Bioavailability Of Trace Minerals Research Articles

Efficacy of advanced chelate technology-based 7-mineral supplementation in mitigating aflatoxin B1-induced impairments in broiler chicken performance and intestinal health.

Optimal levels and bioavailability of trace minerals (TM) in the broiler diet are important for improving performance and health status in the presence of dietary toxins. The study examines the effectiveness of advanced chelate technology-based 7-minerals (ACTM) in broilers fed aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-contaminated diets, involving 768 chickens in eight treatments with six replicates, following a completely randomized design. Treatments contained (1) negative control (NC) group receiving a basal diet without AFB1 and containing recommended inorganic TM (ITM) levels (NC+ITM), (2) positive control (PC) group receiving a basal diet with 0.5mg AFB1/kg and recommended ITM levels (PC+ITM), (3) PC diet+toxin binder (ITM+TB), (4 and 5) PC diet with 50% and 100% ACTM instead of ITM (ACTM50 and ACTM100), (6 and 7) PC diet with 12.5% and 25% extra ACTM (ITM+ACTM12.5 and ITM+ACTM25), and (8) PC diet with 125% ITM levels (ITM125). The results showed that the ACTM100 and ITM+ACTM25 treatments resulted in higher average weight gain and European production efficiency index compared to the PC+ITM treatment, but lower than the NC+ITM treatment. Key indicators of gut health, such as ileal digestibility of crude fat and phosphorus, AMEn value, duodenal villus height to crypt depth ratio, villus surface area, and gene expression of junctional adhesion molecule 2 were significantly improved in the ACTM100, ITM+BT, and NC+ITM groups compared to the PC+ITM group. Additionally, jejunal occludin expression increased in the ACTM100, ITM+ACTM25, ITM+TB treatments, and the jejunal zonula occludens-1 expression increased significantly in the ACTM100 and ITM+ACTM25 groups. The results indicate that completely replacing ITM with ACTM or adding ACTM supplement to ITM diets at 25% extra commercial levels can improve growth performance, gut health, and nutrient digestibility in the presence of AFB1 challenge. These effects are comparable to diets containing a commercial toxin binder.

391 The impact of trace mineral source on systemic immunological status associated with early embryonic loss in lactating dairy cattle

Abstract Milk production has doubled from 1970 to 2009 but has been associated with a decline in fertility. Around 25% of failed pregnancies in dairy cattle are due to embryonic loss. Mineral bioavailability may affect embryonic retention, so we hypothesized that Zn, Cu, and Mn sources will influence systemic immunological status, which affects early embryonic retention. Holstein cows (n = 58) were randomly assigned to one of two daily oral drench trace mineral (Zn, Cu, and Mn) treatments 30 d before breeding (d -30): 1) Inorganic (ITM) or 2) Metal Methionine Hydroxy Analog Chelate (MMHAC). Before treatments began, cows were assigned to a semen type, beef vs. Holstein, equally, across treatments. All cows underwent a double Ovsynch protocol and were artificially inseminated on d 0. Humoral immunological status was assessed in serum samples taken on d 0 and d 7. Immune activity was quantified via a D2Dx systemic immunity score, which assesses samples for the presence of IgG, IgM, cytokines, and complement proteins. Ultrasonography was utilized for pregnancy confirmation on d 35, classifying cows as pregnant (P) or open. Progesterone analysis from d 21 plasma was used to categorize open cows as either non-pregnant (NP) or early embryonic loss (EEL). Statistical analyses in R Studio were completed, in two models based on pregnancy (P vs EEL and NP vs EEL), to determine the effects of mineral treatment, pregnancy status, semen type, and all interactions on humoral immune status. In the P vs EEL model, there were no effects (P > 0.30) of semen type, mineral treatment, pregnancy status, or any interactions on systemic immunity score on the day of breeding (d 0) or d 7. On d 0, cows provided MMHAC had a systemic immunity score of 0.073 ± 0.008 but were not different (P > 0.34) from ITM cows (0.063 ± 0.006). This trend continued on d 7 with systemic immunity scores of MMHAC cows not differing (P > 0.32) from ITM cows (0.055 ± 0.004 and 0.061 ± 0.003; respectively). There was a tendency (P = 0.10) for the three-way interaction of semen type x pregnancy x treatment to influence the immunity score change from d 0 to d 7. Pregnant cows on ITM treatment bred with beef semen had a positive change in immunity score (0.020 ± 0.0085). Whereas ITM cows bred with Holstein semen that underwent EEL had a negative change (-0.015 ± 0.0085); all other means were intermediate. In the NP vs EEL model, there were no effects (P > 0.14) of semen type, treatment, pregnancy status, or any interactions on systemic immunity score on d 0, d 7, or the change between d 0 and d 7. In summary, trace mineral bioavailability tended to affect systemic immunological status in P vs EEL cows but not in NP vs EEL cows, which may allow for the elucidation of immunological status differences during pregnancy establishment.

