Bioaccumulation Coefficient Research Articles

Bioaccumulation in Miscanthus sacchariflorus grown on cadmium-contaminated sediments: a comparative study between submerged and non-submerged environments

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in aquatic plants is significantly affected by hydrological regime and therefore the accumulation and translocation of cadmium in five organs—panicle, leaf, stem, root, and bud—of an emergent plant (Miscanthus sacchariflorus) were compared between the submerged environment and non-submerged environment. In the submerged condition, the cadmium concentration was higher in the panicle and leaf than in the stem, root, and bud. Cadmium concentration in the root exhibited a positive regression with cadmium concentration in the sediment. However, cadmium concentration in the panicle, leaf, stem, and bud exhibited no significant regression with cadmium concentration in the sediment. In the non-submerged environment, the cadmium concentration was higher in the below-ground organs than in the aboveground organs. The mean bioaccumulation coefficient in the 24 investigated plots in the submerged environment was higher than that in the 20 and 40 mg kg−1 cadmium treatments in the non-submerged environment. The mean translocation factor in the submerged environment was nine times higher than that in non-submerged environment. These results indicate that submergence enhanced cadmium bioaccumulation in the aboveground organs and that this plant can be used to remove heavy metals from polluted rivers and lakes.

Evaluation of chromium phyto-toxicity, phyto-tolerance, and phyto-accumulation using biofuel plants for effective phytoremediation

Contamination of chromium signifies one of the major threats to soil system. Phytoremediation is a promising technique to reclaim metal-contaminated soil using plants which are capable to tolerate and accumulate heavy metals within in their tissues. The experiment reported in this article was carried out with six biofuel plant species, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Avena sativa, Abelmoschus esculentus, Sesamum indicum and Guizotia abyssinica, were subjected to eight Cr concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg kg−1 soil) to investigate Cr toxicity, tolerance and accumulation. After 12 weeks of experiment, Cr phytotoxicity on morphological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. For six plant species, seed germination and most of growth parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced under high Cr stress. Chlorophyll contents were also decreased with increased Cr concentrations. Accumulation of Cr was higher in roots than shoot in all studied plants. Significant Cr accumulation was in the order of C. tetragonoloba > A. sativa > A. esculentus > S. indicum > G. max > G. abyssinica. Bioconcentration factor, bioaccumulation coefficient, translocation factor and phytoremdiation ratio suggested that C. tetragonoloba, A. sativa and A. esculentus being more tolerant; having higher Cr accumulation and could be a high efficient plants for reclamation of Cr-contaminated soils.

Lead phytoremediation potential of sixty-one plant species: An open field survey

Abstract Lead poisoning has been documented as a key public health threat, mostly in developing countries. Though several public health and occupational methods have been undertaken in order to control lead exposure, cases of lead poisoning are still reported. Exposure to lead produces various deleterious effects on the hematopoietic, renal, and reproductive and central nervous system, mainly through increased oxidative stress. These alterations play a prominent role in disease manifestations. In the current paper the concentration of lead was analysed in the soil of different sites and plant parts (roots and shoots) in their natural habitat. The concentration of lead in the soil and plant parts; roots and shoots was found in the range of 1- 32.3, 22-533.33 and 13.67-432 mg/Kg respectively. Bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF) and bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) of all the analysed plants were calculated. The feasibility of each plant species for the phytoremediation of lead metal was evaluated on the basis of BCF, TF and BAC. The BCFs, TFs and BACs values of the plants for lead metal was found in the range of 1.86-193.33, 0.05-8.3 and 1.79-219 respectively. Most of the plant species showed feasibility for the phytoremediation of lead metal but based on its concentration in shoots and BCFs, TFs and BACs values, Erigeron canadensis L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Medicago minima (L.) L., Delphinium uncinatum Hook.f. & Thomson and Verbena officinalis L. were found the most efficient plants for the phytoextraction of lead while based on its concentration in roots and BCFs, TFs and BACs values, Nonea edgeworthii A. DC., Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., Sarcococca saligna (D. Don) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr., Marrubium vulgare L. and Ranunculus arvensis L. for the phytostabilization of lead metal. Keywords: Lead; Phytoremediation; Phytoextraction; Phytostabilization http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700200

Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in the Organisms of Benthic Communities in the Reducing Environments of the Sea of Okhotsk

A comparative study of the bioaccumulation of trace elements in benthic organisms inhabiting the area of methane seeps in the Deryugin Basin and nearby the Paramushir Island (Sea of Okhotsk) has been performed. The data pertain to both essential elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, and Cu), which are necessary in certain concentrations for the metabolism of organisms, and nonessential heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg), as well as As, a toxic metalloid. Dominating representatives of the bottom fauna from the Deryugin Basin (sea anemones, clams) were characterized by high bioaccumulation coefficients of most of the elements (&amp;ge; n103), regardless of their biochemical properties. The use of the coefficient K, which characterizes the accumulation of trace elements in the soft tissues of bivalves relative to their shells, allowed us to detect differences in the bioaccumulation character. Symbiotrophic bivalves of the family Vesicomyidae from the Deryugin Basin were characterized by the accumulation of all of the trace elements mostly in soft tissues (gills, primarily) compared to the carbonate shells (coefficient K &amp;gt; 1). We suppose that different effect of abiotic (biological availability of elements and water turbidity) and biotic (throphic strategy) factors of the habitats may probably be a reason of such phenomenon.

Cd and Pb accumulation characteristics of phytostabilizer Athyrium wardii (Hook.) grown in soils contaminated with Cd and Pb.

Interactions between heavy metals in soil could affect soil heavy metal availability and plant uptake. Thus, in this study, Cd and Pb accumulation as well as plant growth of the mining ecotype (ME) and non-mining ecotype (NME) of Athyrium wardii (Hook.) in response to the exposure of Cd and Pb was investigated by a pot experiment. Although the exposure of Cd in combination with Pb further inhibited the growth of the two ecotypes in comparison with the exposure of single Cd or Pb, the ME presented lower biomass decline for the whole plant (22.0%-70.0%) than the NME among most treatments. The presence of Pb promoted Cd accumulation both in above-ground and under-ground parts of the ME. Cd concentrations in under-ground parts of the ME decreased when exposed to higher concentrations of Pb (> 600mgkg-1). Meanwhile, the presence of Cd inhibited Pb accumulation in above-ground parts of the ME and promoted Pb accumulation in under-ground parts of the ME. Pb concentrations in under-ground parts of the ME decreased when soil Cd concentrations were more than 25mgkg-1. The partial correlation analysis further demonstrated that the interactions between Cd and Pb stimulated Cd accumulation both in above-ground and under-ground parts of the ME and Pb accumulation in under-ground parts of the ME, while inhibited Pb accumulation in above-ground parts of the ME, showing great benefit for Pb phytostabilization by the ME. Among treatments, the bioaccumulation coefficients for Cd and Pb of the ME, varying from 2.71-31.05 and 20.09-78.06, were much higher than those of the NME. The translocation factors for Cd and Pb of the ME, varying from 0.26-0.52 and 0.01-0.10, were lower than those of the NME. These results indicate that the ME presented greater potential for the phytostabilization of soil contamination with Cd and Pb, especially for Pb.

