Biochemical Oxygen Demand In Wastewater Research Articles

Effect of Hydraulic and Organic Load, in the Removal of Biochemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater using Biofilter with Vegetable Carbon, in High Andean Climate

Generating new sustainable alternatives in the design of trickling filters for rural populations is necessary to improve the quality of discharges and optimize the design of secondary treatment units. The study determined the impact of hydraulic and organic charge on the removal of BOD in the environment charcoal biofilter. Biofilters prototypes were implemented at scale with charcoal filter medium on different surfaces that vary from 0.12 to 0.25 m2, carried out at an elevation of 2100 meters above sea level, the final concentration most effective in removing BOD obtained hydraulic load of 2.34 to 4.76 m3m−2d−1 and the organic load between 0.27 to 0.56 kg DBO m−3. The results of the Biofilter experiments determined that the hydraulic load generated a better distribution and mixing of the residual water throughout the trickling bed, achieving a good reaction and effective combination between the water that entered and the amount of air required to complete the aerobic process. and to achieve the removal of BOD, the organic load obtained in the measurements concentrates enough biomass that helps in the formation of the biofilm, for which it is concluded that this criterion has a determining effect on the reduction of organic matter in domestic wastewater, it is confirmed that the charcoal biofilter is efficient and can be used in small systems of wastewater treatment plants.

Pengaruh Dosis Serbuk Biji Kelor (Moringa Oliefera) Terhadap Kadar Biochemical Oxygen Demand Air Limbah Rumah Pemotongan Ayam Tahun 2021

Abstract: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels in home industry of Chicken Slaughterhouse’s wastewater that exceed the standard are discharged into water which will cause environmental pollution and will decrease in dissolved oxygen content in waters which can result in the death of aquatic organisms. The results of measuring BOD levels in Chicken Slaughterhouse, UD Giri Sari wastewater obtained an average of 814.78 mg/L which exceeds the quality standards of the Regulation of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2014 concerning Wastewater Quality Standards, that the BOD content is 100 mg/L. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the effect of Moringa Oleifera seed powder dosage on reducing levels of BOD in wastewater in the Chicken Slaughterhouse industry in 2021. The method in this study was a Quasi-experimental with a Pre-Test-Post-Test Group research design. In the normality test, the data were normally distributed, then based on the One Way ANOVA test, the significant value that obtained was 0,000 0.05, which means that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means that there is a difference in the effect of the dose of Moringa oleifera seed powder on reducing levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand in wastewater of Chicken Slaughterhouse industry in 2021. BOD levels and met the quality standard, namely the dose of 1 g/L with a result of 93.44 mg/L which decreased by 88.53%.

Efektivitas Metode Aerasi Dalam Menurunkan Kadar Biochemical Oxygen Demand (Bod) Air Limbah Laundry

Laundry services continue to increase along with the increase in community activities. The growth of laundry services has an impact on increasing the amount of detergent usage and laundry waste. One of the wastewater treatment is by aeration. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of aeration methods in reducing Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Oliv Laundry Jaya wastewater. This type of research is quasi-experimental. This research was conducted by conducting aeration on laundry wastewater with a time difference of 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes for a sample of 1 liter and an air transfer rate of 5 liters / minute. This research was carried out with six replications. The ability of the aeration method in decreasing BOD of laundry wastewater was tested with ANOVA with sig 0, 000 shows that there is a difference in the effectiveness of decreasing BOD laundry wastewater with aeration treatment of 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes. The conclusion of this research shows that aeration of wastewater for 90 minutes is the most effective contact time to reduce BOD of wastewater laundry

