Biochemical Oxygen Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF RAINWATER QUALITY FROM COLLECTED RAINWATER AND ITS TREATMENT NEEDS IN DIFFERENT AREAS IN THE ALJABIL ALAKHDER

Rain water samples were collected from three cities, Al-Bayda, Shahat and Derna. A study was conducted to evaluate the level of quality of rainwater by tested pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) , total dissolved solids (TDS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Turbidity, Fe+2 and pb+2. The results showed that the range of reading for were pH from 6.42 until 7.24, EC from (57.2 -484 ) microsiemens/cm3 ,TDS between 27 and 231 mg/L, COD was 4.09 mg/ L-8.32mg/L and BOD was ranged 1-55 mg/L and 3.24 mg/L. The range of parameter of Turbidity readings were between 6.23-9.84NTU, Fe+2 was ranged 0.030 mg/l and 0.058 mg/L and the pb+2 was from 0.0020mg /L to 0.0057 mg/L. The comparison with Recommended Raw Water Criteria by World Health Organization (WHO) shows that within the permissible limits. Keywords: Rainwater, Heavy metals, Quality, Assessment, Rooftop, Treatment, Aljabil Alakhder.

Spatial Trends and Distribution Patterns of Toxic Heavy Metal Contamination in an Urbanized Watershed

Rapid urban growth in developing nations exacerbates pressures on water resources through increased pollution loading if management practices cannot adapt efficiently. This study evaluated industrial effluent impacts on river systems in Nigeria contaminated by discharge from beverage, oil and biscuit manufacturing plants. Physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were monitored at sites upstream and downstream from waste outfalls during wet and dry seasons. Results demonstrated exceedances of national water quality standards for indicators of organic pollution like biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Notably, highly toxic heavy metals exceeded World Health Organization limits by over 100 times, posing serious public health concerns through various exposure pathways. Seasonal variations reflected changes in pollution inputs. Spatial trends showed metal levels decreasing with distance, though remaining well above safe levels 100m downstream. A predictive transport model was formulated based on field measurements incorporated into the advection-dispersion equation. Key coefficients for the dispersion rate and velocity/dispersion ratio were quantified, allowing simulation of concentration changes under differing scenarios. Model predictions closely aligned with observed metal distribution patterns. Findings highlight the need for upgraded wastewater treatment and emissions controls to mitigate pollution over-burdening natural assimilative capacity. Continuous monitoring programs should track remediation effectiveness. This study provides insights to help authorities balance rapid industrialization, environmental protection and sustainable development goals through evidence-based regulatory strategies ensuring public health.

Ecological Significance of Dynamism of Physiologic Variance on Properties of Palm Oil Mill Effluents

Properties a given waste is essential for rationale comprehension of plausible way(s) for its remediation. In the present study, POME from oil milling centre at Anambra state showed high heterotrophic activity of microorganisms. Total viable counts of the organisms isolated from the waste water were 5.4 x 103 CFU/ml and 4.4 x 103 CFU/ml at day 0 and day 7 of the incubation respectively. These observations showed a significant variation from the control experiment at these recorded days of incubations which shows total viable cell counts (TVC) of 4.6 x 103 and 2.9 x 104 CFU/ml respectively. Total coliform counts (TCC) of the organisms isolated from the dairy waste water were 1.3 x 103 and 1.8 x 103 CFU/ml for the day 0 and day 7 incubation periods respectively while the TCC from the control experiment were: 8.0 x 102 and 3.2 x 102 CFU/ml for day 0 and day 7 incubation periods respectively. POME sample from Awka, Anambra state was subjected to various physicochemical profiling and was further optimized at different conditions to exert various variability. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) is one of the important physical parameter widely used in assessment of quality of aqueous surroundings. Physicochemical properties of waste water from the milling centre showed the following: pH (5.0), temperature (41oC), conductivity (610); water dissolved minerals such as Cl-, K+, PO3, Mg2+, Ca2+ were all determined. Initial dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/l) of the waste water was determined using a probe connected to a meter with initial value of 39.4 mg/l. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) was determined after five incubation days at room temperature in separate bottles optimized at varying pH of 4.0-9.0 in a range of 1.0 units. BOD5 decreases with increased pH values in all the tested samples incubated for 5 days. pH 5.0 gave a significant reduction of the oxygen exertion (1400 mg/ml) while pH 4.0, 6.0, 7.0 showed an oxygen exertion (BOD5) of 1978, 2778, and 2965 mg/ml respectively. Samples incubated at 8.0 and 9.0 showed oxygen exertion of 2945 and 2899 mg/ml respectively. Other contents of the dairy waste water such as total organic carbon (TOC), total organic matter contents (TOM) were all determined respectively. Samples was also collected from mapped area 0.5 km away from the waste water reservoir and used as the reference standard. Proceeding results from the present research study showed the compromised statues of our aquatic environment and also in a wider look gave a great insight of effective modalities in water treatment; as increasing population of myriads of processing industries in our country today pose great challenge to the competence of our aquatic body.