Screening ornamental plants to identify potential Cd hyperaccumulators for bioremediation

To identify possible cadmium (Cd) accumulators or hyperaccumulators among ornamental plants, a pot experiment involving increasing Cd concentration (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, and 100 mg kg−1) was conducted among seven species. The principal objective was to screen for ornamental plants with an exceptional ability to accumulate and translocate Cd ions as well as sufficient biomass for harvesting. Regarding shoot biomass, root biomass, plant height and tolerance index (TI), Malva rotundifolia showed high tolerance to Cd and Malva crispa, Sida rhombifolia, Celosia argentea and Celosia cristata medium tolerance; Althaea rosea and Abutilon theophrasti were more sensitive to Cd than the other plants. A hormetic response was induced by Cd in M. crispa, C. argentea, C. cristata and M. rotundifolia. Based on its capacity for Cd accumulation, bioaccumulation coefficients (BCFs) and translocation factors (TFs), M. rotundifolia was selected from candidate plants after 60 days of exposure to Cd-contaminated soil and found to have accumulated more than 200 mg kg−1 Cd in its roots and 900 mg kg−1 in its shoots. Moreover, M. rotundifolia BCFs and TFs were higher than 1.0, with the former ranging from 1.41 to 3.31 and the latter from 1.03 to 7.37. Taken together, these results indicate that M. rotundifolia can be classified as a model hyperaccumulator.

Bioaccumulation of Trace Elements in Organisms of Benthic Biocenoses in Oceanic Oxidized and Reduced Environments: Similarities and Differences

The paper presents data on a comparative study of the bioaccumulation of trace elements in benthic organisms at the shelf in the Yenisei estuary in the Kara Sea and an area of methane seeps in the Deryugin Basin in the Sea of Okhotsk. The data pertain to both essential elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, and Cu), which are necessary, in certain concentrations, for the metabolism of organisms, and nonessential heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg), as well as As, a toxic metalloid, whose concentrations are subject to standards issued by the World Health Organization for various environments and seafoods. Our data showed that dominated representatives of the bottom-living fauna from the estuary of the Yenisei River (isopoda Saduria spp. and bivalve Portlandia spp.) and from the Deryugin Basin (actinia Actiniaria and clam Vesicomyidae family) were characterized by high bioaccumulation coefficients of most of the elements (≥n × 103), regardless of their biochemical properties. The use of the coefficient K, which characterizes the accumulation of trace elements in the soft tissues of bivalves relative to their shells, allowed us to detect differences in the character of bioaccumulation. In the mussels (both filter-feeding and suspension-feeders) from the Yenisei estuary, K < 1 for most of the elements (Mn, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, and As), and this suggests that these elements were preferably accumulated in the carbonate shells. Conversely, symbiotrophic Vesicomyidae clams from the Deryugin Basin were characterized by the preferable accumulation of all of the trace elements in gills and soft tissues (the coefficient K ≫ 1). The likely reasons for this are thought to be different effect of abiotic (biological availability of elements and water turbidity) and biotic (throphic strategies) factors of the habitats.

Bioaccumulative activity of Ludwigia peploides on heavy metals-contaminated water

Abstract Heavy metal pollution of soil and water has become a serious environmental problem in recent decades. This study was carried out to investigate the Ludwigia peploides bioremediation activity against heavy metals-contaminated water. The plant Ludwigia peploides was collected from Asa River, in Ilorin Kwara State, alongside with the water sample. The pond water collected was distributed into six (6) different 5-litre buckets (Grouped A–F) in which the plant was cultivated for experimentation within a period of 28 days in the laboratory. Group A served as the control which contained only the natural environment of the plant, Groups B, C and C contained added 5.0 mg/litre Cu, Pb and Cr respectively in the form of CuSO4, PbNO3 and K2Cr2O7 respectively. Group E contained 0.5 mg/litre added Cd in the form of CdNO3 while Group F contained 500 mg/litre added Zn in the form of ZnSO4. The Percentage removal efficiency, Translocation factor, Bioconcentration factor and Bioaccumulation coefficient of the plant leaves and roots were evaluated. Also, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase; MDA, chlorophyll and proximate composition of the leaves were evaluated. There was significant increase ( p 0 . 05 ) in the chlorophyll-a content of all the test samples when compared with the control. There was also significant increase in the MDA concentration in the plant leaves and in the catalase specific activity of the plant cultivated with chromium, lead and cadmium. There was significant reduction ( p 0 . 05 ) in SOD activity of the plant cultivated with chromium and zinc at the early stage of cultivation. The translocation factor (TF) of the plant ranges between 0.10–2.11 while the bioaccumulative coefficient (BAC) ranges between 0.10 and 2.68. We therefore conclude that the roots of Ludwigia peploides have ability to remove copper from contaminated water effectively, and to a moderate extent chromium, lead and cadmium. Also, the leaves of the plant absorb high percentage of chromium from the contaminated environment. This study evidenced that Ludwigia peploides may serve as an effective bioremediation agent for correcting contaminated water.