Iron Fortification and Inulin Supplementation in Early Infancy: Evaluating the Impact on Iron Metabolism and Trace Mineral Status in a Piglet Model

BackgroundInfant formula in the United States contains abundant iron, raising health concerns about excess iron intake in early infancy. ObjectivesUsing a piglet model, we explored the impact of high iron fortification and prebiotic or synbiotic supplementation on iron homeostasis and trace mineral bioavailability. MethodsTwenty-four piglets were stratified and randomly assigned to treatments on postnatal day 2. Piglets were individually housed and received an iron-adequate milk diet (AI), a high-iron milk diet (HI), HI supplemented with 5% inulin (HI with a prebiotic [HIP]), or HIP with an oral gavage of Ligilactobacillus agilis YZ050, an inulin-fermenting strain, every third day (HI with synbiotic [HIS]). Milk was provided in 14 meals daily, mimicking formula feeding in infants. Fecal consistency score and body weight were recorded daily or every other day. Blood and feces were sampled weekly, and tissues collected on postnatal day 29. Data were analyzed using mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures whenever necessary. ResultsDiet did not affect growth. HI increased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum iron compared to AI. Despite marginal adequacy, AI upregulated iron transporter genes and maintained satisfactory iron status in most pigs. HI upregulated hepcidin gene expression in liver, caused pronounced tissue iron deposition, and markedly increased colonic and fecal iron. Inulin supplementation, regardless of L. agilis YZ050, not only attenuated hepatic iron overload but also decreased colonic and fecal iron without altering pH or the expression of iron regulatory genes. HI lowered zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in the duodenum and liver compared to AI, whereas HIP and HIS further decreased Zn and Cu in the liver and diminished colonic and fecal trace minerals. ConclusionsEarly-infancy excessive iron fortification causes iron overload and compromises Zn and Cu absorption. Inulin decreases trace mineral absorption likely by enhancing gut peristalsis and stool frequency.

Production and effects of nanomineral selenium (Nano-Se) feed additive on rumen fermentation, productivity, and reproductive performance of ruminants.

Nanotechnology (Nano) applications of feed additives can potentially improve feed-substrate efficiency to enhance livestock productivity. The utilization of Nano in feed in ruminants still tends to be under-explored and reviewed, particularly the application of Nano in trace minerals to enhance the reproductive performance and productivity of ruminants such as selenium. Trace minerals are essential for animal well-being and productivity, and the bioavailability of trace minerals is influenced by a complex matrix of interacting variables, including the chemical form of the minerals used and those found in the diet, the nature of the food ingested, the total composition of the diet, and the health and nutrition of the livestock. Nanominerals such as selenium (nano-Se) have shown impressive results when used as animal feed supplements in ruminants. Nano-Se can significantly boost wellness and immunity, gastrointestinal system function, microbiota homeostasis, metabolism, and reproductive performance in ruminants. This review aims to present the current knowledge on the technology of nano-Se in ruminants, ranging from the nanomanufacturing procedures of nano-Se, the impact of supplementation on the ruminant digestive system, productivity, and reproductive performance in ruminants in some dosages to find the optimized dosage to be provided.

