Bioaccumulation Of Lead Research Articles

Bioaccumulation of lead in different organs of Ctenopharyngodon Idella (grass fish) and Tor putitora (Mahseer) fish.

Bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals in the human body can give rise to adverse health effects, the severity of which depends upon their dosage and duration of exposure. In this study, yearlings of two different species of edible fish, i.e., Tor putitora (Mahseer) and Ctenopharyngodon Idella (grass carp), were exposed to different concentrations of lead nitrate in a controlled environment of aquarium for three different lengths of duration (14, 28, and 60 days). The bioaccumulation of lead in different organs, including gills, skin, muscles, liver, intestine, and swim bladder of the fish, was assessed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Generally, the highest lead concentration was observed in the gills and lowest in the muscles for both species at each experimental dosage and duration. In 14-days exposure, the relative pattern of bioaccumulation in different organs was observed as gill > liver > skin > intestine > swim bladder > muscle for both fish species. Similarly, the pattern of bioaccumulation observed in 28-days exposure was as: gill > liver > intestine > skin > swim bladder > muscle in both species. Whereas, pattern in 60-days exposure was observed as gill > liver > intestine > swim bladder > muscle > skin. The data shows that grass carp had stored higher concentrations of lead than Mahseer, which may be attributed to the fact that they are omnivorous. Furthermore, the lowest bioaccumulation was recorded in the muscles until the 56th day of the exposure, after which the concentration steadily increased in the muscles. The observed pattern highlights the importance of exposure's duration to lead; chronic exposure could result in its bioaccumulation at toxic concentrations in the muscles, which is particularly of concern because the fish muscles are heavily consumed as food worldwide.

Nano-hydroxyapatite-assisted enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation enhances Pb-contaminated aqueous solution and loess remediation.

Intensive agricultural activities could cause lead (Pb) bioaccumulation, threatening human health. Although the enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) technology has been applied to tackle the aforesaid problem, the urease may denature or even lose its activity when subjected to a significant Pb2+ toxicity effect. To this end, the nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP)-assisted EICP was proposed to reduce the mobility of Pb2+. Results indicated that a below 30% immobilization efficiency at 60mMPb2+ was attained under EICP. nHAP adsorbed the majority of Pb2+, preventing Pb2+ attachment to urease. Further, hydroxylphosphohedyphane or hydroxylpyromorphite was formed at 60mMPb2+, followed by the formation of cerussite, allowing hydroxylphosphohedyphane or hydroxylpyromorphite to be wrapped by cerussite. By contrast, carbonate-bearing hydroxylpyromorphite of higher stability (Pb10(PO4)6CO3) was developed at 20mMPb2+ as CO3 2- substituted the hydroxyl group in hydroxylpyromorphite. Moreover, nHAP helped EICP to form nucleated minerals. As a result, the EICP-nHAP technology raised the immobilization efficiency at 60mMPb2+ up to 70%. The findings highlight the potential of applying the EICP-nHAP technology to Pb-containing water bodies remediation.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF LEAD CHLORIDE ON KIDNEY OF GAMBUSIA AFFINIS

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of lead chloride on physiological and histopathological studies in Gambusia affinis . A total of 500 fish were collected from the bank of the river east of Mosul city. The fish in the aquarium were divided into five groups (control, acute exposure(20,25mg/l) and chronic exposure(5,10mg/l)). The bioaccumulation of lead in acute and chronic periods of exposure showed a significant difference in values between control and treatment. The greatest level was seen in the kidney of fish treated with lead dichloride at 10 mg/l for 30 days. The level of antioxidant Glutathione has a significant decrease in different kidneys of fish treated with pbcl2 exposed to acute and chronic concentrations. The lowest decrease was seen in kidneys of fish treated with Pbcl2 at 10 mg/l for a month. At the same time, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) level was seen in all kidney treated with PbCl2. Histological study of the kidney showed varying degrees of pathological lesions. The glomeruli in the kidney shrank, and degeneration of Bowman's capsule. The Pb accumulation increases with increasing concentration and period of exposure. Both acute and chronic effects caused a change in the level of antioxidants and histopathological changes in kidney of the fish. Histopathological study may be a useful indicator for determining the extent of aquatic contamination. It could be concluded that the kidney changes caused by lead exposures in fish may serve as a biomarker for the contamination of sub-lethal levels of heavy metals and other anthropogenic contaminants.