Florfenicol removal from veterinary pharmaceutical effluents: Tri-metallic zeolite 5A° for electrochemical oxidation and catalytic ceramic membrane separation

Contaminants of emerging concern, including pharmaceuticals, are commonly found in wastewater from households, farms, and healthcare facilities. When active pharmaceutical ingredients enter water sources, they contaminate the waterways and cause potential hazard effects on the aquatic environment and human populations. This concern is especially critical with antibiotics, due to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. However, Florfenicol, a bacteriostatic antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine, poses a significant risk of water pollution when discharged into waterways. In the present study and its practical application, removal of targeted pollutant namely antibiotic florfenicol by ozonation was investigated by measuring chemical oxidation demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and turbidity for pharmaceutical wastewater in the batch reactor, while optimizing feeding electro flocculation voltage, O3 flow rate, O3 dosage and ceramic membrane filtration. Due to the production of hydroxyl radicals with strong oxidation properties, pollutants in wastewater can be effectively degraded via heterogeneous catalytic ozonation. It was examined whether the regenerated catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity after three cycles of washing with Milli-Q water and ethanol. The results show that the effluent concentration of antibiotic Florfenicol is about 99% alongside residual values for 91%, 79%, and 89% for COD, BOD, and turbidity, respectively (Time: 30 min, pH: 7.5). Meanwhile, the wastewater's degradability capacity (BOD5/COD ratio) increased from 0.37 to 0.53, rendering it more readily biodegradable for further treatment. These results indicate that the process of hybrid electro flocculation and catalytic ozonation with ceramic membrane has a high treatment efficiency for veterinary antibiotics, and a continuous-flow reactor can be utilized more practically for a full-scale industrial application.

Textile Wastewater Treatment Using Polypyrrole/Polyphenol Oxidase Membranes

Polypyrrole (PPy) is widely regarded as a useful electrode material because it has the advantages of low cost, high electrical conductivity, and thermal stability. This study aimed to synthesize PPy membranes using polyphenol oxidase (PPO) isolated from white oyster mushrooms as a biocatalyst for processing textile wastewater. The membranes were produced through the electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) using the electrodeposition method. The raw materials comprised 0.05 M Py and crude PPO white oyster mushroom extract at 35% v/v in citrate buffer pH = 6.8. The electrolysis process was performed at 6.00 V and 1.063–1.142 A using 16.57-48.97% immobilized PPO in PPy, PPO activity of 1.640–4.160 U, and 0.35 mM phenol as a substrate. The results showed that the use of the membrane in textile wastewater with a discontinuous flow caused a decrease of pH by 14.86%, phenol by 6.80%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) by 81.30%, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) by 78.25%, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) by 20.65%. Meanwhile, using the sample with a continuous flow caused a decrease of pH by 23.97%, phenol by 26.09%, COD by 88.50%, BOD by 78.00%, and TSS by 65.70%. The physical performance of membrane application to textile wastewater with discontinuous (flow rate = 48.19–51.50 L/h, flux = 3191.6–3387.5 L.m-2.h-1, and permeability = 319.2–338.7 Lm-2.h-1.bar) and continuous flow (flow rate = 48.19 L/h, flux = 3191.6 Lm-2.h-1, and permeability = 319.2 Lm-2.h-1.bar) was also assessed in this study. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image was used to assess the morphology of the membrane before and after its application.

