Biocompatible Nature Research Articles

The effects of epirubicin-loaded Boc-L-Diphenylalanine peptide nanoparticles on cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Peptides, which are important components of the human body, appear in different chemistry applications. Perhaps the most important of these applications is the use of these structures in drug delivery systems due to their biocompatibility properties. Diphenylalanine (FF) peptide-based systems, which are part of the ß-amyloid polypeptide sequence and are known as the smallest dipeptide group, are particularly preferred due to their biocompatible nature, thermal stability, high ionic strength in water in new targeted drug systems. Epirubicin, the epimer of doxorubicin, is utilized in treating lung cancer. The side effects and the applied doses of epirubicin are being tried to be reduced. Therefore, in this study, epirubicin-loaded tert-butyloxycarbonyl protected diphenylalanine (Boc)-FF particles were synthesized and characterized and the effects of these peptides on cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis on non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) (A549) were evaluated. According to the results of the study, it was determined that epirubicin-loaded Boc-FF dipeptides significantly reduced the viability, oxidative stress, and increased DNA damage and apoptosis in the cells. The study suggests that epirubicin-loaded Boc-FF particles can be used as an alternative drug carrier for NSCLC treatment due to their physiological, chemical, and biological activity.

On the Fractionation and Physicochemical Characterisation of Self-Assembled Chitosan-DNA Polyelectrolyte Complexes.

Chitosan is extensively studied as a carrier for gene delivery and is an attractive non-viral gene vector owing to its polycationic, biodegradable, and biocompatible nature. Thus, it is essential to understand the chemistry of self-assembled chitosan-DNA complexation and their structural and functional properties, enabling the formation of an effective non-viral gene delivery system. In this study, two parent chitosans (samples NAS-032 and NAS-075; Mw range ~118-164 kDa) and their depolymerised derivatives (deploy nas-032 and deploy nas-075; Mw range 6-14 kDa) with degrees of acetylation 43.4 and 4.7%, respectively, were used to form polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with DNA at varying [-NH3+]/[-PO4-] (N/P) molar charge ratios. We investigated the formation of the PECs using ζ-potential, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled with multiangle light scattering (MALS), refractive index (RI), ultraviolet (UV) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) detectors, and TEM imaging. PEC formation was confirmed by ζ-potential measurements that shifted from negative to positive values at N/P ratio ~2. The radius of gyration (Rg) was determined for the eluting fractions by AF4-MALS-RI-UV, while the corresponding hydrodynamic radius (Rh), by the DLS data. We studied the influence of different cross-flow rates on AF4 elution patterns for PECs obtained at N/P ratios 5, 10, and 20. The determined rho shape factor (ρ = Rg/Rh) values for the various PECs corresponded with a sphere morphology (ρ ~0.77-0.85), which was consistent with TEM images. The results of this study represent a further step towards the characterisation of chitosan-DNA PECs by the use of multi-detection AF4 as an important tool to fractionate and infer aspects of their morphology.

Investigation of Surface Layers on Biological and Synthetic Hydroxyapatites Based on Bone Mineralization Process.

In this review, the current status of the influence of added ions (i.e., SiO44-, CO32-, etc.) and surface states (i.e., hydrated and non-apatite layers) on the biocompatibility nature of hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is discussed. It is well known that HA is a type of calcium phosphate with high biocompatibility that is present in biological hard tissues such as bones and enamel. This biomedical material has been extensively studied due to its osteogenic properties. The chemical composition and crystalline structure of HA change depending on the synthetic method and the addition of other ions, thereby affecting the surface properties related to biocompatibility. This review illustrates the structural and surface properties of HA substituted with ions such as silicate, carbonate, and other elemental ions. The importance of the surface characteristics of HA and its components, the hydration layers, and the non-apatite layers for the effective control of biomedical function, as well as their relationship at the interface to improve biocompatibility, has been highlighted. Since the interfacial properties will affect protein adsorption and cell adhesion, the analysis of their properties may provide ideas for effective bone formation and regeneration mechanisms.

