Biochemical Parameters In Male Rats Research Articles

The effect of Iranian snake, Naja naja oxiana venom on the blood glucose concentration and some biochemical parameters of experimental diabetic rats

Diabetes is a chronic disease resulting from impaired insulin production and function; leading to hyperglycaemia and long-term complications. The treatment for Type I diabetes treatment involves insulin injections while Type II diabetes treatments include drugs such as metformin and sulfonylureas, along with lifestyle changes. These medicines can be expensive and may have adverse effects. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic agents continues. Venoms from various animals yield numerous pharmacologically active compounds. In this study, we investigated the effects of the venom from an Iranian snake, Naja naja oxiana, on blood glucose concentration and certain serum biochemical parameters in male rats with induced diabetes.Diabetes was induced in male rats using either a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) alone (55 mg/kg i. p.) or STZ (65 mg/kg i. p.) preceded by nicotinamide (230/kg i. p.) administered 15 min earlier. The diabetic rats produced by either method received a single injection of either vehicle or venom (0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg i. p.). In the STZ rats, this was done 13 days after diabetes induction, while in the STZ-nicotinamide rats, venom was injected 3 days after diabetes induction.The venom from Naja naja oxiana significantly reduced blood glucose levels in male rats with diabetes induced by either method. Additionally, the venom decreased serum cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. However, the venom had no effect on the blood glucose levels of healthy male rats. Pretreatment with the venom did not prevent the induction of diabetes by STZ. These findings suggest that Naja naja oxiana venom exhibits an anti-diabetic effect and could be a potential candidate for effectively controlling diabetes.

Effects of Ostarine and Endurance Training on Some Functional, Hematological, and Biochemical Parameters in Male Rats

Background: Non-steroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are currently a group of drug candidates with anabolic effects, tissue selectivity, and the potential to improve the therapeutic process in a number of socially significant diseases. There is insufficient data on their effects during exercise and on their adverse side effects. Objectives: Our objective was to examine the role of selective androgen receptor modulators for the physical working capacity of the body, hematological and biochemical parameters, and to evaluate any side effects of SARMs. We studied the effects of ostarine (S-22, MK-2866, GTx-024, Enobosarm) alone or in combination with submaximal training in sexually mature male Wistar rats. Methods: The rats used were divided into a treadmill-trained group and a sedentary group. Half of each group received either ostarine or vehicle for 8 weeks (n = 10 each). We performed functional tests and blood analysis at the end of the experiment to analyze clinical chemistry and hematological indicators. Results: Ostarine did not affect maximal sprint speed, VO2max, and running economy, while submaximal training increased these parameters. Ostarine increased total plasma cholesterol and energy expenditure and decreased plasma glucose concentration. Neither treatment changed the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, the respiratory quotient, the concentration of triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, or creatine kinase. Combined treatment neutralized the negative effect of ostarine on plasma total cholesterol levels. Conclusions: Ostarine did not affect the examined hematological and physical working capacity parameters, but it changed some clinical chemistry indicators. Training improved the physical working capacity but did not affect the clinical chemistry and hematological parameters. Further research is needed to clarify other aspects of the influence of non-steroidal SARMs on the physical working capacity and possible side effects during long-term use, as their administration, along with physical activity, is becoming popular among healthy adult bodybuilders in gyms.

Role of Moringa oleifera seeds and food supplement on some biochemical parameters in male rats

The present study was investigated the antioxidant capacity of Moringa oleifera Seeds (MOS), its impact on the Male Albino rats, and its comparison with Food supplement (FS). The study provided 15 Rats, and according to different feeding foods, the rats are divided into three groups; MOS, FS, and normal Rat's food as a control group. Samples (urine and serum) were collected from each rat after intake MOS, FS and normal food for 85 days then biochemical analysis were performed such as liver enzymes (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), lipid profile (high-density lipoprotein (HDL), Triglycerides (TG), and Total Cholesterol (TC)), (Tp and Alb). Moreover, it determined mineral contents of MOS, FS, and normal rat's food by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). It also detects total antioxidant capacities in MOS, which were evaluated through using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assays. Statistical analysis showed the final body weight significantly increased in FS group compared to MOS and control groups. The TP and Alb levels revealed a significant difference between groups in both serum and urine samples. Liver function parameters raised significantly in FS group when compared with Mos and control group. Moreover, it was evaluated of higher concentration of Potassium and Magnesium in MOS when compared with FS group and control group. PPH scavenging capacity in MOS. We conclude that MOS is healthy and rich with Potassium and Magnesium, which can be used as an antioxidant source. While FS has side effects on rats' kidneys and liver, although the FS increases body weight compared to other groups.