Enhancing riverine load prediction of anthropogenic pollutants: Harnessing the potential of feed-forward backpropagation (FFBP) artificial neural network (ANN) models

Assessing riverine pollutant loads is a more realistic method for analysing point and non-point anthropogenic pollution sources throughout a watershed. This study compares numerous mathematical modelling strategies for estimating riverine loads based on the chosen water quality parameters: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solids (SS), and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3–N). A riverine load model was developed by employing various input variables including river flow and pollutant concentration values collected at several monitoring sites. Among the mathematical modelling methods employed are artificial neural networks with feed-forward backpropagation algorithms and radial basis functions. The classical multiple linear regression (MLR) statistical model was used for the comparison. Four widely used statistical performance assessment metrics were adopted to evaluate the performance of the various developed models: the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean relative error (MRE), and coefficient of determination (R2). The considerable number of errors (with RMSE, MAE, and MRE) discovered in estimating riverine loads using the multiple linear regression (MLR) statistical model can be attributed to the nonlinear relationship between the independent variables (Q and Cx) and dependent variables (W). The feed-forward neural network model with a backpropagation algorithm and Bayesian regularisation training algorithm outperformed the radial basis neural network. This finding implies that, in addition to suspended sediment loads, riverine loads may be predicted using an artificial neural network using pollutant concentration (Cx) and river discharge (Q) as input variables. Other geographical and temporal fluctuation characteristics that may impact river water quality, on the other hand, may be incorporated as input variables to enhance riverine load prediction. Finally, riverine load analyses were successfully conducted to reduce the riverine load.

Solar-powered single-stage distillation and complex conductivity analysis for sustainable domestic wastewater treatment.

This study investigates the efficacy of a solar-powered single-stage distillation system for treating domestic wastewater, supplemented with complex conductivity analysis. Domestic wastewater samples were collected from a municipal manhole in El Jadida, Morocco, over a 24-h period. The single-stage distillation system, designed for domestic wastewater treatment, utilizes heat to vaporize the wastewater, followed by condensation to produce pure liquid water. The system demonstrated increased distilled water production with rising temperatures, with domestic wastewater outperforming seawater as a feed water source. Physical and chemical testing of the treated water revealed significant improvements in water quality, meeting, or exceeding Moroccan irrigation water standards. Reductions in parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended matter, and heavy metals underscored the effectiveness of the distillation process. Complex conductivity analysis provided insights into the electrical properties of untreated wastewater and distilled water. Deconvolution of complex conductivity data using an equivalent electrical circuit model elucidated the electrochemical processes during treatment, highlighting the efficiency of the distillation process. The integration of solar energy addresses water scarcity while promoting environmental sustainability. Complex conductivity analysis enhances process understanding, offering avenues for monitoring and control in wastewater treatment.

Biofabrication, spectroscopic, and photocatalytic studies of titania nanoparticles mediated by Proteus mirabilis strain NG-ABK-32 for smart applications