Eco-friendly curing of hides/ skins using phyto based Citrus limon leaves paste

The art of leather-making have been practiced for decades, and so are the effects of pollution generated. Freshly flayed animal hides/skins are preserved temporarily with common salt for storage and transport purposes. This method of preservation paves way for increased Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in process water thereby causing enormous pollution. The present study investigates into the phyto based eco-friendly preservation of skins with paste obtained from the leaves of Citrus limon (Lemon). The phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of Terpenoids, Phenols, Steroids and Sterols, Phlobatannins, Saponins and Cardiac Glycosides . Analysis by GC-MS revealed the presence of 2-[2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl] cyclopropane carboxylic acid , 1,2-benzenediol, 3[[(3,5-dichlorophenyl) imino]methyl], Pentadecanoic acid and Heptadecanoic acid in the methanolic extract of Lemon leaves. FT-IR analysis also confirmed their presence which helps in inhibiting the growth of bacteria thereby preventing the skins from degradation. The pollution load of soak liquor viz., TDS, Total Solids (TS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were also reduced substantially. The skins cured by this technique showed comparable physical strength of leather with respect to conventionally cured skins. Hence, application of plant based preservation method may help to considerably reduce the major problem of salinity associated with leather processing. • Eco-friendly curing of hides/skins using Citrus limon leaves paste. • Substantial reduction in TDS, COD, BOD in waste water emanating out of leather processing. • Dual role of Lemon leaves extract; in preservation as well as an effective antimicrobial agent.

Enhancement of biological oxygen demand detection with a microbial fuel cell using potassium permanganate as cathodic electron acceptor

When dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) is used to detect biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen is traditionally used as cathodic electron acceptor. The detection limit of this MFC-based BOD biosensor is usually lower than 200 mg/L. In this paper, the startup of MFC-based BOD biosensor was researched and the external resistor of MFC was optimized. Results showed that the MFC started up with the dissolved oxygen as cathodic electron acceptor within 10 d, and the external resistor was optimized as 500 Ω to ensure the maximum output power of MFC. Dissolved oxygen and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) were used as cathodic electron acceptor to run MFC for detection of wastewater BOD, and the performances of two kinds of BOD biosensors were compared. The MFC-based BOD biosensor using KMnO4 (10 mmol/L) as cathodic electron acceptor exhibited an excellent performance, compared with that using dissolved oxygen. The upper limit of BOD detection was greatly broadened to 500 mg/L, the response time was shortened by 50% for artificial wastewater with a BOD of 100 mg/L, and the relative error of BOD detection was reduced to less than 10%. The MFC-based BOD biosensor using KMnO4 as cathodic electron acceptor showed a better linear relationship (R2 > 0.992) between the electric charge and BOD concentration within a BOD range of 25–500 mg/L. The MFC-based BOD biosensor using the KMnO4 as cathodic electron acceptor is promising with a better application prospect.

Flame-Oxidized Stainless-Steel Anode as a Probe in Bioelectrochemical System-Based Biosensors to Monitor the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of Wastewater.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a widely used index of water quality in wastewater treatment; however, conventional measurement methods are time-consuming. In this study, we analyzed a novel flame-oxidized stainless steel anode (FO-SSA) for use as the probe of bioelectrochemical system (BES)-based biosensors to monitor the BOD of treated swine wastewater. A thinner biofilm formed on the FO-SSA compared with that on a common carbon-cloth anode (CCA). The FO-SSA was superior to the CCA in terms of rapid sensing; the response time of the FO-SSA to obtain the value of R2 > 0.8 was 1 h, whereas the CCA required 4 h. These results indicate that the FO-SSA offers better performance than traditional CCAs in BES biosensors and can be used to improve biomonitoring of wastewater.

Use of COD, TOC, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Estimate BOD in Wastewater.