Shape-recovering nanocellulose networks: Preparation, characterization and modeling

Development of strong cellulose nanofibril (CNF) networks for advanced applications, such as in the biomedical field, is of high importance owing to the biocompatible nature and plant-based origin of cellulose nanofibrils. Nevertheless, lack of mechanical strength and complex synthesis methods hinder the application of these materials in areas where both toughness and manufacturing simplicity are required. In this work, we introduce a facile method for the synthesis of a low solid content (< 2 wt%), covalently crosslinked CNF hydrogel where Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAM) chains are utilized as crosslinks between the nanofibrils. The resulting networks have the capability to fully recover the shape in which they were formed after various drying and rewetting cycles. Characterization of the hydrogel and its constitutive components was performed using X-ray scattering, rheological investigations and uniaxial testing in compression. Influence of covalent crosslinks was compared with networks crosslinked by the addition of CaCl2. Among other things the results show that the mechanical properties of the hydrogels can be tuned by controlling the ionic strength of the surrounding medium. Finally, a mathematical model was developed based on the experimental results, which describes and predicts to a decent degree the large-deformation, elastoplastic behavior, and fracture of these networks.

Starch Nanocrystal and its Food Packaging Applications

Food packaging is a crucial medium for protecting food from contamination, and spoilage by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Nevertheless, for the past two decades, packaging materials have become environmental concern due to their disposal challenges. Starch is an eco-friendly packaging alternative, and it possesses outstanding degradability and reproducibility. The objective of this review is to examine the different methods used for the synthesis of nanostarch and expose their food packaging applications. Major sources of bibliometric information such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were extensively searched with keywords such as starch, nano starch, starch nanocrystal, bio-composite film, acid hydrolysis, cassava starch, maize starch, edible film etc., to obtain a database of 272 papers. Thirty-nine publications met the criteria for review. The application of biopolymers such as starch, protein, and cellulose in the manufacturing of biodegradable films is an innovative approach. Starch is considered a promising biopolymer owing to its low cost, biodegradability, diversity, and availability. Currently, nanotechnology has received a lot of importance in the food packaging sector. Biodegradable nanocomposite packaging is an innovative technique to wrap food for enhanced shelf-life. Numerous food components are employed in the development of nanoparticles which includes proteins, starch, lipids, and polysaccharides. Nanostarch has certain unique properties such as being biocompatible, less expensive, biodegradable, sustainable, and eco-friendly nature. At present, nanostarch based packaging is prepared by mixing starch and non-starch polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, gelatin, whey protein etc. to increase mechanical property. Hence, the preparation of starch nanocrystals-based packaging material presents a substantial improvement in barrier properties, tensile strength, elastic modulus and food quality, and shelf life. The present review gives a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis and characterization of the starch nanocrystal, its food packaging application, sustainability, and regulatory aspects alongside new perspectives which is inadequate in the literature.

Enhanced osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of human dental pulp stem cells using Prunus amygdalus amara (bitter almond) incorporated nanofibrous scaffold

Polyphenol extracts derived from plants are expected to have enhanced osteoblast proliferation and differentiation ability, which has gained much attention in tissue engineering applications. Herein, for the first time, we investigate the effects of Prunus amygdalus amara (bitter almond) (BA) extract loaded on poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin (Gt) nanofibrous scaffolds on the osteoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). In this regard, BA (0, 5, 10, and 15% wt)-loaded PCL/Gt nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning with fiber diameters in the range of around 237–276 nm. Morphology, composition, porosity, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were examined by FESEM, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, BET, contact angle, and tensile tests, respectively. It was found that the addition of BA improved the tensile strength (up to 6.1 times), Young's modulus (up to 3 times), and strain at break (up to 3.2 times) compared to the neat PCL/Gt nanofibers. Evaluations of cell attachment, spreading, and proliferation were done by FESEM observation and MTT assay. Cytocompatibility studies support the biocompatible nature of BA loaded PCL/Gt scaffolds and free BA by demonstrating cell viability of more than 100% in all groups. The results of alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin Red assay revealed that osteogenic activity levels of BA loaded PCL/Gt scaffolds and free BA were significantly increased compared to the control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001). QRT-PCR results demonstrated that BA loaded PCL/Gt scaffolds and free BA led to a significant increase in osteoblast differentiation of DPSCs through the upregulation of osteogenic related genes compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Based on results, incorporation of BA extract in PCL/Gt scaffolds exhibited synergistic effects on the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenesis differentiation of hDPSCs and was therefore assumed to be a favorable scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications.

Biogenic Synthesis of Multifunctional Silver Oxide Nanoparticles (Ag2ONPs) Using Parieteria alsinaefolia Delile Aqueous Extract and Assessment of Their Diverse Biological Applications.