ABSTRACT Green fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) is simple, pocket-friendly, easy, sustainable, and devoid of eco-toxicity issues. Thirty-five bacterial strains were isolated from ‘tie and dye’ effluent-contaminated soil and effluent samples and were identified using traditional methods. Following a dye decolourization assay, Proteus mirabilis strain (NG-ABK-32) emerged as the isolate with the highest potential to decolourize vat violet RR dye. Titania nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) fabricated using NG-ABK-32 strain were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. UV-Vis result displayed an absorption peak at 320 nm. The TEM image revealed monodispersed, spherical NPs possessing an average particle size of 3.18 nm. The crystallographic plane of rutile TiO2 NPs and high purity were confirmed by the XRD pattern. The average crystallite size was 52.53 nm. The synthesis of TiO2 NPs was further established from FT-IR by the presence of Ti-O, Ti-OH, and O-Ti-O functional groups. The synergistic treatment caused a significant reduction of total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color (Pt.Co) of the effluent by 96.86%, 78.78%, 67.84%, 56.65%, 67.84%, and 72.09% respectively. Thus, this study confirmed the better efficiency of combining biological (NG-ABK-32) pre-treatment with photocatalytic degradation post-treatment using the synthesized TiO2 NPs in the treatment of ‘tie and dye’ effluent compared to the application of the TiO2 NPs as a single treatment method.

Bacterial Contamination of Drinking Wells in Makurdi Metropolis

This study was carried out to assess the bacterial contamination of drinking wells in Makurdi metropolis. Fifteen (15) untreated water samples, five (5) each were collected from wells in High Level, Wurukum and Wadata areas for physicochemical and bacteriological analysis was done using pour plating and the bacteriological quality was assessed by measuring the total viable, total coliform and fecal coliform counts of bacteria in the samples using Mac Conkey agar and Nutrient agar. The results of the analysis showed that the pH ranged from 6.70 ± 0.16 to 7.40± 0.87, the temperature levels ranged from 28.72 ± 0.04 to 28.87 ±0.05; biological oxygen demand values ranged from 0.02 ±0.04 to 0.02 ± 0.41; the dissolved oxygen values ranged from 1.50 ±0.16 to 170 ± 0.14 while the Electrical conductivity values ranged from 599.20 ±88.98 to 1582.80±199. The results also showed the total viable count, total coliform count and fecal coliform counts ranging from 75.80±16.01cfu/ml to 117.40±34.45cfu/ml; 5.60±5.13cfu/ml to 6.60±6.88cfu/ml and 0.40±0.89cfu/ml to 4.20±3.77cfu/ml respectively. The total viable counts ranged from 75.80±16.01 to 117.40±34.4 (Wadata having the highest and Wurukum having the least), the total coliform counts ranged from 5.60±2.61 to 6.60±6.88 while the fecal coliform count ranged from 0.40±0.89 to 4.20±3.77. The variation in Total Viable Count (TVC) across locations could be as a result of localized factors influencing microbial populations and geographical differences such as land use, anthropogenic activities, and environmental conditions. The bacterial isolates were Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Enterobacter spp, and Staphylococcus spp. The frequency of occurrence and prevalence percentages of the bacteria isolated from the well water samples show that Klebsiella spp had the highest percentage (23.33%) while Enterobacter spp and Escherichia coli had the least prevalence percentage, representing 10.00% each. Overall, High Level had the highest contamination rate, accounting for 43.33% of the total contamination while Wurukum had the least contamination, representing 23.33% of the total contamination. The distribution patterns of bacterial isolates among the studied locations illuminate discernible trends. The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in well water sources could be possibly linked to higher urbanization and population density, highlighting the dynamic and site-specific nature of microbial communities. The study highlights the importance of using specific plans to manage water quality. These plans should take into account the special features of each area.

Assessment of water quality in agricultural systems in Candipuro, Lumajang Regency, East Java, Indonesia