Dietary manganese nano-particles improves gene regulation and biochemical attributes for mitigation of lead and ammonia toxicity in fish

In the present study, we explored the capability of manganese nanoparticles (Mn-NPs) to alleviate the toxicity induced by lead (Pb) and ammonia (NH3) toxicity in Oreochromis niloticus (GIFT strain). The experiment followed a completely randomized design, including a control group (Mn-NPs-0 mg kg−1 diet) and groups exposed to Pb and NH3 alongwith Mn-NPs at 2 and 3 mg kg−1. Cortisol levels were significantly elevated in Pb + NH3 group whereas reduced by Mn-NPs diets. Gene expressions of HSP 70, iNOS, CYP 450, and Cas 3a were notably upregulated by Pb + NH3 group and downregulated by Mn-NPs diets. The cellular metabolic enzymes were affected by Pb + NH3 exposure and mitigated by Mn-NPs diets. The liver and kidney exhibited reduced activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-s-transferase with Mn-NPs diets. Concurrently, immune-related genes such as total immunoglobulin (Ig) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) were upregulated in the Mn-NPs-fed groups. Growth performance indicators, including weight gain %, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and relative feed intake were adversely affected by Pb + NH3 stress but improvement with Mn-NPs diets. Genes associated with growth performance, such as growth hormone (GH), growth hormone regulatory (GHR1), and myostatin, exhibited enhancements in response to Mn-NPs diets. Digestive enzymes, including protease and amylase were also enhanced by Mn-NPs diets. Additionally, Mn-NPs diets led to a reduction in the bioaccumulation of lead. This study aims to investigate the role of Mn-NPs in mitigating the effects of lead and ammonia toxicity on fish by examining various biochemical and gene regulatory factors to enhance fish wellbeing.

Phytoremediation of Zinc and Lead from Polluted Soils Using Sunflower

Phytoremediation is a new, cost-effective remediation technique. Sunflower, a plant grown in Pb- and Zn-contaminated soils, underwent pot trials to examine its biomass and determine how well may remove the metals. According to the findings, the fresh and dry weights of the developing plants gradually reduced, as the amount of heavy metals in the soil increased. The fresh weights of the shoot and root were decreased by the application of 835 mg/kg soil of Pb and 598 mg/kg Zn. The maximum concentration of lead and zinc in the shoot (146.27and 277.83 mg/kg) and roots (589.77 and 287.97 mg/kg, respectively) was recorded in the plant cultivated in contaminated soil. The root growing on soil treated with 835 mg/kg had the maximum bioaccumulation of lead. The control soil had the longest plant shoot and root lengths, averaging 75.67 cm and 9.5 cm, respectively. Under a soil Pb concentration of 835 mg/kg, the shortest plants had shoots that measured 58.5 cm and roots that measured 6 cm. Similarly, when the soil was treated with 598 mg/kg soil zinc, the plant?s shoot and root decreased dramatically by 55.67 cm and 7 cm, respectively. As a result, the study shows that sunflower plants were better at absorbing lead and zinc, and we recommend using them to clean up soil that has been contaminated with these metals. . KEYWORDS :Sunflower, Heavy Metals, Lead, Phytoremediation, Zinc

Assessment of trace metal bioaccumulation in Mytilus galloprovincialis of the central Atlantic ocean after installation of treatment sewage facilities

Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) are vital to Morocco's artisanal fishermen both nutritionally and economically. This study probed the bioaccumulation of trace metals zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) in mussels from three sites north of Agadir: Anza, Aourir, and Imouran. Analyzed using atomic absorption techniques across different seasons, findings indicated variable metal concentrations, with Imouran notably presenting the highest, potentially due to influences from the new wastewater plants of Anza and Aourir. While lead was not detected, cadmium, albeit in lower concentrations, posed potential health concerns upon regular consumption. Individual Mean Bioaccumulation Index (IMBI) demonstrated fluctuations, majorly influenced by Zn, Cd, and Cu levels. These trends in IMBI between 2017 and 2018 for Aourir and Imouran hinted at similar environmental impacts or exposure levels. Despite site differences, Metal Pollution Index (MPI) values consistently pointing to analogous potential toxicity due to metal combinations. Intricate relationships between trace metals and their environmental parameters were evident, with multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) showcasing differing correlations between variables. These results highlight the nuanced interactions between trace metals and bioaccumulation indices, such as MPI and IMBI. In conclusion, the findings accentuate the imperative of regular coastal water quality checks and effective management strategies to curtail pollutant discharges.

"Comparative Study on Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) in Some Birds and Plant Species in Rapidly Degrading Mining Sites in Three Selected Local Government Areas of Nasarawa State, Central Nigeria"

"Comparative Study on Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) in Some Birds and Plant Species in Rapidly Degrading Mining Sites in Three Selected Local Government Areas of Nasarawa State, Central Nigeria"

Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Raw Cow's Milk in a Central Andean Area and Risks for the Peruvian Populations.