313 Effect of Dietary Trace Mineral Source on Performance, Bones Mineralization and Mineral Status in Fattening Pigs

Abstract Several papers report greater bioavailability of dietary trace mineral fed as organic in pigs compared with inorganic sources. However, only a few studies have tried to assess the variability of the trace mineral bioavailability among different organic sources. Growing barrows (n = 54; initial BW = 28.9 ± 1.3 kg) were used to determine the effects of trace mineral source on growth performance, bones mineralization and mineral status over the entire fattening period (d0-d73). Pigs were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to supplementation of trace minerals as inorganic (ITM) or one of 2 organic sources (OTM): glycine complex (GLY) or amino acids complex (AA). During the two feeding phases (growing: d0-d35; finishing: d35-d73), the experimental diets were supplemented with 5, 35 and 5 mg/kg of Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively. Pigs were fed restricted all through the experimental period. Feed intake was therefore comparable all through the experimental period for all pigs. Growth performance did not differ among the three experimental groups during the growing phase. However, Feed:Gain ratio measured during the finishing period tended to be affected by the dietary treatments (P=0.10). When grouping the GLY and AA pigs, the Feed:Gain ratio measured from d35 to d73 for the OTM pigs was significantly lower compared with ITM pigs (-0.07, P = 0.03). There was no significant effect of the dietary treatment on plasma trace mineral concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity measured at day 34. At the end of the growing phase, plasma ceruloplasmin activity tended to be greater for the GLY and AA groups in comparison with the ITM pigs (+6.9%, P = 0.06). The zinc deposition in the proximal phalanx was significantly increased when the trace minerals were offered as organic compared with the group ITM (+10.9%, P = 0.06). Zinc content in the liver was greater for the pigs fed the OTM sources compared with the others (+6.0%, P = 0.10). The quantity of copper deposited in the liver did not differ significantly among the 3 trace mineral sources. This study indicates that the total replacement of inorganic Zn, Cu and Mn by organic sources brings benefits in terms of feed efficiency in fattening pigs. A better bioavailability as suggested by greater deposition levels in bone and liver as well as the increased circulating ceruloplasmin activity could explain the improvement of performance during the finishing period. Regardless of the variable considered, no significant differences were noticed between the two organic trace mineral sources.

Ruminal Solubility and Bioavailability of Inorganic Trace Mineral Sources and Effects on Fermentation Activity Measured in Vitro

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of supplementation with inorganic sources of manganese (MnO, MnSO4), zinc (ZnO, ZnSO4) and copper (CuSO4) at different levels (0.06%DM for Mn, 0.05%DM for Zn; 0.01 and 0.05%DM for Cu) on in vitro rumen fermentation, solubility and bioavailability. Fermentation activity was measured by total gas production (TGP) and dry matter degradability after 70 h of fermentation (dDM%). Trace mineral (TM) solubility was estimated via the TM concentration in the supernatant of the final fermentation medium (SOL) and TM bioavailability from the TM concentration in a bacterial-enriched fraction (BACT). Mn (regardless of source) and ZnO tended (p < 0.10) to decrease, while Cu showed no significant effect on TGP. The addition of inorganic Mn and of ZnO tended (p < 0.10) to decrease, ZnSO4 tended to increase (p < 0.10), whilst Cu showed no effect on dDM%. Concerning solubility, Mn (MnO and MnSO4), ZnSO4 and CuSO4 significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.001 and p < 0.01) increased, while ZnO did not affect TM content in the SOL. These results indicate that MnSO4, ZnSO4 and CuSO4 are highly soluble, MnO is quite soluble, while ZnO has a low solubility in the rumen. Based on the TM content in BACT, MnO, MnS4 and CuSO4 have high bioavailability, while ZnO is poorly assimilated by rumen bacteria. However, the lack of clear inhibition or improvement in fermentations suggests that the rumen microbiota have a low requirement for TM supplementation.

PSXII-17 Trace minerals source influences the performance of Nellore cattle in the growing phase during the transition between dry to rainy season in Brazil

Abstract The relative bioavailability of trace minerals may vary between the sources and impact the animal performance. The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of TM source (Cu and Zn) on the liver concentration and performance of Nellore cattle supplemented in the growing phase during the transition between dry to rainy season. A hundred and twenty Nellore young bulls (BW = 349.72 ± 24 kg; 24 months), blocked by BW, were assigned randomly to twelve paddocks (six paddocks/treatment and 10 animals/paddock). Animals grazing Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and supplemented at 5 g/kg BW with soybean meal, corn and mineral mix (250 g/kg of CP and 650 g/kg de NDT, natural matter basis). Supplements consisted of 40 mg Cu and 148 mg Zn/kg DM from either inorganic TM (ITM) or hydroxy TM (HTM) Intellibond® sources. Liver samples were collected at the beginning and end of the study (three animals per paddock). Animals were weighed at each period (30 days) during three periods. Period was used as a REPEATED measurement for BW and values of initial BW as independent covariates for all variables. Paddock was considered experimental unit. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED, SAS 9.4. The animals supplemented with HTM had higher (+0.037 kg/day) general ADG (day 0 to 90; P = 0.012), with 0.469 and 0.506 kg/day to ITM and HTM, respectively. Final BW (day 90) from animals fed HTM was 5.13 kg higher than ITM (391.97 vs. 397.11 kg BW; P = 0.030). No differences were found in the liver concentrations of Cu and Zn between ITM or HTM (P ≥ 0.288). Cu and Zn from HTM improve the performance of animals supplemented in pasture compared to ITM sources.