Green nanotechnology has made the synthesis of nanoparticles a possible approach. Nanotechnology has a significant impact on several scientific domains and has diverse applications in different commercial areas. The current study aimed to develop a novel and green approach for the biosynthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2ONPs) utilizing Parieteria alsinaefolia leaves extract as a reducing, stabilizing and capping agent. The change in color of the reaction mixture from light brown to reddish black determines the synthesis of Ag2ONPs. Further, different techniques were used to confirm the synthesis of Ag2ONPs, including UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses. The Scherrer equation determined a mean crystallite size of ~22.23 nm for Ag2ONPs. Additionally, different in vitro biological activities have been investigated and determined significant therapeutic potentials. Radical scavenging DPPH assay (79.4%), reducing power assay (62.68 ± 1.77%) and total antioxidant capacity (87.5 ± 4.8%) were evaluated to assess the antioxidative potential of Ag2ONPs. The disc diffusion method was adopted to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of Ag2ONPs using different concentrations (125-1000 μg/mL). Moreover, the brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay was investigated and the LC50 value was calculated as 2.21 μg/mL. The biocompatibility assay using red blood cells (<200 μg/mL) confirmed the biosafe and biocompatible nature of Ag2ONPs. Alpha-amylase inhibition assay was performed and reported 66% inhibition. In conclusion, currently synthesized Ag2ONPs have exhibited strong biological potential and proved as an attractive eco-friendly candidate. In the future, this preliminary research work will be a helpful source and will open new avenues in diverse fields, including the pharmaceutical, biomedical and pharmacological sectors.

An Insight Into the Physicochemical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles in Relation to Their Clinical and Diagnostic Applications.

The ease of formulation and surface modification of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by ligands, greater biocompatibility, non-cytotoxicity, and excellent optical properties are the characteristics that necessitatetheir application in clinical and genomic research. Not only that, but the extensive synthetic chemistry of AuNPs also offers precise control over physicochemical and optical properties owing to the inert, biocompatible, and non-toxic nature of the inner gold core. Another important property of AuNPs involves their incorporation into larger structures, including liposomes or polymeric materials, thereby increasing their capability of drug delivery in concurrent therapy and imaging labels for enhanced diagnostic applications. AuNPs are endowed with physical properties that suggest their use as adjuvants for radiotherapy and bio-imaging and in computed tomography (CT) scans, diagnostic systems, and therapy. Thus, these features strongly endorse the AuNPs in thrust areas of biomedical fields. The diverseproperties of goldnanoparticles (AuNPs) have made them promisingcandidates in biomedical fields,including in thedevelopment of theranostics, whichencompasses using these gold nanoparticles for bothdiagnosis andtherapy simultaneously. To appreciate these and related applications, a need arises to review the basic principles and multifunctional attributes of AuNPs in relation to their advances in imaging, therapy, and diagnostics.

A comprehensive study of the impact on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of magnesium alloy-based porous bone implants

Magnesium orthopedic implants have been categorized to be one of the potential metallic biomaterial candidates due to their better biocompatibility nature, excellent biodegradability feature and its comparable mechanical properties with natural human bone. But, magnesium scaffolds experience unstable biocorrosion under physiological solutions, thus hindering their utility in implant applications. Moreover, conventional and typical metallic implants are non-porous in nature and also often result in stress shielding. To this end, this research has examined the outcome of adding metallic alloying elements (Ca, Zn and Fe) into the Mg metal matrix, while varying porosity was produced by incorporating carbamide. The corrosion behavior of the produced samples post-immersion in Hank’s solution was observed. This investigation established that the corrosion rates of the alloyed samples could be controlled by tuning the sample compositions. The corroded samples were also observed under optical microscopy, which revealed the protective layer, which could have retarded the corrosion of the immersed samples. X-ray micro-computed tomography results confirm the gradient porosity with interconnected pores in the produced samples, a vital feature for an implant. Therefore, this investigation confirms that the behavior of biocorrosion could be tailored by fabricating customized Mg-alloy-based bone implants.

Nature-Driven Biocompatible Epidermal Electronic Skin for Real-Time Wireless Monitoring of Human Physiological Signals.

