Biochemical Composition Of Grain Research Articles

Analysis of the correspondence of the structural elements of AGU 75 variety harvest with the parameters of the winter oat idiotype model

Currently, one of the tasks facing breeders is the creation of new varieties in terms of their economically important characteristics, close to the developed models of the «ideal variety». The main purpose of the research is a comparative analysis of economically important indicators of a new AGU 75 variety of wintering oat of the dual direction, and the compliance with the parameters of the idiotype for further use as a genetic source. The basis for this approach was the study of the variety in the nursery of competitive variety testing in the period of 2000–2015. The studies were carried out in the soil and climatic conditions of the southern foothill zone of the North-Western Caucasus according to the generally accepted methods and agrotechnics of cultivation. As part of our research we used long-term experimental data from field observations and records, laboratory studies, and the biochemical composition of grain. The article gives an assessment of the duration of the growing season, winter hardiness, yield, resistance to lodging and major diseases (crown and stem rust, septoria, head smut) of the AGU 75 variety in relation to the idiotype. A comparative analysis of the elements of the crop structure (productive tillering, panicle length, number of spikelets, number of grains, grain weight per panicle, grain weight per plant, weight of 1000 grains) of varieties and models was carried out. The content of fat and protein, as well as the filminess of the grain of the analyzed variety and ideal type, were determined. Based on the comparative analysis of economically useful traits of AGU 75 variety, the degree of their compliance with the previously developed optimal parameters of the wintering oat model variant was revealed. The expediency of using AGU 75 variety as a source of valuable traits in breeding work to increase winter hardiness, productivity, resistance to lodging and diseases, early maturity, shattering, filminess, as well as elements of the crop structure – productive tillering, grain weight per plant was experimentally confirmed.

Bioecological Features, Biochemical and Physicochemical Parameters of Grain of New Genotypes

The presented study allowed for better coverage of the features of new varieties of soft winter wheat and winter triticale, demonstrating the bioecological potential of their crops and the biochemical and physicochemical parameters of grain, which is a relevant matter. This paper presents the results of selection work on winter triticale, highlights the parameters of productivity, the biochemical composition of grain of the new Myronosets variety. The purpose of this study was to create new genotypes of winter triticale and soft winter wheat and investigate them in terms of bioecological potential and biochemical, physico-chemical parameters of grain. The study involved biometric, physico-chemical, biochemical, and mathematical research methods. The Myronosets variety has a high grain yield (6.8-7.2 t/ha), a high protein content (≥14.2%) and a composition of essential amino acids, which confirms its nutritional and consumer value. It is recommended to use flour from this variety to produce functional bakery products. For the first time, it was found that Myronosets triticale variety is superior (4919 mg/100 g DM) to Ariivka wheat variety (3977 mg/100 g DM) and Borotba rye variety (3241 mg/100 g DM) in total amino acid content. It was found that triticale grain is inferior to wheat grain in terms of tryptophan and isoleucine content. Rye is inferior to wheat grain in all essential amino acids except leucine, and to triticale – in all amino acids except tryptophan. The most represented amino acids in triticale grain were as follows: leucine (1442 mg/100 g), valine (733 mg/100 g), phenylalanine (720 mg/100 g) and isoleucine (510 mg/100 g), in rye – leucine (1343 mg/100 g), valine (481 mg/100 g) and phenylalanine (396 mg/100 g). Further broad targeted introduction of the new variety in agroecosystems will increase the volume of grain of valuable both animal feed and to produce functional bakery products

Ecological study of corn hybrids in the steppe zone of the Lower Volga

In connection with the actualization of the problem of import substitution for the production of seeds and corn cultivation in the Volga region, a comprehensive assessment of domestic hybrids is of interest. The study included 19 maize hybrids (FAO 150-499) bred by various scientific institutions of Russia, which were assessed according to the following characteristics: the length of the sprout-flowering interphase periods of panicles and ears, plant height, ear attachment height, grain yield, number of grains per ear, crude protein and crude fat content. When calculating the parameters mathematically, the hybrid was taken into account as factor A, and the year as factor B. There was a significant difference in the duration of interphase periods (factor A), and the difference in factor B was not established. The hybrids Raduga, Mashuk 350 MV, Krasnodar 377 MV, Ladozhsky 410 MV, Mashuk 480 SV are distinguished by a relatively long stem and high attachment of the ear. Different origins of hybrids and germplasm determined the reaction of genotypes to the experimental conditions, which was reflected in their significant differences in generative traits for factors A, B and genotype - environment AB interaction. The experiment revealed a significant difference in the indicators of the biochemical composition of grain (factors A, B, AB) in the content of fat, ash, and fiber. In terms of the content of protein, nitrogen-free extractive substances, differences were revealed only between varieties, while the factor of the year (B) and the interaction "genotype - environment" (AB) turned out to be insignificant.

