Bioactive Polyphenols Research Articles

The Potential of Polyphenols in Modulating the Cellular Senescence Process: Implications and Mechanism of Action

Background: Cellular senescence is a biological process with a dual role in organismal health. While transient senescence supports tissue repair and acts as a tumor-suppressive mechanism, the chronic accumulation of senescent cells contributes to aging and the progression of age-related diseases. Senotherapeutics, including senolytics, which selectively eliminate senescent cells, and senomorphics, which modulate the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), have emerged as promising strategies for managing age-related pathologies. Among these, polyphenols, a diverse group of plant-derived bioactive compounds, have gained attention for their potential to modulate cellular senescence. Methods: This review synthesizes evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on the senolytic and senomorphic activities of bioactive polyphenols, including resveratrol, kaempferol, apigenin, and fisetin. The analysis focuses on their molecular mechanisms of action and their impact on fundamental aging-related pathways. Results: Polyphenols exhibit therapeutic versatility by activating SIRT1, inhibiting NF-κB, and modulating autophagy. These compounds demonstrate a dual role, promoting the survival of healthy cells while inducing apoptosis in senescent cells. Preclinical evidence indicates their capacity to reduce SASP-associated inflammation, restore tissue homeostasis, and attenuate cellular senescence in various models of aging. Conclusions: Polyphenols represent a promising class of senotherapeutics for mitigating age-related diseases and promoting healthy lifespan extension. Further research should focus on clinical validation and the long-term effects of these compounds, paving the way for their development as therapeutic agents in geriatric medicine.

Plant Secondary Metabolites as Modulators of Mitochondrial Health: An Overview of Their Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Apoptotic, and Mitophagic Mechanisms.

Plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are a diverse group of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, and terpenoids, which have been recognised for their critical role in modulating cellular functions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of PSMs on mitochondrial health, with particular emphasis on their therapeutic potential. Emerging evidence shows that these metabolites improve mitochondrial function by reducing oxidative stress, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, and regulating key processes such as apoptosis and mitophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a hallmark of many pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome, has been shown to benefit from the protective effects of PSMs. Recent studies show that PSMs can improve mitochondrial dynamics, stabilise mitochondrial membranes, and enhance bioenergetics, offering significant promise for the prevention and treatment of mitochondrial-related diseases. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, including modulation of key signalling pathways and direct interactions with mitochondrial proteins, are discussed. The integration of PSMs into therapeutic strategies is highlighted as a promising avenue for improving treatment efficacy while minimising the side effects commonly associated with synthetic drugs. This review also highlights the need for future research to elucidate the specific roles of individual PSMs and their synergistic interactions within complex plant matrices, which may further optimise their therapeutic utility. Overall, this work provides valuable insights into the complex role of PSMs in mitochondrial health and their potential as natural therapeutic agents targeting mitochondrial dysfunction.

Sensory Characteristics and Impact of Flavanol-Rich Grape and Blueberry Extract on Blood Flow Velocity and Oxidative Stress

Background Several epidemiological studies and intervention trials have demonstrated that grapes and blueberries, which are rich in flavanols, can lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the mechanisms of action of these compounds remain unclear due to their low bioavailability. Objective This study aimed to characterize the sensory properties, blood flow velocity, and oxidative stress of a polyphenol rich grape and blueberry extract (PEGB) containing approximately 16% flavanols (11% monomers and 4% dimers). Method A sensory property of PEGB was compared with quercetin at uniform concentration using healthy young subjects. In addition, the reactivity of PEGB with O2 •− was also compared with quercetin utilizing a luminescence method. Furthermore, the effect of a single administration of PEGB on the blood flow velocity of skeletal muscle arterioles was investigated using a laser Doppler method in rats. Results At a concentration where quercetin was barely tasteful, flavanol in PEGB exhibited a robust astringent taste. Furthermore, under pH conditions mimicking the oral cavity and intestinal tract, PEGB promoted O2 •− production at low concentrations and scavenging O2 •− at high concentrations. In contrast, quercetin demonstrated antioxidant activity. A single oral administration of PEGB significantly increased the blood flow velocity of skeletal muscle arterioles. Conclusion The results demonstrate that PEGB exhibited a pronounced astringent taste, O2 •− production at low concentrations in neutral pH environments, and significantly enhanced blood flow to skeletal muscle following a single administration to rats. These findings highlight the necessity for further investigation into the causal relationships between oral perception, redox properties, and bioactivity of polyphenols.