Efficacy of l-glutamic acid, N,N-diacetic acid to improve the dietary trace mineral bioavailability in broilers.

Trace minerals are commonly supplemented in the diets of farmed animals in levels exceeding biological requirements, resulting in extensive fecal excretion and environmental losses. Chelation of trace metal supplements with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can mitigate the effects of dietary antagonists by preserving the solubility of trace minerals. Lack of EDTA biodegradability, however, is of environmental concern. l-Glutamic acid, N,N-diacetic acid (GLDA) is a readily biodegradable chelating agent that could be used as a suitable alternative to EDTA. The latter was tested in sequential dose–response experiments in broiler chickens. Study 1 compared the effect of EDTA and GLDA in broilers on supplemental zinc availability at three levels of added zinc (5, 10, and 20 ppm) fed alone or in combination with molar amounts of GLDA or EDTA equivalent to chelate the added zinc, including negative (no supplemental zinc) and positive (80 ppm added zinc) control treatments. Study 2 quantified the effect of GLDA on the availability of native trace mineral feed content in a basal diet containing no supplemental minerals and supplemented with three levels of GLDA (54, 108, and 216 ppm). In study 1, serum and tibia Zn clearly responded to the increasing doses of dietary zinc with a significant response to the presence of EDTA and GLDA (P < 0.05). These results are also indicative of the equivalent nutritional properties between GLDA and EDTA. In study 2, zinc levels in serum and tibia were also increased with the addition of GLDA to a basal diet lacking supplemental trace minerals, where serum zinc levels were 60% higher at the 216 ppm inclusion level. Similar to the reported effects of EDTA, these studies demonstrate that dietary GLDA may have enhanced zinc solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and subsequently enhanced availability for absorption, resulting in improved nutritional zinc status in zinc-deficient diets. As such, GLDA can be an effective nutritional tool to reduce supplemental zinc levels in broiler diets, thereby maintaining health and performance while reducing the environmental footprint of food-producing animals.

PSI-5 Intestinal responses and the determination of true total tract trace mineral digestibility and the endogenous losses in weanling pigs by the regression analysis technique

Abstract There is limited knowledge regarding trace mineral bioavailability in trace mineral supplements and common feed ingredients and trace mineral endogenous losses in pigs. The objectives of this study were to investigate intestinal responses and to determine true total tract trace mineral digestibility and the endogenous losses of trace minerals associated with corn and SBM based diets in weanling pigs by the regression analysis. Twenty-four crossbred barrows, with an average initial BW of 14 kg, were randomly assigned to 4 weanling pig diets with inclusion of titanium dioxide (0.30%) and a commercial trace mineral-vitamin premix at 0.125, 0.250, 0.375 and 0.500%, respectively, to result in 4 graded dietary levels of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se. The pigs were fed close to ad libitum for 11 d according to a randomized complete block design. The dietary inclusion did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) growth performances, ileal and fecal DM digestibility, D-mannitol gut permeability and jejunal alkaline phosphatase kinetics. With the regression analysis, true total tract Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se digestibility values (±SE; n = 23 or 24; P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the trace mineral-vitamin premix were determined to be 137.3±27.9, 40.5±15.4, 66.2±24.6, 94.3±21.6 and 96.6±2.8% vs. the corresponding values in the four weanling pig diets for Cu at 137.4±3.2, Zn at 40.4±3.1, Fe at 66.2±3.0, Mn at 94.2±3.8and Se at 96.2±0.8%, respectively. The total tract endogenous Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Se outputs (±SE)associated with the weanling pig diets were also determined (23.4±0.6, 9.2±2.7, 37.2±3.5, 19.4±1.0 and 0.07±0.003 mg/kg DMI diets; n = 23 or 24;P &amp;lt; 0.05). Our results have shown that the intestinal physiological functions and performances were not significantly affected in the weanling pigs fed on the diets with reduced gradient levels of a trace mineral-vitamin premix. Total tract true digestible trace mineral supply should be considered in swine diet formulation.