Биометрическая оценка генофонда кукурузы по биохимическому составу

The article discusses the results of the application of diallel analysis in the study of the biochemical composition of grain of self-pollinated maize lines. The average values of the content of protein, fat, fiber, ash, and BEV in the grain were noted. The effects of the general combinational ability and the dispersion of the specific combinational ability of the lines according to the studied features are revealed. Keywords: CORN, LINE, HYBRIDS, VARIABILITY, GCA, SCA, DIALLEL ANALYSIS

Yields and quality of maise grown for grain and silage underirrigated farming conditions in the forest-steppe of the Ob’ye region

The achievement of high yields is the primary objective of modern agricultural production. Increasing the volume of the farm output is the focus of every farmer’s attention. Maise is a highly productive crop with a wide range of applications. The food, industrial, and agro-technical importance of maise point to the need for continuous improvement of cultivation technologies, increasing yields and grain quality under local climate conditions to obtain the highest economic efficiency. The conditions of Western Siberia are characterised by insufficient moisture supply during the growing season. States in Western Siberia are represented by a pronounced continental character with cold, long winters and short, hot summers. Thus, insufficient moisture is a limiting factor for the yield of most crops, including maise, especially in some critical periods. In the present study, the authors evaluated maise yield and structure with and without irrigation. A positive effect of irrigation on the elements of maise yield (length, width and circumference of the cob, number of grains in the row and on the rim, weight of 1000 grains) was noted. The authors also note a significant increase in hybrid Kubansky 101 and Katerina SV yield. The biochemical composition of grain: dry matter, sugars, fat, starch, protein and dextyrins content was studied. It was found that the amount of dry weight in grain on rainfed fields is higher than on irrigated fields, while all other indicators are higher with irrigation.

The content of basic elements in buckwheat flour as affected by varietal characteristics

- Purpose. Determine the biochemical composition of buckwheat as affected by varietal characteristics. Methods. Humidity was determined by thermogravimetric method, protein content by the Kjeldahl method, carbohydrate content by sugar meter, ash content by burning in a muffle furnace, fat content by low-fat residue, vitamin content by liquid chromatography. Results. The biochemical composition of buckwheat grain varied significantly depending on the variety. Studies have shown that at a moisture content of 11.0–12.6%, the content of fiber, organic acids, ash, mono- and disaccharides and fat was the lowest. Thus, their content over varieties was 0.5–2.5%, 1.7–2.4, 1.5–2.5, 1.6–2.5 and 2.0–3.2%, respectively. Of the 17 varieties of buckwheat, only 4 had a significantly lower protein content (13.2–14.0%) compared to the standard variety ‘Ukrainka’. In other varieties, this figure varied from 16.3 to 18.5% or more, that is by 9–23% compared to the control. Buckwheat had the highest starch content of 57.2–62.0% depending on the variety. It should be noted that no significant difference was found between tall and dwarf varieties. Thus, the protein content in grain obtained from dwarf varieties varied from 16.5 to 17.2% while in tall ones from 13.2 to 18.5%. The content of vitamins in grain also varied depending on the variety from which it was obtained. The content of vitamin K was the lowest, 0.005–0.007 mg/100 g, the content of vitamins B2, B1, B5 and B6 varied from 0.12 to 0.42 mg/100 g of grain. The content of vitamin E and B3 was higher, 3.00–6.56 mg/100 g of grain, depending on the variety. The highest content of B4 was 50.0–54.3 mg/100 g of grain. It should be noted that the share of vitamin K in the total amount was the lowest (0.01%), the share of vitamins B2, B1, B5 and B6 ranged between 0.2 and 0.7%, E and B3 between 6.1 and 10.3%, and vitamin B4 between 80.3 and 85.9%. According to the content of vitamins, the difference between buckwheat varieties has not been found. The level of vitamins provides a determination of the integral rate of the product. It was found that 100 g of buckwheat provides the adult body with vitamin K by 4–7%, B5 – by 6–9, B4 – by 10–11, B2 – by 11–24, B1 – by 11–36, B6 – by 12–23, E – by 27–44, B3 – by 21–44% depending on the variety. Conclusions. As a result of research, it was found that the biochemical composition of grain varies significantly depending on the buckwheat variety. Buckwheat contains the most vitamins E (3.00–6.63 mg/100 g of cereal) and B4 (51.0–54.3 mg/100 g of cereal). It is determined that grain obtained from ‘Orlovskyi’, ‘Podilskyi’, ‘Yana’, ‘Sumchanka’, ‘Anisia’, ‘Krupnozelena’, ‘Skorostyhla 81’ and ‘Kvitnyk’ varieties have a high content of vitamins B2, B1, B6, E and B3 with an integrated rate of 16–44%. In addition, grain of these varieties contains 16.5–17.4% of protein.