Extraction, purification, component analysis and bioactivity of polyphenols from wampee

Extraction, purification, component analysis and bioactivity of polyphenols from wampee

Recent research on the bioactivity of polyphenols derived from edible fungi and their potential in chronic disease prevention

Recent research on the bioactivity of polyphenols derived from edible fungi and their potential in chronic disease prevention

Purple and red rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran polyphenols show antiobesity and antidiabetic activities

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesRice bran is a source of bioactive polyphenols. This study aimed to characterize the antidiabetic potential of different rice brans (one brown, two red, and two purple) by examining their ability to inhibit α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase, and to stimulate glucose uptake in adipocytes.FindingsAll pigmented bran extracts significantly inhibited α‐glucosidase. Both red rice brans inhibited α‐amylase close to 50% at the highest dose tested. All four pigmented rice brans inhibited lipase in vitro (IC50 values 4.38–10.09 mg/mL). The pigmented rice brans studied contained higher levels of total polyphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity when compared to brown rice bran. Purple bran contained anthocyanins and red brans contained proanthocyanidins. The pigmented brans consisted of higher levels of total benzoic acids, while the brown rice bran had higher levels of total cinnamic acids. Tricin was identified in all pigmented brans.ConclusionsOur study indicates that pigmented rice brans have the ability to manage obesity and diabetes due to their inhibitory effects on lipid and carbohydrate digestion. Several bioactive polyphenols were identified.Significance and NoveltyThe potential of pigmented rice bran to inhibit α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and lipase was confirmed.

Phytochemical properties and antibacterial activity of green tea leaf extract from gunung gambir jember: an experimental study

Introduction: Green tea leaves are abundant in bioactive components, including catechins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds are known for tehir antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. In addition, green tea also contains minerals, such as Calcium, Phosphor, Potassium, Magnesium, and Sulphur. However, the precise mineral content and anti-bacterial properties of green tea from Gunung (Mount) Gambir in Jember Regency are currently unknown. This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of green tea leaf extract from Gunung Gambir, Jember. Methods: The bioactive constituents of green tea leaf extract were identified using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer to measure its total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic compounds (TPC). Mineral identification was performed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The disc diffusion method was used to assess antibacterial activity by quantifying the diameter of the inhibition zone in cultures of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans treated with green tea leaf extract at concentrations of 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. Anaerobic conditions were created by incubating the Petri dishes in a desiccator for 24 hours at 37°C. One-Way Anova test was used to analyze the data, and differences were considered statistically significant at p<0.05. Subsequently, a LSD test was carried out (p<0,05). Results: The TPC value was 1.607±0.742 mg GAE/g, while the TFC value was 99.146 ± 0.307 mg GAE/g. Calcium appeared to be the most abundant mineral in the tea extract, measured at 31.65 ppm. The inhibitory power of green tea leaves extract against both bacteria was not significantly different (p>0.05). Conclusion: Green tea leaves extract from Gunung Gambir Jember Regency in Indonesia is rich in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and certain minerals, such us Phosphor, Calium, Magnesium, Sulphur and Calcium. These constituents are known to possess biological and antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

The Beneficial Roles of Seaweed in Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition characterized by severe pruritus and recurrent flare-ups, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Current treatments, such as corticosteroids and immunomodulators, often provide symptomatic relief but can lead to adverse effects with prolonged use. Seaweed, a sustainable and nutrient-dense resource, has emerged as a promising alternative due to its rich bioactive compounds-polysaccharides, phlorotannins, polyphenols, and chlorophyll-that offer anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. This review explores the therapeutic potential of brown, red, and green algae in alleviating AD symptoms, highlighting the effects of specific species, including Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Chlorella vulgaris, and Sargassum horneri. These seaweeds modulate immune responses, reduce epidermal thickness, and restore skin barrier function, presenting a novel, safe, and effective approach to AD management. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm their efficacy and establish dosing strategies, paving the way for seaweed-derived therapies as natural alternatives in AD treatment.