Screening of seaweeds in the East China Sea as potential bio-monitors of heavy metals.

Seaweeds are good bio-monitors of heavy metal pollution and have been included in European coastal monitoring programs. However, data for seaweed species in China are scarce or missing. In this study, we explored the potential of seaweeds as bio-monitor by screening the natural occurring seaweeds in the "Kingdom of seaweed and shellfish" at Dongtou Islands, the East China Sea. Totally, 12 seaweed species were collected from six sites, with richness following the sequence of Rhodophyta > Phaeophyta > Chlorophyta. The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, As) in the seaweeds was determined, and the bioaccumulation coefficient was calculated. A combination of four seaweeds, Pachydictyon coriaceum, Gelidium divaricatum, Sargassum thunbergii, and Pterocladiella capillacea, were proposed as bio-monitors due to their high bioaccumulation capabilities of specific heavy metals in the East China Sea and hence hinted the importance of using seaweed community for monitoring of pollution rather than single species. Our results provide first-hand data for the selection of bio-monitor species for heavy metals in the East China Sea and contribute to selection of cosmopolitan bio-monitor communities over geographical large area, which will benefit the establishment of monitoring programs for coastal heavy metal contamination.

Bioaccumulation of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and lead in plants grown on coal mine soil

ABSTRACTMercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are the major toxic metals released by coal mining activities in the surrounding environment. These metals get accumulated in the soils. The plants grown on the contaminated soil uptake these toxic metals in their roots and aerial parts. This study monitored the bioaccumulation of Hg and other three toxic metals in coal mine soil. The pot study of Hg accumulation in Brassica juncea showed that the extent of Hg uptake by roots and shoots of the plants grown on was high in the mature plant and Hg content in root was higher than the shoot. In the soil of unreclaimed overburden (OB) dump, the toxic metal content was higher than that of reclaimed OB dump which posed high ecological risk in the soil of unreclaimed OB dump. Bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) value showed that Hg was not accumulated in the leaves of Dalbergia sissoo L., Gmelina arborea, Peltaphorum inerme L., Cassia seamea L, and Acacia mangium L grown on coal mine soil.

Profiling of plants at petroleum contaminated site for phytoremediation

ABSTRACTThe paucity of information in the literature on the characteristics of plants that could be used for phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC)-contaminated sites was the principal reason for this study. The aim of the study was to identify indigenous plants growing in PHC-impacted soil in Umuahia in eastern-Nigeria that have the ability to phytoremediate soils contaminated with hydrocarbons under tropical monsoon climate conditions. A total of 28 native plant species from different families growing in and around hydrocarbon-impacted soil in the vicinity of vandalized pipelines carrying petroleum products were collected and studied for their ability to grow in a hydrocarbon-impacted soil and remove the PHC from the impacted soil. Some of the plants demonstrated the ability to grow in soil with high levels of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), which shows that they may be tolerant to hydrocarbons in soil and could potentially phytoremediate a hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. Chromolaena odorata, Aspilia africana, Chloris barbata, Pasparlum vaginatum, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Eragrostis atrovirens, Cyperus rotundus, and Uvaria chamae showed tendencies to phytoremediate contaminated soil. By using bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) as a measure of phytoremediation, results showed that C. odorata, A. africana, and U. chamae demonstrated the highest potentials to phytodegrade hydrocarbons in soil.