Protective Role of Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm Pollen against Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity in the Liver, Kidney, Testis and Biochemical Parameters in Male Rats

Date palm pollen (DPP) has a prophylactic role, known for its antioxidant effects. For this, the present study was designed to study the protective role of DPP against histological toxicity in hepatic, renal, and testicular tissues, as well as the level of (Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, Total proteins, Albumin, and testosterone hormone) in male white rats. The Iraqi date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were selected from Salah Aldeen farms located at Salah Aldeen governorate. Pollen was collected from 20th March to 25th April 2019. This study used 20 male white rats that were distributed to four groups and weights close. All groups were given food and water continuously throughout the experiment, the second group (DPP) was given an orally administered suspension of date palm pollen (60 mg/kg) every day for four weeks, the third group intraperitoneal injections were given (10 mg/kg), and the fourth group (10 mg/kg) were given intraperitoneal injections one time per week and four weeks, in addition to that, orally-administered suspension of DPP (60 mg/kg) was given as well every day for four weeks. The results of the study showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the level of Total Protein, Albumin, and testosterone hormones, Current results suggest that the protective effect of (DPP) may by its antioxidant properties, and thus reduce the positive effects.

ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF ORLISTAT AS AN ANTI-OBESITY DRUG IN HIGH FAT DIET INDUCED OBESITY IN MALE RATS

The present work was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the orlistat drug on some hormones and biochemical parameters in male rats received a high fat diet (HFD). Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: 1st group administered normal diet, 2nd group administered HFD, the 3rd group administered HFD plus 9.5 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat, and the 4th group administered HFD diet plus 19 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat. The experimental period was for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained for biochemical and hormonal assays. The administration of HFD for four weeks increased significantly the weight gain, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), glucose, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), leptin, with the significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), ghrelin, thyrotropin (TSH) and testosterone hormones in the serum as compared with the control group. The treatment with orlistat neutralized the levels of the measured parameters as compared with HFD fed rats and the results were correlated with the dose of orlistat. In conclusion, an improvement was observed in the biochemical and hormonal results by the treatment with orlistat drug.

Toxicity studies of sea anemone (Gyrostoma helianthus) crude extract and fractionated proteins on liver and kidney in rats

Aim: To study the poisonous effects of crude extract and fractionated protein of sea anemone Gyrostoma helianthus on histological and biochemical parameters in male rats. Methodology: Live specimens of Gyrostoma helianthus were collected from Jeddah coast, fixed in ethanol, dried and powdered to obtain the crude residue extract. Some of the crude extract were ultra-filtered to produce protein fractions of 1 and 3KDa. The LD50 of crude extract powder was estimated for male rats and momentary repeated subacute dosing (1/4 LD50) for 7 days was carried out to obtain toxicity data. Histological examination of liver and kidney sections were carried out. Serum whole protein, total albumin, ALT and LDH were estimated by standard protocol. Results: The LD50 of crude extract was 20.32 mg kg-1 for male rats. In acute and subsequent sub-acute toxicity, neurological symptoms such as convulsions, paralysis, tremors, and ataxia were observed overdose exposure. At the end of exposure to subacute dose histopathological changes like hemolyzed blood and atrophy of glomerular tuft in kidney and fatty changes, vacuolation, necrosis, and infiltration in liver was noted. Furthermore, vital significant increase in total protein, ALT and LDH and reduced bilirubin in serum of treated groups was observed as compared to the control. Interpretation: The present study emphasizes the toxicological, behavioral, biochemical, and histological bioactivity of crude extract and protein fractions of 1 and 3 KDa of Gyrostoma helianthus sea anemone, which is commonly found in the Red Sea. The tested extracts were found to be active at a concentration 5.08 mg kg-1. The yielded effects may interpret treatment strategies of toxicological and pharmacologic intervention. Key words: Biochemistry, Gyrostoma helianthus, Histopathology, Toxicity

Assessing the effects of orlistat as an anti-obesity drug in high fat diet induced obesity in male rats

The present work was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the orlistat drug on some hormones and biochemical parameters in male rats received a high fat diet (HFD). Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: 1st group administered normal diet, 2nd group administered HFD, the 3rd group administered HFD plus 9.5 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat, and the 4th group administered HFD diet plus 19 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat. The experimental period was for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained for biochemical and hormonal assays. The administration of HFD for four weeks increased significantly the weight gain, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL−c), glucose, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), leptin, with the significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL−c), ghrelin, thyrotropin (TSH) and testosterone hormones in the serum as compared with the control group. The treatment with orlistat neutralized the levels of the measured parameters as compared with HFD fed rats and the results were correlated with the dose of orlistat. In conclusion, an improvement was observed in the biochemical and hormonal results by the treatment with orlistat drug.