Physiochemical, proximate composition and microbial quality of a novel probiotic yoghurt fortified with purple-leaf tea (Camelias sinensis)

With the increasing demand of health promoting food products, formulations of yoghurts are changing more towards live probiotic starter culture milk fermentation and fortification with plant-based food ingredients to improve the flavour and nutrition composition. Synbiotic yoghurts fermented with probiotic microbes and fortified with prebiotic food ingredients have become very popular as functional foods due to their scientifically proven bioactive compounds that promote human gut health and alleviate dysbiosis. The aim of the current study therefore, was to assess the physiochemical, nutritional proximate composition and viability of probiotics in formulated yoghurt fortified with a novel purple-leaf tea (Camelias sinensis) puree that is rich in anthocyanins, bioactive polyphenols. Whole milk was fermented with probiotic starter culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis -ABT 5) from CH Hansens Limited. Subsequently, the yoghurt was fortified with a novel purple tea puree at the Food and Tea Science Workshop of Karatina University, Kenya. Proximate composition and physiochemical properties (pH and mineral salts profile) were analyzed both in the formulated probiotic yoghurt (PYFPT) and control yoghurt without the tea puree. The viability of the probiotic colony forming microbes was determined using the De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) anaerobic bacteria selective culturing agar media. The pH results of PYFPT (4.24 ± 0.04) was not significantly different (p< 0.05) to that of the control yoghurt even after 28 days of refrigerated storage. However, proximate composition recorded significant differences except for the crude fiber content (0.01 ± 0.01 %). A higher percent moisture content and crude lipid was recorded in the control yoghurt (88.18±0.01 and (2.11 ± 0.02) than the PYFPT (78.14±0.04 and 1.33 ± 0.09). Inversely, higher percentage of crude protein, carbohydrates and crude mineral salts were recorded in the formulated PYFPT (7.96±0.27, 11.17±0.25; 0.81±) than control yoghurt (4.23±0.01, 5.44±0.04, 0.59±0.01). A profile of ash content of the added purple tea puree recorded 16 different mineral salts. The macro minerals were the major, with potassium recording the highest content (282 ppm), followed by sodium (121 ppm), magnesium (97.2 ppm) and calcium (96.4 ppm). The microbial anaerobic probiotic count (6.14 - 6.80 log CFU/ml) was not statistically and significantly different between the PYFPT and the control yoghurt after 28 days of refrigerated storage. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that it is feasible to formulate nutritious probiotic yoghurt fortified using purple-leaf tea puree with potential for commercialization. Key words: Probiotic yoghurt, purple-leaf tea, physiochemical property, proximate composition, probiotics viability

Antiviral potential and in silico insights of polyphenols as sustainablephytopharmaceuticals: A comprehensive review.

Polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, are reported to have health-promoting, disease-preventing abilities, and several polyphenols have a wide spectrum of antiviral activities that can be explored for preventive and or therapeutic purposes. We have compiled the updated literature of diverse polyphenols active against common viral diseases, including Herpes, Hepatitis, influenza, rota, SARS-corona-viruses, etc. The antiviral activity of bioactive polyphenols depends on the hydroxyl and ester groups of polyphenol molecules, as compounds with five or more hydroxyl groups and three specific methoxy groups showed antiviral potential, like anti-rabies activity. This comprehensive review will explore selective polyphenols isolated from common ethnomedicinal or food plants. Comparing bioactivities of structurally related polyphenols and using bioinformatics studies, we have explored the three most promising phyto-antivirals, Chrysin, Resveratrol, and Quercetin available in many food and medicinal plants, where Quercetin showed a maximum interaction score with human genes. We also explore the intricate structure-activity relationship between these polyphenols and virus pathogens with their mechanisms of antiviral action in selected virus models. Here, we report the promising potential of some phyto-polyphenols in treating viral diseases through an in-depth analysis of the structure and bioactivity of these compounds.