Effect of two biodegradable chelates on metals uptake, translocation and biochemical changes of Lantana Camara growing in fly ash amended soil

ABSTRACTThe present work had two purposes firstly to evaluate the potential of Lantana Camara for phytoextraction of heavy metals from fly ash amended soil and to assess the suitability of a proper biodegradable chelating agent for chelate assisted phytoextraction. Plants were grown in manure mixed soil amended with various concentration of fly ash. Two biodegradable chelating agents were added (EDDS and MGDA) in the same dose separately before maturation stage. Sampling was done at different growing stages. The plant took up metal in different plant parts in the following order: for Cu, and Zn leaf >root >stem, for Cr and Mn leaf>stem >root, for Ni root >leaf>stem and for Pb root≈leaf>stem respectively. For Cu, Zn, Cr and Mn Lantana camara acted as phytoextractor. Translocation factor and bioaccumulation coefficient was>1 signifying enrichment and translocation of metals in the plant. Morphological studies showed no toxicity symptom in the plant. Among biochemical parameters protein and nitrate reductase activity decreased, whereas, chlorophyll and peroxidise activity increased with the growth stages. Finally, it was evident from the results that Lantana Camara can be used as efficient phytoextractor of metals, with proper harvesting cycle and both chelate were proved as effective chelators for phytoextraction of metals.

Potential for Phytoextraction of Cu by Sesamum indicum L. and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.: A Green Solution to Decontaminate Soil

Phytoextraction is a plant based-technique for removing toxic heavy metals from polluted soil. The experiment reported in this paper was undertaken to study the basic Cu phytoextraction potential of Sesamum indicum in comparison with Cyamopsis tetragonoloba for remediation of Cu contaminated soil in the framework of a pot-experiment. Plants were subjected to seven Cu concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mg kg−1 soil) for 12 weeks. The morphological (i.e. growth) and biochemical (i.e. chlorophyll) parameters of both the plant species were observed throughout the experimental period; the phytoextraction efficiency of S. indicum and C. tetragonoloba were also determined. Most growth parameters were reduced under high Cu stress. Our results shows that at low concentration (25 mg Cu kg−1) all the growth and biochemical parameters were increased but at elevated Cu concentrations, root length, shoot length, and biomass (fresh and dry) were all significantly decreased (p 1, bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) > 1 and translocation factor (TF) > 1 established C. tetragonoloba as a potential candidate plant for the decontamination of slightly Cu-polluted soil where the growth of plants would not be impaired and the extraction of Cu could be maintained at satisfying levels. Therefore, the present study suggested that C. tetragonoloba could possibly be used as a viable tool for phytoextraction.

Effect of water cadmium concentration and water level on the growth performance of Salix triandroides cuttings.

The growth performance of Salix triandroides cuttings at three water cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 20, and 40mgL-1) and three water levels (- 40cm, water level 40cm below the soil surface; 0cm, water level even with the soil surface; and 40cm, water level 40cm above soil surface) was investigated to evaluate its potential in phytoextraction strategies. Compared to cuttings in the - 40 or 0cm water levels, cuttings in the 40cm water level showed significantly lower biomass, height, and adventitious root length and significantly fewer leaves and adventitious roots. However, these growth and morphological parameters were not different among the three water Cd concentrations. Water level decreased stomatal conduction and transpiration rate but showed no significant effects on chlorophyll concentration or photosynthetic rate. Chlorophyll concentration and stomatal conductance were higher at 40mgL-1 Cd treatment than at 0 or 20mgL-1 Cd treatment; yet, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were not different. Cd concentration in the leaves and stems increased as the water level increased, but the highest Cd concentration in the roots occurred in the 0cm water level. As water Cd concentration increased, Cd concentration in the leaves, stems, and roots increased in all three water levels, except in stems in the - 40cm water level. Under Cd stress, cuttings in the - 40 or 0cm water levels were characterized by a higher bioaccumulation coefficient, but a lower translocation factor, than those in the 40cm water level. However, the bioaccumulation coefficient increased with increasing water Cd concentration in all three water levels, as did the translocation factor in the 40cm water level. The tolerance index for the cuttings was the same among all water levels and water Cd concentrations. The results clearly indicated that the low water level increased plant growth and Cd accumulation in underground parts, while the high water level decreased plant growth but increased Cd accumulation in aboveground parts.