Common to all National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits in the United States is a limit on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and fluorescence spectroscopy are also capable of quantifying organic content, although the mechanisms of quantification and the organic fractions targeted differ for each test. This study explores correlations between BOD5 and these alternate test procedures using facility influent, primary effluent, and facility effluent samples from a full-scale water resource recovery facility. Relative reductions of the water quality parameters proved to be strong indicators of their suitability as surrogates for BOD5. Suitable correlations were generally limited to the combined datasets for the three sampling locations or the facility effluent alone. COD exhibited relatively strong linear correlations with BOD5 when considering the three sample points (r = 0.985) and the facility effluent alone (r = 0.914), while TOC exhibited a suitable linear correlation with BOD5 in the facility effluent (r = 0.902). Exponential regressions proved to be useful for estimating BOD5 based on TOC or fluorescence (r > 0.95).

Effects of Operating Parameters on Measurements of Biochemical Oxygen Demand Using a Mediatorless Microbial Fuel Cell Biosensor.

The conventional Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) method takes five days to analyze samples. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) may be an alternate tool for rapid BOD determination in water. However, a MFC biosensor for continuous BOD measurements of water samples is still unavailable. In this study, a MFC biosensor inoculated with known mixed cultures was used to determine the BOD concentration. Effects of important parameters on establishing a calibration curve between the BOD concentration and output signal from the MFC were evaluated. The results indicate monosaccharides were good fuel, and methionine, phenylalanine, and ethanol were poor fuels for electricity generation by the MFC. Ions in the influent did not significantly affect the MFC performance. CN− in the influent could alleviate the effect of antagonistic electron acceptors on the MFC performance. The regression equation for BOD concentration and current density of the biosensor was y = 0.0145x + 0.3317. It was adopted to measure accurately and continuously the BOD concentration in actual water samples at an acceptable error margin. These results clearly show the developed MFC biosensor has great potential as an alternative BOD sensing device for online measurements of wastewater BOD.

Dry ice – an eco-friendly alternative for ammonium reduction in leather manufacturing

Leather processing involves various unit processes in which deliming is an essential unit process carried out conventionally using ammonium salts. This results in the generation of a huge amount of ammoniacal nitrogen and a considerable amount of total dissolved solids in tannery wastewater. In the current work, an effort has been made to design a deliming process using dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). It was observed that 2% (w/w) dry ice is adequate for the complete deliming of limed pelts of goat skins in 45 min; whereas the conventional process using 2% ammonium chloride requires 60 min. Morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy shows no surface deposition or grain damage on delimed pelts processed using dry ice. Experimental leathers exhibit organoleptic and mechanical strength properties comparable to that of control leathers. The alternative method developed using dry ice reduces the generation of ammoniacal nitrogen, total dissolved solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen and chloride from the deliming process by 98, 88, 95 and 94% respectively compared to the control process. This method also helps in reduction of chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand in wastewater. Moreover, the methodology of using dry ice for deliming is very simple for practical applications. The option of using dry ice for deliming would be effective for cleaner leather manufacture.

Non-steady response of BOD biosensor for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand in wastewater

A biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) biosensor for effective and expeditious BOD(7) estimations was constructed and the non-steady phase of the output signal was extensively studied. The modelling approach introduced allows response curve reconstruction and a curve fitting procedure of good quality, resulting in parameters indicating the relationship between response and organic substrate concentration and stability properties of the BOD biosensor. Also, the immobilization matrixes of different thicknesses were characterized to determine their suitability for bio-sensing measurements in non-stationary conditions, as well as for the determination of the mechanical durability of the BOD biosensor in time. The non-steady response of the experimental output of the BOD biosensor was fitted according to the developed model that enables to determine the stability of the biosensor output and dependency on biodegradable organic substrate concentration. The calibration range of the studied BOD biosensor in OECD synthetic wastewater was 15-110 mg O(2) L(-1). Repeatability tests showed relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 2.8% and 5.8% for the parameter τ(d), characterizing the transient output of the amperometric oxygen sensor in time, and τ(s), describing the dependency of the transient response of the BOD biosensor on organic substrate concentration, respectively. BOD biosensor experiments for the evaluation of the biochemical oxygen demand of easily degradable and refractory municipal wastewater showed good concurrence with traditional BOD(7) analysis.