Milk and its derivatives are basic foods in Peru, especially for children. The Junín region, in the central Andes, is one of the leading dairy basins. However, the safety of milk is affected by mining-metallurgical activities, wastewater dumping, organic residues, and inappropriate use of organophosphate fertilizers in agriculture whose contaminants reach the food chain, putting human health at risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in milk produced on a representative farm in central Peru, which uses phosphorous agrochemicals and is adjacent to a small mineral concentrator and a municipal solid waste dump, and to evaluate the potential risk for the Peruvian population of 2-85 years considering three levels of daily intake by age, which constitutes the innovative contribution of the study. These three elements were quantified by flame atomic absorption spectrometry following standardized procedures. The mean contents of Pb (0.062 mg/kg), Cd (0.014 mg/kg), and As (0.030 mg/kg) in milk exceeded the maximum limits allowed by international standards. At all ages, the target quotient hazard followed a descending order of As > Pb > Cd, being > 1 in the case of As. The hazard index was >1 for children under 7, 9, and 11 years of age in the scenarios of low, medium, and high milk intake. The information is valid for formulating policies to prevent adverse health effects and develop standards and awareness programs, monitoring, and control of heavy metals in milk in Peru.

Protective role of selenium and selenium-nanoparticles against multiple stresses in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus.

Pollution and climate change pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems, with adverse impacts on aquatic animals, including fish. Climate change increases the toxicity of metal in aquatic ecosystems. To understand the severity of metal pollution and climate change, an experiment was conducted to delineate the mitigation potential of selenium (Se) and selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) against lead (Pb) and high temperature stress in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus.For the experiment, five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were prepared, varying in selenium supplementation as Se at 0, 1, and 2 mg kg-1 diet, and Se-NPs at 1 and 2 mg kg-1 diet. The fish in stressor groups were exposed to Pb (1/20th of LC50 concentration, 4 ppm) and high temperature (34 °C) throughout the experiment. The results demonstrated that dietary supplementation of Se at 1 and 2 mg kg-1 diet, as well as Se-NPs at 1 mg kg-1 diet, significantly reduced (p< 0.01) the levels of lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in both liver and muscle tissues. Additionally, the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in both gill and liver tissues were significantly decreased (p< 0.01) with the inclusion of Se and Se-NPs in the diets. Furthermore, the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in gill and liver tissues, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase in liver and muscle tissues, and acid phosphatase in liver tissue were remarkably reduced (p< 0.01) due to the supplementation of Se and Se-NPs. Moreover, dietary supplementation of Se and Se-NPs significantly enhanced (p< 0.01) the activity of pyruvate kinase, glucokinase, hexokinase, alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, protease, amylase, lipase, and RNA/DNA ratio in the fish. Histopathological examination of gill and liver tissues also indicated that Se and Se-NPs protected against structural damage caused by lead and high-temperature stress. Moreover, the study examined the bioaccumulation of selenium and lead in muscle, water, and diets. The aim of the study revealed that Se and Se-NPs effectively protected the fish from lead toxicity and high-temperature stress, while also improving the function of cellular metabolic enzymes in P. hypophthalmus.

Non-Uniform Bioaccumulation of Lead and Arsenic in Two Remote Regions of the Human Heart's Left Ventricle: A Post-Mortem Study.

The extent of heavy-metal-induced cardiotoxicity is proportional to the levels of metal bioaccumulation, and it was previously assumed that heavy metals accumulate uniformly in the myocardium. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate concentrations of metals and metalloids in two distant regions of the left ventricle (LV), the base of the LV, and apex of the LV using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We also examined the potential correlation between metal levels and the thickness of the interventricular septum in twenty LV specimens (ten from the base of LV and ten from the apex of LV) from 10 individuals (mean age 75 ± 6 years). We found significantly higher concentrations of arsenic and lead in the LV apex compared to the base of the LV. We also found a positive correlation between the concentrations of arsenic in the myocardium of LV and the thickness of the interventricular septum. Our results indicate that arsenic and lead accumulate to a higher extent in the apex of the LV compared to the base of the LV. Therefore, future studies designed to measure levels of metals in heart muscle should consider non-uniform accumulation of metals in the myocardium.

Alleviating Effect of a Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanogel against Waterborne-Lead-Induced Physiological Disturbances, Histopathological Changes, and Lead Bioaccumulation in African Catfish.