Comparative study of Zn-phytoextraction potential in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): tolerance and accumulation

Phytoextraction is a plant-based technique for removing heavy metals from polluted soil. The experiment reported in this paper was undertaken to study the Zn phytoextraction potential of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba in comparison with Sesamum indicum in the framework of a pot experiment. Plants were subjected to six Zn concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 mg kg−1 soil) for 90 days to investigate Zn tolerance and accumulation. Results demonstrated that, at higher Zn levels, root, shoot lengths, biomass and chlorophyll content were all significantly reduced (p < 0.05). A steady increase in Zn accumulation with increasing concentration in soil was observed for all treatments. Both plant species had relatively high Zn tolerance and accumulation capacity, with C. tetragonoloba being more tolerant and having higher Zn accumulation than S. indicum. At 400 mg Zn kg kg−1, accumulation of Zn in C. tetragonoloba was highest in the root (439.33 mg kg−1) followed by stem (436.00 mg kg−1), leaf (40.67 mg kg−1) and pod (11.33 mg kg−1). Considering the rapid growth, high biomass, tolerance, accumulation efficiency, bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) and translocation factor (TF) (all greater than 1) established C. tetragonoloba as a potential candidate plant for Zn phytoextraction.

Accumulation and distribution of lead (Pb) in plant tissues of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): profitable phytoremediation with biofuel crops

Contamination of lead indicates one of the major threats to soil system. Phytoremediation technique utilized plants which are able to tolerate and accumulate metals within in their tissues. It has recently been suggested that biofuel plants are more suitable for both utilization and remediation of metal contaminated soil. This study reported Pb phytoremediation potential of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. in comparison with Sesamum indicum L. in the framework of a pot-experiment. Plants were subjected to seven Pb concentrations (0, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg kg-1 soil) for 12 weeks. Our results demonstrated that both C. tetragonoloba and S. indicum were able to tolerate Pb concentrations up to 1000 mg kg-1 which confirms the plant ability to grow well in higher Pb levels. Significant metal accumulation was observed in root along with reduced biomass for both plants species. Furthermore, both plant species could possibly be used for phytostabilization, with success in marginally polluted soils where their growth would not be impaired and decontamination of Pb could be maintained at satisfying levels. However, bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation coefficient (BAC) and translocation factor (TF) values proposed that C. tetragonoloba was more efficient for phytoremediation than S. indicum at higher Pb levels.

BIOACCUMULATOR CHARACTERISTICS FOR Pb-Zn OF PRUNUS ARMENIACA L. PLANT (YEŞİLYURT-GÖRGÜ), TURKEY

Biogeochemical studies have been carried out on Prunus armeniaca L. plant grown in and around Pb-Zn deposits in Gorgu village and on the soil samples grown on this plant. Chemical analyzes of plant and soil samples taken in the study area were carried out in the ACME analytical laboratory in Canada by ICP-MS method. The average Pb concentration of branch, leaf, fruit and soil of Prunus Armeniaca L. (P. Armeniaca) plant was (mg/kg), respectively; 15.1, 13.7, 3.5 and 1495.5, and Zn concentration, respectively (mg/kg); 29, 44.3, 36.4 and 1831.7. The average BAC ( Bioaccumulation Coefficient) values calculated for the Pb element of the P. Armeniaca plant were BAC (branch/soil):0.01, BAC (leaf/soil):0.01 and BAC (fruit/soil):0.004 and the average BAC values calculated for the Zn element, BAC (branch/soil):0.04, BAC (leaf/soil):0.05 and BAC (fruit/soil):0.07. For this reason, this plant is a medium accumulator plant in the locations determined for Cu, Mo and Zn elements.