Effect of dermal administration of cypermethrin on some biochemical parameters in male rats

Effect of dermal administration of cypermethrin on some biochemical parameters in male rats

Effects of Regular Exercise on Diabetes-Induced Memory Deficits and Biochemical Parameters in Male Rats.

The main objective of current work was to determine the effects of treadmill-running and swimming exercise on passive avoidance learning (PAL) and blood biochemical parameters in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following 6 groups (N = 6-8 per group): CON, healthy rats without exercise (N = 8); STZ, diabetic rats without exercise (N = 8); CON-SE, healthy rats subjected to swimming exercise (2months; N = 6); STZ-SE, diabetic rats subjected to swimming exercise (2months; N = 7); CON-TE, healthy rats subjected to treadmill exercise (2months; N = 8); STZ-TE, diabetic rats subjected to treadmill exercise (2months; N = 8). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg STZ. Our results showed that STZ decreased the step-through latency in the retention test (STLr) and increased the time spent in the dark compartment (TDC) when compared with the CON group. However, treadmill-running and swimming exercise in STZ-treated rats increased the STLr and decreased the TDC when compared with STZ-treated rats without exercise in PAL. Blood low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels in the STZ group were significantly higher than those in the CON group, whereas plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and levels of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were lower in the STZ group compared with the CON group. The levels of LDL and TG decreased and the levels of TAC, CAT, and GPx increased in the exercise groups in comparison with the STZ group. The present results indicate that regular exercise enhances learning and memory in diabetic rats and that these effects may occur through activation of the antioxidant system.

Evaluation of Effectiveness of Boswelliaserrata (Kundur) Gum Extract on Some Biochemical Parameters in Male Rats Induced Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)

Objective: The study was to test water extract ofKundurby treatingchronic renal failure that induced by Cadmium chloride CdCl2.Method: CdCl2. at a concentration of 5 mg /kg body. wt./day of rat at chronic level with drinking water for six weeks as animal model.measuring some predicate biomarkers functional common kidney was done serum creatinine and novel biomarker measured KIM-1 and NAGL, Cystatin C, demonstrate that a regular oral intake of CdCl2 solution (in drinking water) for 45 days.Results: There is significant increase of Serum Urea, creatinine, KIM-1, NAGL and Cystatin C, when compared with control group, also indicate there is significant increase in serum biomarkers for kidney injury. After the treatment with water extract of Kundurby different concentrations 10,20, and 30 mg/kg all these Urea, Scr., KIM-1, NAGL and Cystatin C were significantly decrease when compared with CdCl2 group, compared with control group and after the treatment the damages were not found or minimize. At this exposure of CdCl2.Conclusion: The biomarkers KIM-1, NAGL and Cystatin C may be good predictive indicator of chronic renal failure, plant extract may be having a highly effect for treating the renal failure and showed highly response to treatment.

Effect of Crataegus extract supplementation on diabetes induced memory deficits and serum biochemical parameters in male rats

This study was undertaken to investigate the Crataegus extract (CE) eff ;ects on diabetes-induced memory deficit in passive avoidance learning (PAL), blood glucose, and lipid profile panel. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control (CTRL); Diabetic (DM); and Diabetic animals treated with three doses of CE (100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg) (DM + CE). Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (50 mg/kg, ip) were orally administrated with CE once a day for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, PAL task was used to evaluate the passive avoidance learning and memory. At the end of experiment, the level of plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined. Our results showed that the step-through latency (STLr) in diabetic animals was less than the control group (P = 0.0009). Crataegus (300 mg) increased STLr in diabetic animals (P = 0.0418). Diabetic animals spent more time in the dark compartment (TDC) (P = 0.0009). Crataegus (300 and 1000 mg) decreased TDC in diabetic animals (P = 0.0175). Crataegus (100 and 300 mg) decreased blood glucose in diabetic animals (P < 0.001). TG and Cholesterol concentration increased in diabetic animals in comparison with control (P < 0.05). CE (100 and 300 mg) reduced the cholesterol concentration in diabetic animals (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the case of LDL among the experimental groups (P > 0.05). CE (1000 mg) increased HDL in diabetic animals (P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrated that CE had the hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects and lead to memory improvement in STZ-induced diabetes.