Bactris guineensis, an underutilized Costa Rican palm fruit: juice processing and its nutritional profile

Introduction. Bactris guineensis is a crop that produces visually appealing fruits resembling purple-black grapes with round seeds. This palm species naturally thrives in the lowland regions of tropical America. However, limited information available about this fruit. Objective. To investigate the nutritional composition, bioactive compound content, antioxidant capacity, and aroma profile of the huiscoyol fruit grown in Costa Rica, as well as to evaluate the effects of juice processing (enzymatic maceration and thermal treatment) on its bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. Materials and methods. Fruits were collected from randomly selected palms and bunches in Guanacaste Conservation Area, specifically in Palo Verde and Cañas, during peak harvest years (2007, 2011, 2014, and 2016). Nutritional composition, bioactive compound content, antioxidant capacity, and aroma and polyphenol profiles were analyzed. Juices were prepared using thermal treatment, enzymatic maceration, and a combination of both methods. The bioactive compound content and antioxidant capacity were assessed following each treatment. Results. Huiscoyol fruit exhibited high fiber content [7.3 ± 2.5 g per 100 g of fresh weight (fw)], and significant potassium content (307 ± 98 mg per 100 g fw). Anthocyanin levels ranged from 28.3 to 47.9 mg per 100 g fw, with cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside as the predominant compound. Total polyphenol content varied between 219 and 1,013 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g fw. Vitamin C content reached a maximum of 48 mg per 100 g fw. Antioxidant capacity, as measured by H-ORAC, ranged from 6,690 to 14,688 μmol Trolox equivalents per 100 g fw. Enzymatic maceration and thermal treatments applied to the juice did not significantly affect the bioactive compounds content or antioxidant activity (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Huiscoyol fruit demonstrate nutritional and antioxidant potential, making it promising ingredient for funtional beverages. Its bioactive components, such as polyphenols and anthocyanins, showed remarkable stability under thermal and enzymatic processing conditions.

Citrus flavonoids diosmin, myricetin and neohesperidin as inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Evidence from antibiofilm, gene expression and in vivo analysis.

Citrus flavonoids are group of bioactive polyphenols. Here, we investigated the potential of diosmin, myricetin and neohesperidin as possible inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This bacterium is a major clinical challenge due to its propensity to form resistant biofilm. The aims of this study were to examine flavonoids antibacterial activity using the microdilution method, assays intended to determine several antibiofilm mechanisms (crystal violet, congo red binding, extracellular DNA (eDNA) test and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) live/dead cell imaging), followed by virulence genes RT-qPCR analysis. Furthermore, we aimed to examine in vivo toxicity of the compounds as well as their efficacy in P. aeruginosa zebrafish embryo infection model. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of tested flavonoids towards P. aeruginosa were in range 0.05 - 0.4 mg/mL. A high potential of the compounds to disturb both the formation of the bacterial biofilm and its eradication was recorded, including significant reduction in biofilm biomass, exopolysaccharide and eDNA production. Biofilm treatment with diosmin resulted in the lowest percentage of live microbial cells as observed in the CLSM live/dead cell imaging. The lasI, pvdS, and rhlC genes were found to be downregulated in the presence of diosmin and myricetin. Only diosmin stood out as non-embryotoxic. Consequently, in vivo analysis using a zebrafish model of P. aeruginosa infection showed an antivirulence effect of diosmin. Our findings suggest that diosmin could be potential candidate for the development of new agent that target P. aeruginosa infections by reducing its virulence mechanisms.

Antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity, polyphenol profile analysis, and cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines of hydro-ethanolic extracts of leaves of (Ficus carica L.) from Eastern Morocco.

Many beneficial compounds found in fig leaves can be used in tea and medicine. These compounds aid with digestion, reduce inflammation, and treat diabetes and bronchitis. Chetoui, Malha, Ghoudane, and Onk Hmam fig leaf hydro-ethanol extracts from Eastern Morocco were analyzed for metabolites and biological activities. HPLC-UV examination revealed that the leaf extract included mainly caffeine, rutin, and ferrulic acid. Spectrophometric results show that Malha leaf is rich in polyphenols (62.6 ± 1.3mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (26.2 ± 0.1mgQE/g). Chetoui leaf contains the highest vitamin C content (8.2 ± 0.1mg Asc A/100gDW), while Onk Hmam leaf has the highest condensed tannin (4.9 ± 0.1mgCatE/g). The investigations found that all leaf extracts were antioxidant-rich, with strong Pearson bivariate correlation between bioactive polyphenol levels and antioxidant tests for DPPH, β-carotene, ABTS, and TAC (values of -0.93, -0.94, -0.85, and 0.98, respectively). The coefficients for flavonoid content were -0.89, -0.89, -0.97, and 0.80, respectively. Disk diffusion and MIC results show that the hydro-ethanol fig leaf extracts eliminate fungi and bacteria. In addition, these fig leaf extracts showed promise cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-436 and an interesting selectivity index. In silico leaf bioactive component analysis revealed that myricitin inhibited NADPH oxidase the greatest (gscore -6.59Kcal/mol). Trans-ferulic acid inhibits Escherichia coli beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase (-6.55kcal/mol), whereas quercetin inhibits Staphylococcus aureus nucleoside diphosphate kinase (-8.99). CYP51 from Candida albicans is best treated with kaempferol and myricitin. Both had a glide gscore of -7.84kcal/mol. Rutin has the most potent Sespace 3 anticancer activity, with a glide gscore of -7.09kcal/mol. This research indicates that fig leaf extracts from the region can be used in medicine, food, natural cosmetics, and breast cancer prevention. To maximize the value of these leaves, their use must be carefully studied. Naturally, this fortunate tree's diversity must be preserved and enhanced.

Study on Extraction and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides from Viburnum sargentii Koehne with Deep Eutectic Solvent.

The fruits of Viburnum sargentii Koehne (Vsk) are rich in bioactive polysaccharides and polyphenols, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic properties. This study explored the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES), specifically urea-choline chloride, as a green extraction medium to maximize polysaccharide yield from Vsk polysaccharides. Extraction conditions, including solvent composition, temperature, and time, were optimized using response surface methodology, achieving significantly higher yields and purity compared to hot water extraction. The polysaccharides extracted through DES showed a more homogeneous molecular structure, with reduced protein and pigment impurities. Bioactivity assays confirmed potent antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects, with DES-extracted polysaccharides displaying enhanced reducing power, free radical scavenging capabilities, and notable α-amylase inhibition compared to those obtained by conventional methods. These findings highlight DES extraction as an effective approach not only to improve yield and purity but also to enhance the bioactivity of extracted compounds. Consequently, DES-extracted Vsk polysaccharides show potential for use in developing functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study advances sustainable extraction technologies, positioning Vsk polysaccharides as valuable bioactive compounds with promising health applications.

In vitro strategy to enhance the production of bioactive polyphenols and caffeoylputrescine in the hairy roots of Physalis peruviana L.