Heavy metal toxicity is an important issue owing to its harmful influence on fish. Hence, this study is a pioneer attempt to verify the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a magnetite (Fe3O4) nanogel (MNG) in mitigating waterborne lead (Pb) toxicity in African catfish. Fish (n = 160) were assigned into four groups for 45 days. The first (control) and second (MNG) groups were exposed to 0 and 1.2 mg L-1 of MNG in water. The third (Pb) and fourth (MNG + Pb) groups were exposed to 0 and 1.2 mg L-1 of MNG in water and 69.30 mg L-1 of Pb. In vitro, the MNG caused a dramatic drop in the Pb level within 120 h. The Pb-exposed group showed the lowest survival (57.5%) among the groups, with substantial elevations in hepato-renal function and lipid peroxide (MDA). Moreover, Pb exposure caused a remarkable decline in the protein-immune parameters and hepatic antioxidants, along with higher Pb residual deposition in muscles and obvious histopathological changes in the liver and kidney. Interestingly, adding aqueous MNG to Pb-exposed fish relieved these alterations and increased survivability. Thus, MNG is a novel antitoxic agent against Pb toxicity to maintain the health of C. gariepinus.

Study of Lead Bioaccumulation in Fish Specimen (Mystus gulio HAM.-BUCH.) of Hooghly River Downstream as per Seasons

Study of Lead Bioaccumulation in Fish Specimen (Mystus gulio HAM.-BUCH.) of Hooghly River Downstream as per Seasons

Trophic Transfer, Bioaccumulation, and Detoxification of Lead and Zinc via Sewage Sludge Applied Soil-Barley-Aphid-Ladybird Food Chain

Trophic Transfer, Bioaccumulation, and Detoxification of Lead and Zinc via Sewage Sludge Applied Soil-Barley-Aphid-Ladybird Food Chain

Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, and Mercury in Blue Crabs Found in Creeks in Bayelsa State of Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, and Mercury in Blue Crabs Found in Creeks in Bayelsa State of Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

Diversity of epiphytic bryophytes in Medan City Parks, North Sumatra, Indonesia and its potential as lead (Pb) bio-accumulators

Abstract. Siregar ES, Pasaribu N, Lubis AF. 2023. Diversity of epiphytic bryophytes in Medan City Parks, North Sumatra, Indonesia and its potential as lead (Pb) bio-accumulators. Biodiversitas 24: 3214-3221. The information on the diversity of epiphytic bryophytes in the metropolitan area, particularly Medan City, North Sumatra, Indonesia has been limited. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct an inventory of the diversity of epiphytic bryophytes in Medan City parks as well as to assess their potential as lead (Pb) bioaccumulators. Three sampling sites, namely Ahmad Yani Park, Beringin Park, and Medan Zoo, were selected based on their pollution levels from high to low, respectively. Five plots with dimensions of 25×25 m were placed at each site and five representative host trees were selected in each plot. Lead (Pb) bioaccumulation of bryophyte samples is determined using the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method at the Plant Research Center Laboratory, Medan. The Pb-bioaccumulation capacity of each species from different sites was compared through two-way ANOVA. The results showed eight species, namely four liverworts (Marchantiophyta): Cololejeunea lanciloba Steph., Lejeunea cocoes Mitt., Lopholejeunea eulopha (Taylor) Schiffn., and Lopholejeunea subfusca (Nees) Schiffn., as well as 4 Mosses (Bryophyta): Calymperes tenerum C.Müller, Meiothecium microcarpum Mitten, Octoblepharum albidum Hedwig and Vesicularia dubyana Brotherus. Vesicularia dubyana was the dominant species at Beringin Park and Medan Zoo, while C. tenerum was dominant at Ahmad Yani Park. The biodiversity of epiphytic bryophytes in this study was categorized as moderate level (1?H’?3). The highest Important Values Index (IVI) of epiphytic bryophytes in this study was obtained for V. dubyana at 131.80. The highest Pb bioaccumulation was observed in O. albidum at 87.5 mg/kg, followed by V. dubyana at 66.6 mg/kg. This study provided information on the ecological contribution of epiphytic bryophytes as Pb bioaccumulators in urban areas. Vesicularia dubyana and O. albidum can be recommended as biomonitoring agents in the future.

Bioaccumulation of Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in a Mining Area and Its Associated Health Effects.

