into practice, a composite coating with biodegradable and high compatible components to improve anticorrosion property of an Mg alloy (i.e., AZ31) is designed and fabricated. The inner layer is micro-nano structured Mg(OH)2 through hydrothermal treatment. Then stearic acid (SA) is introduced to modify Mg(OH)2 for better reducing the gap below a surface-degradation polymer layer of poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate). Benefited by the SA modification effect, this sandwiched coating avoids corrosive medium penetration via enhancing the adhesion strength at the interface between outer and inner layers. Both in vitro and in vivo tests indicate that the composite coating modified AZ31 perform a better anticorrosion behavior and biocompatibility compared to bare AZ31. Strikingly, a 1.7-fold improvement in volume of newly formed bone is observed surrounding the composite coating modified implant after 12 week implantation. The sandwiched biocompatible coating strategy paves a hopeful way for future translational application of Mg alloys orthopedic materials in clinics.

Cow manure as additive to a DMBR for stable and high-rate digestion of food waste: Performance and microbial community

Cow manure (CM) was added to a dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) operated under anaerobic condition for enhancing food waste (FW) digestion for over 300 days with stepwise increase of organic loading rates (OLRs) from 1.07 to 11.9 g COD/L/day. At a FW/CM ratio of 3.5:1 (based on volatile solids), the mixed liquor pH was always above 8.0 and no apparent volatile fatty acids (VFAs) accumulation occurred even at the highest OLR of 11.9 g COD/L/day (hydraulic retention time as 10 days and solid retention time as 15.5 days, correspondingly), indicating a very stable operation condition which resulted in an average CH4 yield as high as 250 mL/g COD and CH4 production as high as 2.71 L CH4/L/day. The hardly biodegradable organic components, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, were effectively degraded by 78.3%, 58.8%, and 47.5%, respectively. Significantly high anaerobic digestion reaction ratios, especially the hydrolysis ratio which is usually the limiting factor, were calculated based on experimental results. Furthermore, the high lignocellulase contents and coenzyme F420 levels, along with the decrease of cellulose crystallinity from 72.6% to 16.4% in the feedstock, provided strong evidence of an enhanced biological activity by CM addition. By high-throughput sequencing analysis, more abundant and diverse bacterial, archaeal, and fungal genera were identified from the DMBR sludge. With CM addition, the biodegradation of lignocellulose might have produced sufficient H2 and CO2 for the hydrogenotrophic methanogens such as Methanoculleus, Methanomassiliicoccus, and Methanobacterium, which were highly tolerant to ammonium inhibition, and then the elevated ammonium level would have provided high buffering capacity in the DMBR thus ensuring a stable condition for high rate FW digestion and CH4 production.