Effects of dietary zinc sources and levels on growth performance, tissue zinc retention and antioxidant response of juvenile common carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed diets containing phytic acid

Plant protein‐based diets are widely used for common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). The plant source antagonist, such as phytate, negatively affects the bioavailability of trace minerals, but this aspect was not considered in previous studies on this species. A 10‐week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of inorganic Zinc (ZnSO₄·7H₂O, Zn‐S) and organic Zn (2‐hydroxy‐4‐(methylthio) butanoic Zinc, Zn‐M) on growth performance, Zn retention and antioxidant responses of common carp (initial weight 10.0 ± 0.03 g). Eleven semi‐purified diets containing 7 mg/kg phytic acid were prepared with 0, 5, 20, 35, 50 and 65 mg/kg Zn from Zn‐S and Zn‐M (12.8 mg/kg Zn in basal level), respectively. The results showed that either Zn‐S or Zn‐M inclusion improved growth performance, vertebral Zn deposition and antioxidant responses of fish. The Zn requirement based on WGR, vertebrae Zn and plasma SOD were 47.0, >77.8 and 48.5 mg/kg, and 63.3, 42.2 and 36.8 mg/kg, respectively, with Zn‐S and Zn‐M as Zn sources. The relative bioavailability of Zn‐M was 2.44‐ (vertebrae Zn deposition) and 1.74‐fold (plasma SOD activity) the availability of Zn‐S in the diet of common carp. The lower growth performance and poor bioavailability in vertebrae of Zn‐S group were related to the chelating of zinc with phytic acid.

Iron Bio-accessibility and Nutritional Attributes of Selected Disease Specific Commercial Formulations

&lt;p&gt;Iron deficiency is the most common form of malnutrition in the world, affecting more than 2 billion people globally. Food labeling is an important tool that provides information on the nutritional composition data to consumers. However, the information on bio accessibility values is limited; therefore, the aim of the present study is to promote the nutritional labeling by the inclusion of bio accessibility values of micronutrients of importance along with nutritional composition data. Commercial supplements commonly used for disease specific conditions were selected &amp;amp; their iron bio accessibility was determined by equilibrium dialysis involving an in vitro simulated digestion procedure. The formulations were also subjected to nutritional composition analysis &amp;amp; functional properties by standard AOAC methods. The total iron content of the supplements ranged between 8.66±0.5mg/100g to 21.72±1.44 mg/100g whereas the bio accessibility of micronutrient iron ranged between 0.05±0.01 mg/100g to 0.32±0.20mg/100g. The % iron bio accessibility was also determined &amp;amp; ranged between 0.23-2.52%. Thus inclusion of bio accessibility values of vital micronutrients along with usual nutritional composition data employs as an effective tool to combat various micronutrient deficiencies. Therefore, application of supplements with higher bioavailability may result in usage of lower doses of iron with fewer side effects, thus improving treatment efficacy. This novel information has the potential application in nutritional labeling to improve the bioavailability of trace minerals and hence contributes to the human health benefit.&lt;/p&gt;

Tricky cyclic voltammetry peaks in glycerol anaerobic fermentation: Microbial excreted organics or others?

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a widely used and powerful technique for detection and investigation of redox active substances. However, the interpretation of cyclic voltammograms is challenging as redox peaks could be attributed to metabolites and inorganic compounds. In this study, a CV redox peak pair was observed in the anaerobic fermentation broth of glycerol and the amplitude of the peak current increased as fermentation proceeded. Moreover, the central potential of the redox pair shifted towards a more positive potential as pH decreased. Iron was found responsible for the observed redox peaks and its precipitation led to the disappearance of redox peaks. The proposed electrode and precipitation reactions were supported by the simulation of ferrous sulfate in a phosphate buffer solution. This study provided an example that an inorganic compound, instead of microbial excreted organics, resulted in redox peaks in the cyclic voltammograms of glycerol fermentation. Moreover, the results also highlighted that acidic pH enhanced the bio-availability of trace minerals in anaerobic fermentation.