Оценка биохимического состава зерна кукурузы селекции РосНИИСК «Россорго» для дальнейшего использования в АПК

The article examines the biological value of varieties, hybrids (hybrid populations) and lines of maize selection of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution RosNIISK "Rossorgo" in the framework of the biochemical composition of grain. The main indicators were studied: protein, fat, ash, fiber, starch, and nitrogen-free extractive substances. The maximum protein value of 13.58% was in the RSK 3 maize line. The largest number of mineral substances (1.79%) was also noted here. The highest amount of fat (7.50%) and starch (69.24%) was in the Zuckerka variety. A conclusion was made about the possibility of further selection for the breeding of forms with directional properties and biological value. Keywords: CORN, VARIETIES, BIOLOGICAL VALUE, PROTEIN, FAT, FIBER, MINERAL SUBSTANCES, STARCH

The efects of heterosis of the sorghum hybrids F1 based on cytoplasmic male sterility

Currently, the development of highly productive sorghum hybrids with a high content of the main nutritional components in grain is of great relevance. The current paper has presented the estimation results of the effects of true and hypothetical heterosis on percentage of protein, oil and starch in grain of the first-generation hybrids. There have been analyzed 54 combinations obtained on the basis of three CMS-lines and 18 pollinators. The components of the hybrids and their progeny were grown on the FSBSI RosNIISK “Rossorgo” experimental plots of 7.7 m2, in triple sequences with plant density of 100 thousand plants per ha. The biochemical composition of the grain was determined by the SpectraStarXT infrared analyzer. The parental components and their progeny differed in the biochemical composition of grain, which was confirmed by the analysis of variance. There was identified a slight variation of the ЗерновоехозяйствоРоссии № 2(68)’ 2020 50trait ‘starch content’ in maternal and paternal forms of the hybrids F1(V= 2.5–8.3%). There was identified an average variability of protein percentage in the initial forms (V= 7.9–14.6%) and a weak variability in hybrids (V= 9.1–10.8%). There were identified larger values of variation of oil content (9.0–17.2%). The manifestation frequency of true and hypothetical heterosis of protein percentage was identified in 31.5–62.9% and 44.4–79.6% of hybrids; of fat content was identified in 20.4–57.4% and 20.4–75.9% of hybrids; of starch content was identified in 16.6–33.3% and 16.6–44.4% of hybrids. A focused approach in breeding the varieties with the improved biochemical components of grain allowed us to identify 9 combinations characterized by the annual effect of heterosis in protein content (4 combinations), in raw oil accumulation (2 combinations) and in starch accumulation (3 combinations).

Biochemical composition of emmer wheat (Triticum Dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl) grain depending on the variety

The article presents the research results of the biochemical composition of grain – the content of protein, starch, ash, chemical elements in wheat grains (emmer, soft). The sedimentation index according to Zelen test, and the proportion of chemical elements in the grain ash were determined. It is known that the grain of diff erent wheat varieties diff er in size and content of anatomical components, which aff ects its biochemical composition. Modern wheat varieties can form grain with the protein content of about 20 %. Emmer is of high value as a raw material for dietary food. Biochemical components of emmer wheat grain, especially of new varieties, are poorly investigated. Therefore, studies on the biochemical composition of emmer wheat grain new varieties and lines are relevant. The aim of the study was to investigate the issue of then emmer wheat biochemical components, depending on the genotype. To properly evaluate the crop, the tasks of the study were performed – the protein and starch content, number of falls, ash content, trace element content, sedimentation index according to Zelen test were determined. The studies were conducted during 2017–2019 with Holikovska emmer wheat variety and LP 1152 line, grown under the Right-bank forest steppe. It was found that the biochemical composition of wheat grain (emmer, soft) signifi cantly depends on the varietal characteristics, agri-technical and weather conditions. The highest protein content and sedimentation index according to the Zelen test had the LP 1152 wheat line – 16.2 % and 53.9 cm3, respectively. In Holikovska emmer variety, these indicators were at the level of soft wheat Odessa Epoch variety – 13.8 % and 45.8 cm3 respectively. Protein content has greatly varied over the years of research. In emmer wheat grain – from 15.2 to 17.3 %, and in Holikovska variety – from 11.7 to 15.3 %. There is a strong correlation between protein content in grain and sedimentation index according to Zelen test. The starch content varied from 48.5 to 69.1 % in Holikovska variety grain and from 50.0 to 61.7 % in LP 1152 line grain. The alpha amylase activity of wheat varieties has been low throughout the research years. The average ash content of Holikovska wheat grain was 1.81 %, the LP 1152 line was 1.95 %, which is 19–22 % higher compared to the standard varieties, respectively, the variety Akratos and Age of Odessa. Emmer wheat grain has a signifi cantly higher content of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc and copper. Key words: wheat, emmer, variety, biochemical composition, protein, starch, chemical elements, sedimentation.