The current challenges of industrial agriculture focus on environmental safety. Water quality is an indicator of environmental sustainability. The cultivation system has an impact on water quality. The aim of this study is to assess the water quality of agricultural systems. Anthropogenically, agricultural activities have an impact on environmental aspects. Identification of agricultural systems is clustered into organic and non-organic agriculture. The agricultural system in Indonesia is regulated based on SNI 6729;2016. Water sampling was carried out at three points, including upstream, middle (irrigation), and downstream (river). Water sampling at each point was repeated three times. Assessment of the physical quality of water using the Combo Quality Meter. Water samples for chemical and biological analysis at the Environmental Laboratory, Perum. Jasa Tirta 1. Determination of water quality standards refers to Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001. In the upstream section, pollution can be seen in the biological oxygen demand (BOD) indicator, with an average of 15.03 mg L-1 for organic and conventional systems. The phosphate indicator averaged 1.96 mg L-1. In the middle section (irrigation), the pollution indicators for BOD, phosphate, and total Coliform parameters were 6.76 mg L-1 for the organic system, 7.37 mg L-1 for the non-organic system, and 1,290 CFU mL-1. In the downstream (river), pollution indicators consist of total suspended solids (TSS), BOD, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total Coliform. Anthropogenic identification for clustering agricultural systems at the research location uses stratified disproportional sampling. The results of this research provide recommendations for water quality management for sustainable agricultural environmental management.

Water Quality Assessment of Mananga River Using Principal Component Analysis

The Mananga River in the Philippines has been classified as a Class A river in 1997. Since then, the river has significantly deteriorated due to pollution, especially in the downstream area around Talisay in the Cebu region. In this study, the water quality parameters – namely, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) – were assessed using principal component analysis (PCA). Water quality data were obtained from the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources–Environmental Management Bureau Region 7. The water samples were collected on a quarterly basis from 2016–2019. The effect of weather conditions on water quality and significant relationships between the water quality parameters were determined. In addition, the comparison of water quality in each sampling station was investigated. Results show that about 84.3% of the total variance in water quality can be attributed to two significant principal component scores. Evident correlations were observed such as DO and BOD are negatively correlated, whereas a positive correlation exists between DO to RH and wind speed, BOD to temperature, and TSS to wind speed. Furthermore, negative correlations are observed between DO to temperature and wind direction, BOD to rainfall, and TSS to wind direction and rainfall. In the overall analysis of the results, the heavier the influence of a variable, the more likely it is to contribute to affecting the water quality. Therefore, this can alter the overall distribution within the plots and the correlations among the variables. The findings are a predictive measure of future changes and trends in the Mananga River. Therefore, the results of the present work will be used in environmental monitoring, environmental management, and assistance for the rehabilitation of the Mananga River using PCA.

A comparative study with vermifilter and geofilter for domestic wastewater treatment and its Phyto-toxicity efficacy

The present study investigated the role of earthworms in pollutant removal and toxicity assay of domestic wastewater. An indigenous reactor (vermigratings as an active layer) was set up for 60 days with a hydraulic loading rate of 1 m3 / m2 -d and hydraulic retention time of 3.5 h to evaluate its performance. Removal of total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and sulfate was found to be 92 %, 93 %, 89 %, 86 %, and 63.43 %, respectively. The Phyto-toxicity test reveals a higher germination rate and plant growth with vermifilter effluent than with geofilter effluent and raw wastewater. Additionally, vermifilter achieved heterotrophic bacteria removal by 1.54-fold. Hence, treated effluent can be used for irrigation purposes. Overall, this study will establish a potential alternative to the conventional wastewater treatment system and achieve Sustainable Development Goals 6.

Applying Harmony Degree Equation and TOPSIS Combined with Entropy Weights in Surface Water Classification