Efficacy of inorganic and chelated trace minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) premix sources in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed plant protein based diets

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of trace minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) premixes from inorganic and chelated (chelated to 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid or hydroxy analog of methionine; Mintrex™) sources, in juvenile Pacific white shrimp, (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed plant protein based practical diets. Eight experimental diets comprising a trace minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) deficient Basal control, and diets supplemented with the trace mineral premixes at four different levels of 2.5 (M2.5), 5 (M5), 7.5 (M7.5) and 8.5g/kg (M8.5) from chelated source and at three different levels of 5 (I5), 8.5 (I8.5) and 20g/kg (I20) from inorganic source were formulated. Eleven numbers of juvenile shrimp averaging 0.6±0.01g (mean±SD) were fed one of the eight experimental diets in triplicate groups for 8weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, shrimp fed M2.5 and I8.5 diets exhibited the similar final weight (FW) and weight gain (WG) (P<0.05). Performance for Cu and Zn content in the hepatopancreas tissues and whole body showed equal efficiency of M5 compared to I8.5 diet (P<0.05). Whereas, nonspecific enzyme, CuZn super oxide dismutase (CuZn SOD) from the serum and hepatopancreas tissue was recorded to be peaked for the group of shrimp fed M5 diet. Moreover, plasma protein and glucose levels were recorded to be similar between the groups of shrimp fed M2.5 and I20 diets (P<0.05). Therefore, the present experiment demonstrated, a higher efficiency of chelated over inorganic source of trace mineral premix in Pacific white shrimp, (L. vannamei) fed plant protein based diets. Statement of relevanceThe significance of trace mineral bioavailability has become more important as the composition of majority of commercial fish feed has been changing and there is an increased use of dietary plant protein. As a result, the bioavailability of trace minerals is being adversely affected by the presence of antagonistic factor such as phytic acid in plant protein. Even though, our knowledge in fish nutrition has advanced significantly, the information on trace minerals requirement is still limited and fragmentary. Inorganic form (sulfate/nitrate) of trace mineral has traditionally been used in aquafeed formulation. However, the limited bioavailability of inorganic source of trace mineral due to its higher affinity to antinutrients has hastened the search for alternative form of inorganic trace minerals. Overall performance observed in the present experiments vouched the potential benefit of using chelated trace mineral, Cu, Zn & Mn premix in marine shrimp, Pacific white shrimp to promote the optimum growth, trace minerals saturation in shrimp body and tissue as well as to ensure the optimum enzyme activity and health of cultured shrimp. The present experiment opens a new avenue to compare the efficacy of inorganic and chelated source of trace minerals in other commercially important marine and fresh water fish species.Whereas, the sustainability issue has put a new dimension in aquafeed formulation with a wide array of new ingredients and additives, on the other hand, the importance of basic nutrient such as trace minerals is still in sideline. Substantial investment and integrated scientific efforts are warranted to bridge the knowledge gap and further improve our understandings on the significance of dietary trace mineral in fish nutrition and health at the least cost to environment.

Preparation and Functional Exploration of Cysteine Peptides from Fresh Garlic Scales for Improving Bioavailability of Food Legume Iron and Zinc

Abstract Two γ-glutamyl-cysteine peptides (γ-GCPs), ( S C2 R C7)-γ- L -glutamyl- S -allyl- L -cysteine ( 1 ) and ( S C2 R C7)-γ- L -glutamyl- S -propyl- L -cysteine ( 2 ) were isolated from fresh garlic scales using ion-exchange chromatography and preparative HPLC. Their molecular structures were identified by HPLC-MS, CD, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and specific rotation, and confirmed by using corresponding standard compounds. The influence of exogenously adding 1 and 2 on the bioavailability of iron and zinc from food legume was examined with soybean and mung bean, at the level of 0.01 mmol/5 g of legume respectively. The enhancing effect of the two γ-GCPs on bioavailability of iron was generally evidenced in the case of soybean (from 1.88% to 6.73% and 4.42%) and mung bean (from 2.52% to 12.04% and 9.38%). The two γ-GCPs similarly enhanced the bioavailability of zinc from the food legume, with the extent of increase in soybean ranging from 13.37% to 23.95% and 20.58%, and in mung bean from 15.98% to 28.44% and 27.05%. Obviously, both 1 and 2 had a promoting effect on the bioavailability of iron and zinc from food legumes. These findings are of practical value in a food-based strategy to enhance the bioavailability of trace minerals for human health.