The study of morphophysiological and economically valuable traits and properties of variety samples of grain sorghum

The results of studying 32 variety samples and lines of grain sorghum are presented, as well as experimental data on the genotypes of vegetative and generative traits, and the biochemical composition of grain. When considering the elements of the structure of the grain sorghum crop, we proceeded from the understanding that the yield is directly dependent on the number of grains per 1 m2 and their mass of 1000 grains. Since the plant standing density was the same for all the studied samples, genotypes with a large mass of grains of 1 plant were noted (k-3568, k-3867, k-3900, k-3904, k-8926), which depends on the number of productive stems per plant and weight of 1000 grains. The following cultivars are characterized by the largest mass of 1000 grains: k-3568, k-3900, k-3904, k-3911, k-3962, k-3967, k-3970, k-8926. The average weight of grains from 1 panicle varied in the range from 14.1 to 22.7 g, and the biological grain yield was 3.69 ... 6.19 t / ha (with a grain moisture content of 13%). The output of gross energy for cattle is from 3.99 to 6.69 energetic feed unit. Energy assessment and feed value are determined by the biochemical composition of the grain. In the experiment, variety specimens with high protein content were revealed: k-3902, k-3946, k-3959, k-3970. More than 4.0% of fat was detected in the grain of the variety samples: k-3867, k-3911, k-3957, k-3967, k-3970, k-3973.

THE ESTIMATION OF SORGHUM GRAIN AND BIOMASS QUALITY TO USE IT IN FEED PRODUCTION

Sorghum is an important feed, grain forage and food crop for micro zones of Russia with insufficient moisture. Currently, there is an increasing demand for sorghum grains and green mass, which, due to their high yields and unique drought tolerance, contribute to the active development of the livestock industry in these regions. In the FSBSI RosRISC “Rossorgo” 53 varieties and hybrids of sorghum crops of various use with high productivity and quality of grain, biomass, adapted to the arid regions of the Russian Federation, were developed and included in the State List of Breeding Achievements. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the productivity, fodder, energy value of grain and biomass of 21 grain sorghum varieties, 8 Sudan grass varieties grown on the experimental field of the Institute in 2014–2016. There were identified grain sorghum varieties ‘Volzhskoye 4ʼ, ‘Volzhskoye 44’, ‘Pishchevoye 35ʼ, ‘Topaz’, ‘Sarmat’, ‘Fakel’, ‘Geleoforʼ, ‘Granatʼ, characterized by the highest accumulation of gross energy (150.58–196.63 GJ/ha) of the biomass crop to produce mono feed and grain silage. The varieties ‘Fakelʼ, ‘Granatʼ, ‘Volzhskoe 44’ and ‘Avansʼ are intended for use as grain fodder with 5.27–5.84 t/ha grain productivity, 12.10–12.56% of protein, 3.72–4, 89% of oil and 90.26–99.48 GJ/ha of output of gross energy. The largest yields of green and dry biomass have been produced by the Sudan grass varieties “Allegoriya” (29.33 and 8.21 t/ha) and ‘Ambitsiyaʼ (35.33 and 6.26 t/ha), as well as the energy content of the yield (150.49 and 148, 83 GJ/ha respectively). The productivity and biochemical composition of grain, biomass of sorghum and Sudan grass indicate the high bioenergetic value of the products to use them in feed production.

Study of combining ability of forage sorghum genotypes based on biochemical composition of biomass and grain

The article discusses the results of the evaluation of combining the ability of forage sorghum varieties in test-crosses with CMS-lines of grain sorghum A2 O-1237, A2 AGS, and A2 KVV114. The experiment included forage sorghum varieties (11), CMS-lines (3), and tester hybrids (33) of F1 generation. The differentiation of varieties and hybrids based on sugar content in the stem juice and protein, fat, fiber, ash and NFE in biomass and grain was performed using statistical methods, and GCA and SCA parameters were calculated. The use of forage sorghum varieties in breeding programs for the improvement of the biochemical composition of grain and biomass hybrids of the F1-generation and synthetic varieties-populations was considered. GCA and SCA variability of the content of sugars in juice of the stem detected in genotypes allows using them in breeding programs. Chayka, k-592, and k-2963 varieties are effective in breeding for the production of synthetic varieties and unsuitable for the production of hybrids with high-sugar content, since they are characterized by high GCA but relatively low variance of SCA. In breeding for heterosis by sugar content in the stem juice, most promising were L-2, L-10, and L-69 lines. Varieties k-6 and L-7 with high values of GCA effect and variances of SCA were suitable for the use in breeding of synthetics varieties and F1 hybrids. It was demonstrated that, in breeding of sorghum varieties, the test cross method allows identifying GCA and SCA indexes of the best lines and providing a more rigorous analysis of experimental data.