Wearable bioelectronic patches are creating a transformative effect in the health care industry for human physiological signal monitoring. However, the use of such patches is restricted due to the unavailability of a proper power source. Ideal biodevices should be thin, soft, robust, energy-efficient, and biocompatible. Here, we report development of a flexible, lightweight, and biocompatible electronic skin-cum-portable power source for wearable bioelectronics by using a processed chicken feather fiber. The device is fabricated with a novel, breathable composite of biowaste chicken feather and organic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer, where the chicken feather fiber constitutes the "microbones" of the PVDF, enhancing its piezoelectric phase content, biocompatibility, and crystallinity. Thanks to its outstanding pressure sensitivity, the fabricated electronic skin is used for the monitoring of different human physiological signals such as body motion, finger and joint bending, throat activities, and pulse rate with excellent sensitivity. A wireless system is developed to remotely receive the different physiological signals as captured by the electronic skin. We also explore the capabilities of the device as a power source for other small electronics. The piezoelectric energy harvesting device can harvest a maximum output voltage of ∼28 V and an area power density of 1.4 μW·cm-2 from the human finger imparting. The improved energy harvesting property of the device is related to the induced higher fraction of the electroactive phase in the composite. The easy process ability, natural biocompatibility, superior piezoelectric performance, high pressure sensitivity, and alignment toward wireless transmission of the captured data make the device a promising candidate for wearable bioelectronic patches and power sources.

Chitosan Nanoparticles as Seed Priming Agents to Alleviate Salinity Stress in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

Nanoparticle-based seed priming has opened new avenues in crop science due to their plant growth promoting potential. Similarly, biopolymers such as chitosan (CS) are widely studied as seed priming agents due to the biodegradable and biocompatible nature, ability to enhance germination percentage and overall seedling health. Therefore, priming with chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) is a promising tool to enhance overall plant health. Here, we studied the effect of nanopriming with CNPs or CS (50 µg/mL) on morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters of rice seedlings, grown in salinity stress conditions NaCl (0–250 mM). CNPs were synthesized using an ionic gelation method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (50–100 nm), zeta potential analyser (Particle size distribution–373.5 ± 3.7 nm; polydispersity index- &gt; 0.4; zeta potential–45.3 ± 2.5 mV) and profilometry (300–1500 nm hydrodynamic height). Morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of rice seedlings grown from seeds primed with either CNPs or CS showed a positive effect on germination, seedling vigour, biochemical and antioxidant responses. Seeds primed with CNPs and CS demonstrated significantly higher germination potential and seedling vigour compared to control hydro-primed seeds when grown under increasing NaCl concentrations. These outcomes highlight that CNPs and CS can be used as potential seed priming agents to alleviate salinity stress in rice seedlings. However, further studies are warranted to understand the effect of CNPs and CS seed priming on the overall growth and development of rice plants as well as rice yield.

One Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis and Application of Bright-yellow-emissive Carbon Quantum Dots in Hg2+ Detection.

Carbon quantum dots (CQD) have drawn great interest worldwide for their extensive application as sensors due to their extraordinary physical and chemical characteristics, good biocompatibility, and high fluorescence in nature. Here, we demonstrate a technique for detecting mercury (Hg2+) ion using a fluorescent CQD probe. Ecology is concerned about the accumulation of heavy metal ions in water samples due to their harmful effects on human health. Sensitive identification and removal of metal ions from water samples are required to reduce heavy metals' risk. To find out Mercury in the water sample, carbon quantum dots were used and synthesized by 5-dimethyl amino methyl furfuryl alcohol and o-phenylene diamine through the hydrothermal technique. The synthesized CQD shows yellow emission when exposed to UV irradiation. Mercury ion was used to quench carbon quantum dots, and it was found that the detection limit was 5.2 nM with a linear range of 15-100 µM. The synthesized carbon quantum dots were demonstrated to efficiently detect Mercury ions in real water samples.

BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS IN PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY: FROM PAST TO FUTURE

With the arrival of technology, during the last two decades, various changes have been made in the field of restorative dentistry. Hence, this article reviews the numerous biomimetic materials and its biological properties in the field of restorative and preventive dentistry and endodontics. Biomimetic materials, with their biocompatible nature and physio-chemical properties are widely used nowadays.1 They can function as long-lasting aesthetic and restorative materials, cements, root repair materials, root canal sealers and filling materials, which have the advantages of enhanced biocompatibility, high strength, sealing ability and antibacterial properties. Newer biomimetic materials have the ability to overcome limitations of earlier generation materials.1

CONQUERING NEWER HORIZONS OF RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY WITH BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

With the arrival of advanced technology, numerous changes have been made in the field of restorative dentistry in the last few decades. Biomimetic materials, with their biocompatible nature and excellent physicochemical properties, have demonstrated the ability to prevail over some of the significant limitations of previous generation materials. They can function as long-lasting esthetic and restorative materials, cements, root repair materials, root canal sealers, filling and regenerative materials which have superior biocompatibility, high strength, sealing ability and antibacterial properties when compared to other parallel materials. Hence, their application has become indispensable. This essay reviews the various biomimetic materials available from the past to the future and their biological properties in the field of paediatric restorative dentistry and endodontics.