DEPOSITION OF ORGANIC TRACE METAL COMPLEXES AS FEED ADDITIVES IN FARM ANIMALS

Trace elements are essentials for maintenance and production of farm animals, but most of the feedingstuffs do not contain adequate amount of most of them, therefore supplementation of complete feeds with trace elements is necessary. However, the rate of absorption and tissue deposition of trace elements from different complexes is also different which may have food safety aspects because of the maximum level of some trace minerals. The present review, based on scientifically proved data, discuss about the rate of absorption and deposition of different metal (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) proteinates, amino acid chelates (e.g lysine, methionine, methyl-hydroxy-methionine) and humic acid complexes of trace elements. The results showed that metal proteinates have higher rate of tissue accumulation as compared to inorganic salts, and additionally some metal-proteinates (e.g. copper-proteinate) also improves the tissue deposition of manganese. Metal propionates, as possible new trace element supplements have positive effects on the rate of absorption which was proved by the higher blood serum levels. In the case of humic acid chelates there are some data about their positive effect on bioavailability of trace minerals but those were not scientifically proven. In conclusion it can be stated that organic metal complexes have better bioavailability than their inorganic counterparts, in particular modern farm animal genotypes with higher requirement level and also in stress conditions.

Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Beans and Zinc-Biofortified Wheat in Pigs

The objectives of this experiment were to study bioavailability of trace elements in beans and wheat containing different levels of zinc and to study how the water solubility of trace elements was related to the bioavailability in pigs. Three wheat and two bean types were used: wheat of Danish origin as a control (CtrlW), two Turkish wheat types low (LZnW) and high (HZnW) in zinc, a common bean (Com), and a faba bean (Faba). Two diets were composed by combining 81 % CtrlW and 19 % Com or Faba beans. Solubility was measured as the trace element concentration in the supernatant of feedstuffs, and diets incubated in distilled water at pH 4 and 38°C for 3 h. The bioavailability of zinc and copper of the three wheat types and the two bean-containing diets were evaluated in the pigs by collection of urine and feces for 7 days. The solubility of zinc was 34–63 %, copper 18–42 %, and iron 3–11 %. The zinc apparent digestibility in pigs was similar in the three wheat groups (11–14 %), but was significantly higher in the CtrlW+Faba group (23 %) and negative in the CtrlW+Com group (−30 %). The apparent digestibility of copper was higher in the HZnW (27 %) and CtrlW+Faba (33 %) groups than in the CtrlW (17 %) and LZnW (18 %) groups. The apparent copper digestibility of the CtrlW+Com diet was negative (−7 %). The solubility and digestibility results did not reflect the concentration in feedstuffs. The in vitro results of water solubility showed no relationship to the results of trace mineral bioavailability in pigs.

Higher Bioaccessibility of Iron and Zinc from Food Grains in the Presence of Garlic and Onion

Bioavailability of micronutrients iron and zinc is particularly low from plant foods. Hence there is a need to evolve a food-based strategy to improve the same to combat widespread deficiencies of these minerals in a population dependent on plant foods. Dietary sulfur-containing amino acids have been reported to improve the mineral status of experimental animals. Our objective was to examine whether sulfur compound-rich Allium spices have a similar potential of beneficially modulating the mineral bioavailability. In this context, we examined the influence of exogenously added garlic and onion on the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc from food grains. Two representative cereals and pulses each were studied in both raw and cooked condition employing two levels of garlic (0.25 and 0.5 g/10 g of grain) and onion (1.5 and 3 g/10 g of grain). The enhancing effect of these two spices on iron bioaccessibility was generally evidenced in the case of both the cereals (9.4-65.9% increase) and pulses (9.9-73.3% increase) in both raw and cooked conditions. The two spices similarly enhanced the bioaccessibility of zinc from the food grains, the extent of increase in cereals ranging from 10.4% to 159.4% and in pulses from 9.8% to 49.8%. Thus, both garlic and onion were evidenced here to have a promoting influence on the bioaccessibility of iron and zinc from food grains. This novel information has the potential application in evolving a food-based strategy to improve the bioavailability of trace minerals and hence contributes to the human health benefit.