Effect of diclofenac sodium on some biochemical parameters of male rats.

The present study aimed to study the effectiveness of diclofenac sodium on some biochemical parameters of male rats. Eighteen of male rats, were utilized in this study, were divided into three groups, the first group (control group) was injected by (0.5ml /animal) of physiological saline. The second group was injected by (0.5ml/animal) of (1mg/kg) of diclofenac sodium. The third group was injected by (0.5ml /animal) of (2mg/kg) of diclofenac sodium. The animals were injected intra peritoneal for 10 days as one dose daily. The results showed no significant differences (p<0.05) in the glucose level of the male rats treated with diclofenac sodium compared with the control group. The results display a significant increase (p<0.05) in levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes (ALT) and (AST) of the male rats treated with diclofenac sodium when compared with control group, which treated with normal physiological saline. In conclusion, diclofenac sodium at high dose causes alterations in biochemical parameters in male rats. These adverse effects may be contributed to oxidative stress induced by the drug. However, the toxic effects of diclofenac sodium could be acute or reversible.

Malathion-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats: biochemical and histopathological studies.

The increasing use of organophosphorus pesticides in the environment constitutes an ecotoxicological hazard especially for humans and non-target animals. Hereby, we analyzed the toxic effects of malathion on the histological structure of liver and biochemical parameters in male rats. Three groups received daily different amounts of malathion: 1/1000, 1/100, and 1/10 LD50 for 30 days. The weights of treated rat's liver have increased. Analyzed tissues showed centrilobular and sinusoidal congestion, hepatocyte hypertrophy, cellular vacuolization, anucleated hepatocytes, depletion of organelles affecting the majority of cells, and presence of necrotic foci into the hepatic parenchyma. Histological sections of the liver showed important hepatocyte glycogen storage. We conclude that malathion stimulates the filing of glycogen in a dose-dependent manner. Biochemical parameters showed that alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels increased in the treated groups when the level of total protein decreased in intoxicated groups.

Effect of exposure and withdrawal of 900-MHz-electromagnetic waves on brain, kidney and liver oxidative stress and some biochemical parameters in male rats

Increasing use of mobile phones in daily life with increasing adverse effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), emitted from mobile on some physiological processes, cause many concerns about their effects on human health. Therefore, this work was designed to study the effects of exposure to mobile phone emits 900-MHz EMR on the brain, liver and kidney of male albino rats. Thirty male adult rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 each) as follows: control group (rats without exposure to EMR), exposure group (exposed to 900-MHz EMR for 1 h/d for 60 d) and withdrawal group (exposed to 900-MHz electromagnetic wave for 1 h/d for 60 d then left for 30 d without exposure). EMR emitted from mobile phone led to a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and significant decrease total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in brain, liver and kidneys tissues. The sera activity of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine and corticosterone were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while serum catecholamines were insignificantly higher in the exposed rats. These alterations were corrected by withdrawal. In conclusion, electromagnetic field emitting from mobile phone might produce impairments in some biochemicals changes and oxidative stress in brain, liver and renal tissue of albino rats. These alterations were corrected by withdrawal.

Effects of ethanol and/or chloroquine with low protein dietary intake on some biochemical parameters in male rats.

In malaria-endemic developing countries, plagued with malnutrition, patients undergoing chloroquine (Q) treatment on prolonged basis often consume ethanol (E) regularly. This may constitute a serious health problem. The objective of this study was to investigate whether concurrent administration of E and Q under conditions of protein malnutrition may impact negatively on biochemical parameters. An experimental study was conducted to investigate biochemical effects of E and/or Q associated with protein malnutrition in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Two groupsof adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either normal protein diet (NP, 15%) or low protein diet (LP, 6%). Each diet group includes the controls (NPC, LPC), chloroquine- (Q); [NPQ; LPQ], ethanol- (E); [NPE; LPE} or both chloroquinine and ethanol (NPEQ; LPEQ) treated groups. Chloroquine diphosphate (10mg, kg-1 body weight per rat) was administered intramuscularly, on days 0, 10, 20, and 30 to appropriate groups, while 6% E in drinking water was provided ad libitum to Etreated groups. Drinking water was given to Q-treated groups, and physiological saline was injected to E-treated groups. After 40 days, blood was collected, underether anesthesia, by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. Results showed that concurrent treatment of E and Q slightly decreased TP and albumin (Alb) levels in LPEQ-rats compared to LPC, LPE and LPQ rat groups. Furthermore, TP level was substantially and significantly elevated in NPEQ-rats compared to LPEQ, NPE and NPQ rat groups. Ethanol and Chloroquine interaction exacerbated ALP and ALT activities in LPEQ-rats compared to NPEQ- rats. Urea depression was enhanced inLPEQ- than in NPEQ-rats. Creatinine levels were increased in all treatment groups. The results suggest increased toxic effect of concurrent intake of E and Q in LP- fed rats. The findings show that LP dietary intake potentiates adverse effects of combined E and Q. This has implications for clinical practice, especially in poor malaria endemic countries where prevalence of protein malnutrition is often high, and patients who consume alcohol while on chloroquine, are at greater risk of severe toxic effectof combined E and Q intake.