Soil contamination is associated with a high potential for health issues. This study aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and its associated health impact among residents near a mining area. We performed environmental monitoring by analyzing lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) levels in soil and rice samples, as well as biomonitoring by analyzing blood and urine samples from 58 residents living near the mine. Additionally, concentration trends were investigated among 26 participants in a 2013 study. The Cd and As levels in the soil samples and Cd levels in the rice samples exceeded the criteria for concern. The geometric mean blood Cd level (2.12 μg/L) was two times higher than that in the general population aged > 40 years. The blood Cd level showed decreasing trends from the previous measurements of 4.56-2.25 μg/L, but was still higher than that in the general population. The blood and urine Cd levels were higher in those with a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) than in those with normal eGFR. In conclusion, heavy metals from mining areas can accumulate in soil and rice, adversely impacting human health. Continuous environmental monitoring and biomonitoring are required to ensure the safety of residents.

Soluble dietary fiber from Prunus persica dregs alleviates gut microbiota dysfunction through lead excretion.

Lead (Pb) can pollute the environment and food through air, water and other means, resulting in human exposure to lead pollution, and there is no threshold level of lead toxicity, even small doses of lead will have a range of harmful effects in humans. This study demonstrates for the first time that dietary addition of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) from Prunus persica dregs reduces lead bioaccumulation in mice, and eliminates lead through feces. Compared with lead-exposed mice, SDF supplementation effectively prevented lead-induced changes in colon tissue, and increased expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin). We analyzed the effects of SDF on gut microbiota and metabolites by a combination of 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. The results showed that SDF altered lead-induced perturbations in the layout and structure of the gut microbiota, including increased Desulfovibrio and Alistipes abundance and decreased Bacteroidetes abundance. Meanwhile, we also provide evidence that SDF supplementation alters the levels of amino acids, bile acids, and lipids in the gut, and that these metabolites are closely associated with microbiota with good lead binding capacity. Therefore, we speculate that SDF has the potential to provide a protective effect against intestinal damage by promoting lead excretion.

Spinal ossification in mouse embryo is severely compromised by the lead acetate treatment

Background: Bone growth is the vital process that continues throughout the life of living beings. Several pollutants may cause poorer ossification and bone formation. Vertebral ossification is directly correlated to growth, strength and spinal stability therefore the determination of ossification pattern in vertebral column is important to evaluate the bone formation. Bio-accumulation of lead in the body has been known to cause the adverse effects on the bone development through the disruption of mineralization. Methods: The present study was designed to evaluate the impact of lead exposure on the embryonic ossification in mice during development. For this study 28 pregnant female mice were selected and treated with the lead (as lead acetate 0.5 ppm) for 14 and 21 days periods. At the end of the treatment periods pregnant mice were sacrificed and embryos were excised and processed for further analysis. Results: Present study revealed damaged and ruptured spinal ossification center with premature chondrocytes present in lyzed condition in lead treated group compared to control. Conclusions: It is concluded that lead exposure induced bone toxicity that has deteriorated the spinal ossification in the growing mice.

Bioaccumulation of Copper, Lead and Zinc in Festuca Rubra of Grassy Ecosystems (in Poland)

The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) concentrations in Festuca rubra of three groups of grassy ecosystems with different anthropopressive risk (A ecosystem - urban soils, B ecosystem - rural soils, C ecosystem - roadside soils). The strongest pollution was recorded for grass of A and C ecosystems. They were caused mainly by the presence of Pb which their concentrations significantly exceeded critical values for plants confirming unequivocally the inflow of metals from anthropogenic sources typical for areas with a high degree of industrialization and sources related to the automotive industry in A and C ecosystems. The concentrations of this metals fluctuated at the level of natural concentrations in plant B ecosystem indicating the lowest bioaccumulation. The average values of Cu, Pb and Zn the above-ground part of in the grass changed in the following order:

Bioaccumulation of lead and Chrome in Celery plant (Apium graveolens L.)

Celery is one of the most important table plants in the world, this plant tends to collect many minerals from the surrounding environment, and one of these minerals is lead and chrome, which they considered toxic metals if they accumulate in this plant and accordingly three different areas were chosen for the cultivation of this plant. It was divided into areas contaminated with lead and chromium, which were close to the cement factory street and Bahr al-Najaf area polluted with sewage water and its air polluted by the smoke of bricks. The celery leaves and the soil planted in this sites were collected in December of the year 2020, for three replicates from each region, they were digested and the concentration of lead and chromium were detected. The results showed that the concentration of studied elements in the soil and plants of Bahr Al-Najaf &lt; Al Ma’mal Street &lt; Al Bu Hadari, and this difference was significant (&lt; 0.05). Also, the results showed that the biological concentration of these elements were large in Bahr Al-Najaf area compared to Al-Ma'mal Street and Al-Bu Hadari area. Accordingly, the study recommends not to plant crops in polluted areas and the necessity of chalking the concentration of these elements of the soil and the surrounding environments of the plants before starting cultivation.