This study classified surface water quality in Can Tho city using the Eutrophication index, Harmony Degree Equation (HDE), and Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Water quality data were collected in two seasons at 38 locations with 18 parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrite (N-NO2-), nitrate (N-NO3-), ammonium (N-NH4+), orthophosphate (P-PO43-), Fe, F-, Pb, As, Hg, coliform, chlorine-, and phosphorus-based pesticides. Water quality parameters are compared with national technical regulations on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT). The HDE method based on entropy weight has been applied to evaluate the comprehensive harmony degree of water quality for various purposes. In addition, the TOPSIS was also used to rank water quality at each location and determine the priority level that required mitigation and treatment solutions. Surface water quality in the study area had low dissolved oxygen content and was contaminated with TSS and coliform in both seasons. Water quality in the rainy season tends to decrease compared to the dry season. Based on HDE results, water quality in the study area in the dry season was assessed as suitable for domestic activities (needs treatment), irrigation, and navigation (HDII = 0.922), while the rainy season was suitable for irrigation and navigation (HDIII= 1.00). Moreover, surface water in the study area was in a state of potential eutrophication (EI > 0), in which eutrophication was higher during the dry season. The SW25 and SW28 were the most seriously eutrophic in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. TOPSIS analysis indicated that SW22 and SW28 need treatment measures in both seasons; furthermore, SW2-SW4 (dry season) and SW23 (rainy season) also need appropriate management and impact mitigation solutions. SW4 was affected by the most significant seasonal impacts, which have high priority in the dry season and are lowest in the rainy season. Therefore, future studies are needed to identify specific sources of variation at these locations to reduce impacts. The study results provide helpful information for the decision-making process and water quality management. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-04-012 Full Text: PDF

Developing an ensembled machine learning model for predicting water quality index in Johor River Basin

Currently, the Water Quality Index (WQI) model becomes a widely used tool to evaluate surface water quality for agriculture, domestic and industrial. WQI is one of the simplest mathematical tools that can assist water operator in decision making in assessing the quality of water and it is widely used in the last years. The water quality analysis and prediction is conducted for Johor River Basin incorporating the upstream to downstream water quality monitoring station data of the river. In this research, the numerical method is first used to calculate the WQI and identify the classes for validating the prediction results. Then, two ensemble and optimized machine learning models including gradient boosting regression (GB) and random forest regression (RF) are employed to predict the WQI. The study area selected is the Johor River basin located in Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. The initial phase of this study involves analyzing all available data on parameters concerning the river, aiming to gain a comprehensive understanding of the overall water quality within the river basin. Through temporal analysis, it was determined that Mg, E. coli, SS, and DS emerge as critical factors affecting water quality in this river basin. Then, in terms of WQI calculation, feature importance method is used to identify the most important parameters that can be used to predict the WQI. Finally, an ensemble-based machine learning model is designed to predict the WQI using three parameters. Two ensemble ML approaches are chosen to predict the WQI in the study area and achieved a R2 of 0.86 for RF-based regression and 0.85 for GB-based ML technique. Finally, this research proves that using only the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and percentage of dissolved oxygen (DO%), the WQI can be predicted accurately and almost 96 times out of 100 sample, the water class can be predicted using GB ensembled ML algorithm. Moving forward, stakeholders may opt to integrate this research into their analyses, potentially yielding economic reliability and time savings.