A ferricyanide-mediated activated sludge bioassay for fast determination of the biochemical oxygen demand of wastewaters

Activated sludge was successfully incorporated as the biocatalyst in the fast, ferricyanide-mediated biochemical oxygen demand (FM-BOD) bioassay. Sludge preparation procedures were optimized for three potential biocatalysts; aeration basin mixed liquor, aerobic digester sludge and return activated sludge. Following a 24h starving period, the return activated sludge and mixed liquor sludges reported the highest oxidative degradation of a standard glucose/glutamic acid (GGA) mixture and the return activated sludge also recorded the lowest endogenous FM-respiration rate. Dynamic working ranges up to 170 mg BOD(5)L(-1) for OECD standard solutions and 300mg BOD(5)L(-1) for GGA were obtained. This is a considerable improvement upon the BOD(5) standard assay and most other rapid BOD techniques. Time-series ferricyanide-mediated oxidation of the OECD(170) standard approached that of the GGA(198) standard after 3-6h. This is noteworthy given the OECD standard is formulated as a synthetic sewage analogue. A highly significant correlation with the BOD(5) standard method (n=35, p<0.001, R=0.952) was observed for a wide diversity of real wastewater samples. The mean degradation efficiency was indistinguishable from that observed for the BOD(5) assay. These results demonstrate that the activated sludge FM-BOD assay may be used for simple, same-day BOD analysis of wastewaters.

Different calibration methods of a microbial BOD sensor for analysis of municipal wastewaters

On the base of diffusion limited amperometric oxygen sensor (the Clark-type oxygen sensor) a microbial BOD sensor was constructed and the dependence of output signal of device on wastewater biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was studied. Calibration of BOD sensor was performed in steady-state and dynamic regime of measurements in OECD synthetic wastewater solutions. Results showed broader detection area (up to 230mgBOD7L−1) as well as shorter response and regeneration times in dynamic regime of analysis of output signal. The data acquired by steady-state method showed better repeatability, especially in the estimation of BOD7 of real wastewaters. After calibration the BOD sensor was used for quick BOD estimations of municipal wastewaters.

Quick and reliable estimation of BOD load of beverage industrial wastewater by developing BOD biosensor

An amperometric biosensor for determination of biochemical oxygen demand in wastewater has been developed to overcome the time consuming monitoring procedures. The performance and stability of the immobilized membrane have been investigated at 37 °C and pH 6.8. Immobilized microbial membranes maintain their stability and activity after intermittent use for 400 cycles when stored at 4 °C in sodium phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The response time of the BOD sensor was only 90 min, being independent of the concentration, and the lower detection limit was 1 mg/l. The obtained BOD values showed correlation with that of the conventional method for BOD determination (BOD5) with a deviation of ±10%. Moreover, the sensor exhibits good repeatability (3.39–4.45%) and reproducibility (1.85–2.25%). Software was added to upgrade this sensor and to make it a promising candidate for online monitoring.

High-Throughput Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) by a Microplate-Based Biosensor

The use of the conventional 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) method in BOD determination is greatly hampered by its time-consuming sampling procedure and its technical difficulty in the handling of a large pool of wastewater samples. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop a fast and high-throughput biosensor for BOD measurements. This paper describes the construction of a microplate-based biosensor consisting of an organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) oxygen sensing film for high-throughput determination of BOD in wastewater. The ORMOSIL oxygen sensing film was prepared by reacting tetramethoxysilane with dimethyldimethoxysilane in the presence of the oxygen-sensitive dye tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium-(II) chloride. The silica composite formed a homogeneous, crack-free oxygen sensing film on polystyrene microtiter plates with high stability, and the embedded ruthenium dye interacted with the dissolved oxygen in wastewater according to the Stern-Volmer relation. The bacterium Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was loaded into the ORMOSIL/ PVA composite (deposited on the top of the oxygen sensing film) and used to metabolize the organic compounds in wastewater. This BOD biosensor was found to be able to determine the BOD values of wastewater samples within 20 min by monitoring the dissolved oxygen concentrations. Moreover, the BOD values determined by the BOD biosensor were in good agreement with those obtained by the conventional BOD5 method.