The Rhizobium rhizogene-transformed root culture from Physalis peruviana L. (P. peruviana) may be a promising and novel source of valuable phenolics, including caffeoylputrescine (CP), which is known for antioxidant, antidiabetic, insect-resistant, disease-resistant, and neuroprotective properties. In this study, to improve the production efficiency of phytochemical components in P. peruviana hairy root cultures, we optimized various culture conditions, including the inoculum size, liquid volume, culture media type, carbon source, sucrose concentration, initial pH, and application of elicitors, to enhance the total phenolic content and CP yield in these hairy root cultures. The findings indicate that the use of sucrose as carbon source resulted in the highest biomass (13.28 g DW/L), total phenolic content (6.26 mg/g), and CP yield (2.40 mg/L). The White medium excelled in enhancing the total phenolic content (9.35 mg/g), whereas the B5 medium was most effective for the biomass (13.38 g DW/L) and CP yield (6.30 mg/L). A sucrose concentration of 5% was best for the biomass (18.40 g DW/L), whereas a sucrose concentration of 4% was ideal for the CP yield. Optimal culture conditions were as follows: an inoculum size of 0.5 g/100 mL, a liquid volume of 100 mL in a 250-mL flask, B5 medium, 4% sucrose, and a pH of 5.5. Among the tested elicitors, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) at 100 µM significantly increased the biomass (21.3 g/L), total phenolic content (23.34 mg/g), and CP yield (141.10 mg/L), which represent 0.96-, 2.12-, and 13.04-fold increases, respectively, over the control after 8 days. The optimized HR culture of P. peruviana provides a promising system to enhance the production of CP for pharmaceutical applications.

Cardioprotective effects of liposomal resveratrol in diabetic rats: unveiling antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits

ABSTRACT As a consequence of chronic hyperglycemia, diabetes complications and tissue damage are exacerbated. There is evidence that natural phytochemicals, including resveratrol, a bioactive polyphenol, may be able to reduce oxidative stress and improve insulin sensitivity. However, resveratrol's limited bioavailability hampers its therapeutic effectiveness. By using liposomes, resveratrol may be better delivered into the body and be more bioavailable. The objective of this study was to assess the cardioprotective potential of liposome-encapsulated resveratrol (LR) in a streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic rat model. Adult male Wistar rats were categorized into five groups: control, diabetic, resveratrol-treated (40 mg/kg), liposomal resveratrol (LR)-treated (20 mg/kg) and liposomal resveratrol (LR)-treated (40 mg/kg) for a five-week study period. We compared the effects of LR to those of resveratrol (40 mg/kg) on various parameters, including serum levels of cardiac markers, tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear transcription factor, oxidative stress markers, and apoptotic markers. LR treatment in STZ-diabetic rats resulted in notable physiological improvements, including blood glucose regulation, inflammation reduction, oxidative stress mitigation, and apoptosis inhibition. LR effectively lowered oxidative stress and enhanced cardiovascular function. It also demonstrated a remarkable ability to suppress NF-kB-mediated inflammation by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Additionally, LR restored the antioxidant enzymes, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, thereby effectively counteracting oxidative stress. Notably, LR modulated apoptotic regulators, including caspase, Bcl2, and Bax, suggesting a role in regulating programmed cell death. These biochemical alterations were consistent with improved structural integrity of cardiac tissue as revealed by histological examination. In comparison, resveratrol exhibited lower efficacy at an equivalent dosage. Liposomal resveratrol shows promise in alleviating hyperglycemia-induced cardiac damage in diabetes. Further research is warranted to explore its potential as a therapeutic agent for diabetic cardiovascular complications and possible cardioprotective effects.

Current Bioactive Compounds in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract: Worldwide, more than 44 million individuals are living with Alzheimer's disease (AD), making it the most common type of dementia. Because neuroinflammation is so important in the development of AD, anti-inflammatory tactics may be a promising avenue for treatment. Searches were conducted in Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed using the following keywords: phytoconstituents, AD, traditional medicine, and Chinese herbs. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to summarise the known phytochemistry and current state of the chosen plant species. However, there has been limited effectiveness in clinical trials for AD with currently available anti-inflammatory medicines. This study brings together the latest findings in the treatment of AD using natural substances, specifically phytochemicals, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective characteristics. Although there has been little success with existing anti-inflammatory medications, there is hope for targeting molecular pathways associated with AD, including Aβ overproduction, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, through the use of natural bioactive chemicals such alkaloids, polyphenols, and terpenes. The promise of natural compounds as safer alternatives or supplementary therapies to current treatments for Alzheimer's disease is highlighted in this study, which focuses on their ability to alleviate major pathogenic processes in the disease. Their medicinal potential and effectiveness can be enhanced with additional research.