تقييم جودة المياه في سد سماقولي للشرب والري و تربية الاسماك

لقد أجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرقة نوعية المياه وملائمته لمختلف الاغراض كالشرب والري وتربية السمك في سد سماقولي وذلك بالاعتماد على مقياس نوعية وجودة المياه (WQI) بدلالة رقم مقياسى لاى استخدام مطلوب ، جمعت عينات المياه من ثمانية مواقع خلال فتره امتدت من شهر ايلول 2021 لغاية تموز 2022، حيث تم تحديد معيار جودة او نوعية المياه (WQI) لأغراض الشرب ، وذلك بالاعتماد على أهم خمسە عشر معيارًا فيزيائيًا وكيميائيًا بما في ذلك: الأس الهيدروجين(PH)،التوصيل الكهربائي EC))، التعكرTurbidity)) ، الأكسجين المذاب DO))، الأكسجين الكيميائي الحيوي المطلوب ، القاعدية الكلية TA))، العسرة الكلية TH))، أيونات الكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم Ca & Mg ions))، الصوديومNa) )، البوتاسيوم K))، الكلوريد Cl))، النتريتNO2) )، النترات NO3)) والكبريتاتSO4) ). كما إعطيت الوزن النسبي لكل متغيراو معيار تراوحت من 1 إلى 5 بناءً على أهم متغيراو معيار ضروري واساسى للحياة المائية والاستخدام اليومى و المنزلي. أشارت النتائج الدراسة إلى أن مياه سد سماقولي بمدخله ومخرجه صالحة للشرب بعد اجراء المعالجة التقليدية، اذ تراوحت نتائج (DWQI) لجميع المواقع بين ( 68.11إلى 83.93)، اما بالنسبة لمؤشر جودة او نوعية مياه الري (IWQI)، تم تحليل العينات المدروسة لمحتويات EC ونسبة امتصاص الصوديوم (SAR) والصوديوم (Na + 1) والكلوريد (Cl-1) وبيكربونات(HCO3).كما تراوحت نتائج (IWQI) من (68.84 إلى 70.20)، وهذا يدل الى أن عينات المياه تقع ضمن فئة الحصر المنخفض (LR) والمتوسط (MR) لأغراض الري. واخيرا سبع معايير استعملت شملت: الأس الهيدروجيني(PH)، التعكر (Turbidity) ، المواد الصلبة الذائبة (TDS)، الأكسجين المذاب (DO) ، القاعدية الكليةTH) ) والنتراتNO3) ). لتقييم نوعية وملائمة مياه سد سماقولى لتربية الاسماك بالاعتماد على محدودية المعيارى لكل وحدة من تلك المعاييرز أشارت النتائج لتلك المعايير فى جميع المواقع إلى أن المياه ملائمة ضمن محدودية المعايير لتربية الاسماك باستثناء معيارالعسرة الكلية TH..

Assessment of water quality for Al-Salibat marsh\\Southern Iraq

The objective of the current study is to assess if water is suitable for drinking, irrigation, and aquatic life. From April 2021 to January 2022, water samples were taken on a monthly basis from three locations in the Salibat marsh. To apply the Canadian index, fourteen variables were tracked, including (Water temperature (WT), pH, Turbidity (Tur), Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD5), Total hardness (TH), Nitrate (NO3), Nitrite (NO2), Active Phosphate (PO4), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn)). The results showed that the water temperature varied from (20.1 to 39) C°. pH values ranged between (7.1-9.5), Turbidity (9.8-54.78) NTU, total hardness that varied from (120 to 560) CaCO3mg/l. Electrical conductivity was between (2650-23220) μs/cm. Total dissolved solids ranged between (1014-9428) mg/l, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand ranged between (5-9.1) (10-18) mg\\l respectively. Nitrate, nitrite and phosphate ranged between (0.14-59.10), (0.16-10.13), (0.04-5.65) μg\\l, Cadmium, Zinc and Lead (0-0.022)(0-0.50)(0-0.42) mg\\l. Results showed that the water quality was varied from marginal to good for irrigation but poor to marginal for aquatic life. It was also poor to marginal for drinking. Results showed that the water was suitable for irrigation, but not for drinking or aquatic life.

Evaluation of Water Quality Based on Macrozoobenthos as Bioindicator in Ngesong Spring and The Ditch, Batu-East Java

The Ngesong spring is a clean spring that is used by society as a spring of clean water and as a tourist attraction. The Ngesong spring has a ditch that flows up to the society settlement, where the water is used for agricultural irrigation and plantation irrigation. The utilization of the Ngesong spring as a tourist attraction and its ditch through agriculture, settlements, and society settlements have great potential to cause pollution and degradation of water quality, so it is necessary to evaluate water quality. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the quality of this water, one of which is using the macrozoobenthos community structure as a bioindicator. The research was conducted in four locations, namely a water spring and the channels that will be used for agriculture, plantations, and settlement activities, in September and October 2022. The variables observed in this study include the physicochemical quality of water, namely water temperature, conductivity, power of hydrogen (pH), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS), as well as community structure and macrozoobenthos diversity. The results of this study indicate that there are 26 macrozoobenthos families belonging to 12 orders, for a total of 968 individuals. Water springs are the location with the highest diversity and evenness index values, with H = 2.27 and E = 0.54. The results of the analysis of macrozoobenthos family relationships as an indicator of water quality using the Family Biotic Index (FBI) and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) showed that the Waterspring site has very clean waters and no organic pollution. At Waterspring sites that have good water quality, the families Perlidae, Nemouridae, Limnephilidae, Viviparidae, Chironomidae, and Euphaeidae were found. Meanwhile, according to the FBI, sites that have highly organically polluted waters are the ditches that had agricultural activity and, based on ASPT, settlement activity.