Characterization of two novel yeast strains used in mediated biosensors for wastewater.

After isolation from a pulp mill wastewater treatment facility, two yeast strains, designated SPT1 and SPT2, were characterized and used in the development of mediated biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) biosensors for wastewater. 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed a one nucleotide difference between the sequence of SPT1 and those of Candida sojae and Candida viswanthii. While SPT2 had the highest overall homology to Pichia norvegensis, at only 73.5%, it is clearly an ascomycete, based on BLAST comparisons and phylogenetic analyses. Neighbor-joining dendrograms indicated that SPT1 clustered with several Candida spp., and that SPT2 clustered with Starmera spp., albeit as a very deep branch. Physiological tests, microscopic observations, and fatty acid analysis confirmed that SPT1 and SPT2 are novel yeast strains. Physiological tests also indicated that both strains had potential for use in mediated biosensors for estimation of BOD in wastewater. The lower detection limits of SPT1- and SPT2-based K3Fe(CN)6-mediated biosensors for a pulp-mill effluent were 2 and 1 mg BOD/L, respectively. Biosensor-response times for effluents from eight different pulp mills were in the range of 5 min. Reliability and sensitivity of the SPT1- and SPT2-based biosensors were good, but varied with the wastewater.

Rapid and direct determination of wastewater BOD values using a fluorescence technique

The biodegradable constituents in wastewater are parameterized by the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values. The technology based on fluorescence detection for the real-time, non-invasive monitoring of the biodegradable constituents of various sewage samples is investigated and the advantages over current methods (BOD, TOC, COD and absorption at 254 nm) are discussed. Fluorescence properties of industrial and domestic sewage were examined. The spectral signatures (both absorption and fluorescence) of settled sewage samples collected as 24-h composites from three different treatment works were found to be similar, having an absorption band at around 280 nm and a fluorescence maximum at 340 nm (using 280 nm excitation). The UV-absorbance (ABS) and the peak fluorescence (FL) intensities were found to be much lower than those for corresponding samples of treated effluent, indicating the extent of biodegradation in the processing of raw sewage. To compensate for the attenuation of the incident excitation radiation caused by the sample, the fluorescence intensities were normalized to the water Raman signal. The fluorescence intensities were also corrected for the differential absorption/re-absorption of the fluorescence signals. The long-term and short-term variations in the fluorescence and absorption properties of the sewage samples were investigated and the results correlated with corresponding BOD values. Fluorescence was found to have reasonable correlations (regression ∼0.94) with the BOD values.

Real Time BOD Monitoring for Wastewater Process Control

This is a preliminary investigation of a method for the timely monitoring of wastewater biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Many ecological and economic pressures support the use of BOD measurement methods fast enough to prevent process upsets. Since the standard laboratory procedure takes five days, and previously used fast tests are unsatisfactory for various reasons, tests were made on the Nissin Electric BOD-2000 instrument, which uses a yeast-based biosensor to measure soluble BOD in 30 min. It has been used successfully in the pharmaceutical and food industries. An initial attempt was made to place the instrument in field service. This attempt was unsuccessful, so the present study concentrated on comparing its operation in the laboratory with the results of the standard five-day BOD test (BOD\d5) procedure. The two types of tests were compared for samples from Terminal Island Treatment Plant (TITP), Bureau of Sanitation of the city of Los Angeles, using various combinations of filter porosities and wastewater sources in an attempt to establish a measurement routine that would not suffer from clogging problems that plagued the field test. Under these conditions the results from the instrument are excellent, and we briefly discuss further work needed to bring it into field use. This test is believed to be the first effort to assess the capability of this technology in a wastewater application in the United States.