Probiotic lactobacilli: An innovative tool to correct the malabsorption syndrome of vegetarians?

Vegetarians may have subtle nutritional deficiencies which have been related to the occurrence of an unrecognized malabsorption syndrome. The excess phytate content in cereals, nuts, legumes and oilseeds which represent the mainstay of their food intake, seems to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this malabsorption syndrome as an inverse relationship has been shown to link the phytate content of the diet with the intestinal absorption of trace minerals and proteins. We postulate that manipulating the endogenous digestive microflora of subjects on a vegetarian diet through administering probiotic lactic bacteria would represent an innovative tool to counteract the occurrence of the malabsorption syndrome dependent on the high phytate content of their diet. Even though there are no data about the composition of endogenous digestive microflora in subjects on a vegetarian diet, we expect that probiotic lactobacilli can interact with or affect distinct yet interrelated components within the intestinal milieu, such as epithelial cells, enteric flora, and/or mucosal immune cells. This would ultimately translate into the correction of the unregulated mechanisms implicated in the altered intestinal absorption of trace metals and proteins commonly seen in vegetarians. Clinical experience with probiotic therapy of patients with inflammatory bowel disease fully agrees with this view. One additional point of interest is that probiotic lactobacilli, and other species of the endogenous digestive microflora as well, are an important source of the enzyme phytase which catalyses the release of phosphate from phytate and hydrolyses the complexes formed by phytate and metal ions or other cations, rendering them more soluble ultimately improving and facilitating their intestinal absorption. The regular intake of probiotic preparation, may represent a cheap and safe tool in order to convert a diet with a low potential for bioavailability of trace minerals and proteins, such as the vegetarian diet, into a diet with a high bioavailability potential. The benefit of such an approach would not be restricted to vegetarians.

Metal chelates of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid in animal feeding: Part 2: further characterizations, in vitro and in vivo investigations

The α-hydroxyacid 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (the so-called methionine hydroxy-analogue, MHA), largely used in animal nutrition as a source of methionine, forms stable metal chelates with divalent metals of formula [{CH 3SCH 2 CH 2CH(OH)COO} 2M] · nH 2O. Protonation and iron(III) and copper(II) complex formation constants have been determined by potentiometry at 25 °C. Distribution diagrams show that no free Fe 3+ cations are present in solution at pH > 2.5. ESI-MS (Electron-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry) investigations carried out both on iron and zinc complexes in solution have evidenced various species with different MHA/metal ratios. In vivo trials were carried out with rats. After receiving a zinc-deficient diet for 3 weeks, animals were fed the same diet added with zinc sulfate or zinc/MHA chelate; the zinc content of faeces was higher (+45%; P < 0.05) in sulfate fed rats, whereas zinc retention was higher (+61%; P < 0.05) in the Zn/MHA diet. Experiments in vitro with human intestinal Caco-2 cells indicated that the MHA/Fe chelate was taken up by the cells without any apparent toxic effect. The iron uptake was higher than that of iron nitrilotriacetate (Fe 3+NTA), an effective chelate for delivering iron to milk diets. In conclusion, these data indicate that the use of MHA chelates could be a valuable tool to increase bioavailability of trace minerals and reduce the environmental impact of animal manure.

Failure of a Plant‐and‐Krill‐Based Diet to Affect the Performance of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Broodfish

AbstractWe compared the performance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri broodfish when fed a diet with corn Zea mays gluten meal, wheat Triticum spp. gluten meal, and krill Euphausia superba protein sources relative to two fish meal diets. We hypothesized that the plant‐and‐krill‐based diet would lead to a greater bioavailability of trace minerals and result in better broodfish condition, greater egg fertilization rates, increased survival of embryos to the swim‐up stage, and increased egg mineral content. The three diets were fed to three replicate lots of 2‐year‐old, captive‐reared fish for a 10‐month period prior to spawning. None of the measured characteristics of broodfish condition differed significantly among diets. We found no significant differences among diets in rates of egg fertilization or survival of embryos to the swim‐up stage. Manganese levels were lower in the eggs of fish fed one of the fish meal diets, but that was the only measure of egg content with a significant difference among diets. The experiment did not indicate that the plant‐and‐krill protein diet was better than fish‐meal‐based diets relative to the physiological condition of broodfish or the reproductive capabilities of Yellowstone cutthroat trout broodfish reared in captivity.