A Comprehensive Review on the Anti-Obesity Potential of Limonia acidissima L., and its Bioactive Compounds: Mechanisms and Applications in Weight Management

Introduction: Obesity is a global health challenge associated with numerous metabolic disorders, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. With growing interest in natural remedies for weight management, Limonia acidissima L., has garnered attention due to its rich bioactive composition. Objectives: This systematic review evaluates the anti-obesity potential of Limonia acidissima L., and its key bioactive compounds, including fibres, phytosterols, saponins, polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid. Methods: A comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2023 that investigated the metabolic effects of these compounds on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, fat absorption, and glucose regulation. Results: The results demonstrated that Limonia acidissima L., significantly reduced body weight and fat mass, improved lipid profiles, and enhanced insulin sensitivity in both animal and human studies.Phytosterols and saponins played key roles in modulating lipid metabolism, while fibres and polyphenols were found to regulate carbohydrate metabolism and improve glycemic control. Additionally, the synergistic effects of multiple bioactive compounds amplified their collective anti-obesity potential, with few reported adverse effects, suggesting a favourable safety profile. The discussion highlights the multifaceted mechanisms through which Limonia acidissima L., combats obesity, emphasizing its ability to target multiple metabolic pathways simultaneously.While the findings are promising, the need for further large-scale clinical trials to validate these effects in diverse populations is underscored. Conclusions: In conclusion, Limonia acidissima L., emerges as a potent natural remedy for obesity management, with strong potential for inclusion in weight loss supplements and functional foods.Its bioactive compounds offer a comprehensive and safe approach to addressing the global obesity epidemic, although further research is needed to establish its long-term efficacy and optimal use.

Influence of varied processing methods on the antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, and bioavailability of Iranian black, oolong, and green leafy teas

In this study, the impact of various tea preparation techniques on the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial properties, and polyphenol bioavailability in green, black, and oolong tea infusions was examined. The findings demonstrated that the fermentation process significantly influences the levels of bioactive compounds, with green tea infusions exhibiting the highest, and black tea the lowest, content of phenolic compounds. A positive correlation was observed between the content of the phenolic compound and both antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Additionally, the microwave brewing method was identified as the most effective preparation technique for maximizing the bioactive compound content and bioavailability. The inclusion of skim milk powder was found to further enhance the bioavailability of phenolic compounds during digestive process. The research suggests that green tea infusions prepared using the microwave brewing method and supplemented with the skim milk powder, could serve as a functional beverage offering enhanced health benefits.

A review of the pharmacological and bioactive compounds of syzygium cumini

The field of herbal medicine has grown rapidly in the past several years, and due to their natural origins and lower side effects, these medications are becoming more and more well-liked in both developed and developing nations. The plant known as jamun, Syzygium cumini (also called Eugenia jambolana, Syzygium jambolana, Eugenia cumini, and Syzygium jambos), is a great source of bioactive substances such flavonoids, polyphenols, antioxidants, iron, and vitamin C. The Myrtaceae family includes the essential medicinal plant known as the jamun tree, which is a tropical evergreen blooming plant that has long been utilized in Indian and other traditional remedies around the world. The majority of jamun's cultivation occurs in Asian nations like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, and Pakistan. It has been used to treat a wide range of illnesses and physiological disorders since the days of ancient medicine. In terms of medicine, the fruit is said to have properties that help with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, antidiarrheal, antiallergic, antiarthritic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, antipyretic, antiplaque, radioprotective, neuropsychopharmacological, and antiulcer, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, antiarthritic, antioxidant, and various metabolic problems. This review examines the various dietary applications as well as the nutritional, phytochemical, and medicinal possibilities.