Design and characterizations of pH-responsive drug delivery vehicles using molecular docking

ABSTRACT Performing wet bench experiments to search for lead molecules for drug delivery is a long and tedious process where computational tools have played a crucial role. Molecular docking studies have been carried out for selecting the nanocarrier, and the results of the computational studies have been validated using the model protein Ova albumin and anticancer drug 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) with mesoporous silica (MSNPs) and chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) as the nanocarriers. Formulated nanocarriers were tested for in-vitro release, which showed a sustained release of the drugs. In-vitro studies on the lung cancer cell line A459 revealed excellent biocompatibility and non-toxic nature of the designed drug delivery system. This chitosan nanoparticle-based drug delivery system could have the potential for chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer.

Trends in Paper-Based Sensing Devices for Clinical and Environmental Monitoring.

Environmental toxic pollutants and pathogens that enter the ecosystem are major global issues. Detection of these toxic chemicals/pollutants and the diagnosis of a disease is a first step in efficiently controlling their contamination and spread, respectively. Various analytical techniques are available to detect and determine toxic chemicals/pathogens, including liquid chromatography, HPLC, mass spectroscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. However, these sensing strategies have some drawbacks such as tedious sample pretreatment and preparation, the requirement for skilled technicians, and dependence on large laboratory-based instruments. Alternatively, biosensors, especially paper-based sensors, could be used extensively and are a cost-effective alternative to conventional laboratory testing. They can improve accessibility to testing to identify chemicals and pollutants, especially in developing countries. Due to its low cost, abundance, easy disposal (by incineration, for example) and biocompatible nature, paper is considered a versatile material for the development of environmentally friendly electrochemical/optical (bio) sensor devices. This review presents an overview of sensing platforms constructed from paper, pointing out the main merits and demerits of paper-based sensing systems, their fabrication techniques, and the different optical/electrochemical detection techniques that they exploit.

Biomimetic ion substituted and Co-substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticle synthesis using Serratia Marcescens

Biomimicry is becoming deep-rooted as part of bioceramics owing to its numerous functional advantages. Naturally occurring hydroxyapatite (HA) apart from primary nano structures are also characterised by various ionic substitutions. The ease of accommodating such key elements into the HA lattice is known to enhance bone healing properties of bioceramics. In this work, hydroxyapatite synthesized via biomimetic approach was substituted with individual as well as multiple cations for potential applications in bone repair. Ion substitutions of Sr, Mg and Zn was carried out on HA for the first time by using Serratia grown in a defined biomineralization medium. The individual ions of varying concentration substituted in Serratia HA (SHA) (Sr SHA, Mg SHA and Zn SHA) were analysed for crystallinity, functional groups, morphology and crystal size. All three showed decreased crystallinity, phase purity, large agglomerated aggregates and needle-shaped morphologies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra indicated increased carbonate content of 5.8% resembling that of natural bone. Additionally, the reduced O–H intensities clearly portrayed disruption of HA lattice and subsequent ion-substitution. The novelty of this study lies primarily in investigating the co-substitution of a combination of 1% Sr, Zn and Mg in SHA and establishing the associated change in bone parameters. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images clearly illustrated uniform nano-sized agglomerates of average dimensions of 20–50 nm length and 8–15 nm width for Sr SHA; 10–40 nm length and 8–10 nm width for both Zn SHA and Mg SHA and 40–70 nm length and 4–10 nm width in the case of 1% Sr, Zn, Mg SHA. In both individual as well as co-substitutions, significant peak shifts were not observed possibly due to the lower concentrations. However, cell volumes increased in both cases due to presence of Sr2+ validating its dominant integration into the SHA lattice. Rich trace ion deposition was presented by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). In vitro cytotoxicity studies in three cell lines viz. NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells, MG-63 osteosarcoma cells and RAW 264.7 macrophages showed more than 90% cell viability proving the biocompatible nature of 1% Sr, Zn and Mg in SHA. Microbial biomineralization by Serratia produced nanocrystals of HA that mimicked “bone-like apatite” as evidenced by pure phase, carbonated groups, reduced crystallinity, nano agglomerates, variations in cell parameters, rich ion deposition and non-toxic nature. Therefore ion-substituted and co-substituted biomineralized nano SHA appears to be a suitable candidate for applications in biomedicine addressing bone injuries and aiding regeneration as a result of its characteristics close to that of the human bone.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Potential Option for Enhancing Oral Bioavailability of Highly Soluble and Poorly Permeable (BCS Class III) Drugs.