Predicting macroinvertebrate average score per taxon (ASPT) at water quality monitoring sites in Japanese rivers.

Biomonitoring with bioindicators such as river macroinvertebrates is fundamental for assessing the status of freshwater ecosystems. In Japan, water quality and biomonitoring surveys are conducted separately, leading to a lack of nationwide information on their relationships and the biological status of water quality monitoring (WQM) sites. To understand the biological status of WQM sites across Japan, we developed a multiple linear regression model to estimate the average score per taxon (ASPT) using river macroinvertebrate data surveyed at a total of 237 "aligned" sites based on the co-occurrence of biomonitoring and WQM sites. The resulting regression model with eight predictors, such as biological oxygen demand, the proportion of urban areas in the catchment, could predict ASPT with reasonable accuracy (e.g., an error of ±1 for 96% of the aligned data). Using this model, we estimated ASPT values at 2925 WQM sites in rivers nationwide, categorizing them into four levels of river environment quality: "very good" (29% of WQM sites), "good" (50%), "fairly good" (14%), and "not good" (8%). Furthermore, we observed statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05; 0.4 ≤ r ≤ 0.7) between ASPT and all eight macroinvertebrate metrics examined, such as mayfly and stonefly richness, providing ecological implications of changes in ASPT.

Identifying potential concerns on surface water resources usage through citizen scientific field investigation in the Province of Antique, Philippines

Abstract This research conducted a citizen scientific field investigation and water quality assessment of nine major rivers using only on-site equipment and a smartphone in the Province of Antique, Philippines. Potential issues concerning water resources management in the province were discussed with local governors and citizens while conducting the water sampling and on-site measurement. The results of water quality assessments revealed that some of the rivers have experienced high turbidity, caused by anthropogenic activities such as embankment, sand mining, and dredging. In highly populated basins, such as the Sibalom and Malandog Rivers, a high biochemical oxygen demand level (&amp;gt;7 mg/L) was confirmed by the water quality analysis using an iPhone. Since high consumption of groundwater has already affected the lives of people in the province, surface water usage shifting from groundwater, involving the construction of a facility treating physical and chemical parameters, is needed. The citizen scientific approach employed in this research can provide more realistic insights into local environmental concerns, which would not be possible through quantitative measurements of water quality.

Application of the Field Hyperspectral Sensing to Estimate the Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) in Tropical Urban Waters

Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) is one of the critical water quality parameters used in determining the biochemical condition of water, especially in wastewater treatment. Conventional measurement of ORP requires physical contact with the water samples. A relative version of the ORP measurement that is faster and requires non-contact with the water can be helpful, especially for environmental monitoring. One way to perform this is by measuring the radiated electromagnetic wave from water bodies such as drainage, rivers, and streams that are exposed to sunlight. The reflected radiation from various water samples was obtained using a handheld hyperspectral sensor that is sensitive to 350 – 250 nm radiation and the ORP measurement was performed using the water quality probes sensor equipped with the ORP sensor. Forty-four water samples were taken from multiple locations, including rivers, tributaries, drainage, and streams. Our analysis revealed that the wave spectra at 654 nm can estimate ORP values ranging from 0 to 500 with moderate performance (R² = 0.581). The reflectance spectra need to undergo normalization, and the second derivative filtering of the Savitsky-Golay is required to obtain such desired results. This preliminary experiment demonstrated that the ORP estimation is plausible using the hyperspectral remote sensor with moderate accuracy for water that potentially experiences nitrification, denitrification, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, and phosphorus waste.