Propolis alleviates aluminium-induced lipid peroxidation and biochemical parameters in male rats

Aluminium is present in many manufactured foods and medicines and is also added to drinking water during purification purposes. Therefore, the present experiment was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of propolis in alleviating the toxicity of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) on biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation of male Wistar Albino rats. Animals were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: control; 34mg AlCl3/kg bw; 50mg propolis/kg bw; AlCl3 (34mg/kg bw) plus propolis (50mg/kg bw), respectively. Rats were orally administered their respective doses daily for 70days. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was increased, and the activities of glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased in liver, kidney and brain of rats treated with AlCl3. While, TBARS was decreased and the antioxidant enzymes were increased in rats treated with propolis alone. Plasma transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, total lipid, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-c were increased, while total protein, albumin and high HDL-c were decreased due to AlCl3 administration. The presence of propolis with AlCl3 alleviated its toxic effects in rats treated with AlCl3. It can be concluded that propolis has beneficial influences and could be able to antagonize AlCl3 toxicity.

홍삼유출액으로부터 분리한 조사포닌이 TCDD (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-ρ-dioxin)로 급성독성을 유도한 흰쥐의 혈액 생화학지수에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 랫드에서 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo--dioxin (TCDD)로 유도된 급성독성에 대한 홍삼유출액으로부터 분리한 조사포닌의 방어효과를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 40마리의 웅성 랫드를 4군으로 나누어 정상군에 대해서는 TCDD의 운반체를, TCDD 단독투여군 (TT)에게는 TCDD(<TEX>$5{\mu}g/ml$</TEX>)와 생리식염수를 1회 복강주사하였다. 한편, 조사포닌 투여군 (RGE-CS20, RGE-CS40)은 조사포닌을 각각 20 및 40 mg/kg,b.w/day의 용량으로 TCDD 투여 1주 전부터 총 4 주간 복강주사하였다. TCDD 단독투여군의 체중은 TCDD투여 1주째부터 유의하게 감소한 반면, 조사포닌 투여군은 TCDD 단독투여군에 비해 완만하기는 하지만 유의하게 증가하여 체중감소가 억제되었다. 조사포닌 투여군은 TCDD독성에 의해 증가한 TG, TC, LDL, AST ALT, <TEX>$Fe^{2+}$</TEX> 함량은 감소시켰고, TCDD 독성에 의해 감소된 glucose, amylase, LDH, CK 활성을 증가시켜 혈액 임상화학지수를 유의하게 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 홍삼유출액으로부터 분리한 조사포닌은 TCDD에 의해 주도된 체중감소와 장기 기능저하에 대해서 현저한 방어효과를 나타낸다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of crude saponin from red ginseng efflux (RGE-CS) on biochemical parameters in male rats acutely exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<TEX>$\rho$</TEX>-dioxin (TCDD). Forty male rats (<TEX>$200{\pm}20g$</TEX>) were divided into 4 groups. Normal control group (NC) received vehicle and saline; only TCDD-treated group (TT) received TCDD (<TEX>$5{\mu}g/kg$</TEX>, single dose) intrperitoneally; RGE-CS 20 received 20 mg/kg of crude saponin i.p. for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD-exposure; RGE-CS 40 also received 40 mg/kg of crude saponin i.p. for 4 weeks from 1 week before TCDD-exposure. Body weight of TT group was significantly decreased after TCDD-exposure. However, body weight of crude saponin groups increased throughout the experimental period, although the increasing rate was slower than that of NC group. Decrease in body weight was not observed during the experimental period in RGE-CS 40. Increases in triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), AST, ALT and <TEX>$Fe^{2+}$</TEX> levels by TCDD intoxication were significantly attenuated by the RGE-CS treatment. Decrease in glucose, amylase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine kinase (CK) by TCDD also were inhibited by the RGE-CS. These results suggest that saponin from red-ginseng efflux might be a useful protective agent against TCDD, an endocrine disrupter.