Oral administration of drug is the most preferred one among the other routes for the majority of clinical applications. As compared to the parenteral method of administration, it has potential benefits such as increased patient compliance, fewer problems, and reduced treatment costs. Regardless of these factors, inadequate bioavailability owing to poor solubility or permeability limits the therapeutic effectiveness of orally given drugs. Though most current research focuses on BCS II (drugs with low solubility and high permeability), BCS III (drugs with high solubility and low permeability) also has poor oral bioavailability due to their limited permeability across lipid membranes and is usually administered through the parenteral route. The need for an oral alternative to parenteral administration has prompted a renewed focus on the development of innovative dosage forms that support the absorption of medicines that are poorly permeable through the intestinal epithelium. Because of their unique sizedependent feature in enhancing transmembrane permeability, ability to incorporate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs and biocompatible nature of components, the use of nanoparticles for improving drug bioavailability has been a focus of current study in the field of drug delivery in recent years. The lipidbased nanoparticle method presents a potential new avenue for manufacturing BCS Class III medicines with enhanced bioavailability, as poor permeability is the main issue for these agents. This research aims to assess the potential of lipid nanoparticles for improving the oral bioavailability of medicines with permeability-restricted oral absorption, such as pharmaceuticals in Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class III.

BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS IN PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY FROM PAST TOFUTURE

With the arrival of technology, during the last two decades, numerous changes have been made in the field of restorative dentistry. Biomimetic materials, with their biocompatible nature and excellent physico-chemical properties are widely used nowadays. They can function as long lasting esthetic and restorative materials, cements, root repair materials, root canal sealers and filling materials, which have the advantages of enhanced biocompatibility, high strength, sealing ability and antibacterial properties. New biomimetic materials have demonstrated the ability to overcome some of the significant limitations of earlier generation materials. Although in vitro studies, the uses of biomimetic materials in restorative dentistry endodontic have given encouraging results, randomized and double-blind clinical studies of sufficient length with these materials are needed to confirm long-term success following their use.

Hyaluronic acid-magnetic fluorescent polydopamine/gold-based fluorescent probe for bioimaging of CD44 over-expressed cancer cells

CD44 is a transmembrane glycoprotein (P-glycoprotein) that expressed in a large scale on the surface membrane of breast cancer cells. The CD44 receptor has been employed for various medial aims such as imaging, drug delivery, and etc. In the present work, the surface of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (cit-AuNPs) was modified with magnetic polydopamine nanoparticles to provide fluorescent nanocomposite and amine groups for attachment to hyaluronic acid (HA) molecules. HA molecules have been bonded to the surface of fluorescent polydopamine nanoparticles (FPNPs) via the formation of amide bonds between carboxyl (COOH) group of HA and amine groups of the FPNPs. Due to the presence of the HA molecules, the MNPs-FPNPs/AuNPs/HA can attach to the CD44-overexpressed MCF-7 cells with high specificity and could be employed for bioimaging aims. Fluorescence microscopy was applied for bioimaging of the MNPs-FPNPs/AuNPs/HA internalized cancer cells. Obtained results offered that the MNPs-FPNPs/AuNPs/HA can especially and efficiently internalize to the cells and differentiate CD44-positive cancer cells and normal cells of HFFF-2 cells. Also, the MNPs-FPNPs/AuNPs/HA has a biocompatible nature with the toxic levels around 250 μg/mL levels. As a conclusion, the MNPs-FPNPs/AuNPs/HA is a good candidate for specific bioimaging applications of CD44−overexpressed MCF-7 cancer cells with high physicochemical stability and advantageous spectral features.