Agroecological Grounding of Organic Waste Management in the Production of Humates

Purpose. Study of agroecological substantiation of the possibility to use organic waste in the production of humates as fertilizers of the main application for vegetable crops. Methods. Field, chemical, atomic absorption spectrometry. Results. The calculation of the total indicator of pollution showed that the soil of the fertilized experimental site belongs to the slightly contaminated soils. According to the soil-agrochemical criteria, namely, the content of organic matter, mobile phosphorus and potassium, the reaction of soil solution, soil on the control and, optionally, with the introduction of organic waste, is suitable for organic farming. The evaluation of the suitability of the soil for the content of heavy metals revealed that the content of zinc, copper, lead, cobalt, manganese, nickel revealed that it is suitable for the organic farming. Zinc (0.31 mg / kg) and manganese (4.98 mg / kg) content are conventionally suitable. Analysis of the content of trace elements in organic waste showed that it contains manganese, copper, zinc in quantities, corresponding to the lower boundary of the value interval, inherent in untreated manure. Thus, the amount of manganese in manure is 75 - 549, in the studied sample - 60 mg / kg, copper - 7,6-40,8, zinc 0,84-4,18, in the sample - 5,88, 44,95 mg / kg respectively. That is, in terms of its microelement status, corresponds to the composition of the manure. An assessment of the environmental quality of vegetable products grown when organic wastes produced by humates as fertilizers of the main input showed that no element exceeds the maximum permissible concentrations. The analysis of the bioaccumulation coefficients for vegetable products grown in the course of the introduction of organic waste showed that none of the vegetables accumulate in the economic part of the crop of heavy metals. Conclusions. Studies have shown high agroecological efficiency of the use of organic waste of humates production as the main fertilizer for the production of environmentally safe high quality vegetable products.

Rhizosphere characteristics of phytostabilizer Athyrium wardii (Hook.) involved in Cd and Pb accumulation

Soil contamination with Cd and Pb shows interactive effects on rhizosphere microenvironment and further uptake of Cd and Pb by plants. Thus, the rhizosphere characteristics of the mining ecotype (ME) and non-mining ecotype (NME) of Athyrium wardii in response to Cd and Pb was investigated through a pot experiment in this study. Compared with Cd or Pb alone, the contamination of Cd and Pb inhibited the growth of the two ecotypes of A. wardii, and ME presented lower decrease of 56.22% and 55.07% for above-ground part biomass than NME. The combination of Cd and Pb promoted Cd accumulation both in above-ground and under-ground parts of ME, as well as Pb accumulation in under-ground parts of ME, with the increase of 92.68%, 102.77% and 35.87%, respectively. As a result, increased bioaccumulation coefficients (BCF) for Cd and Pb and decreased translocation factors (TF) for Pb of ME were observed when exposed Cd and Pb. ME presented much greater BCF values for Cd and Pb, and much lower TF values for Cd and Pb than NME. The rhizosphere soil pH of ME with the exposure of Cd and Pb reduced by 0.12–0.13 units compared with single Cd or Pb. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in rhizosphere soils of ME exposed to Cd and Pb increased in comparison with single Cd or Pb, and ME showed greater increase (53.31–59.00%) than NME. These suggested that pH reduction and exudation of greater amounts of DOC may have contributed to the promotion of Cd and Pb accumulation in ME. In addition, the combination of Cd and Pb inhibited soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil respiration (SR) of A. wardii compared with Cd or Pb alone. However, greater MBC and SR, and lower metabolic quotients were found in rhizosphere soils of ME when exposed to Cd and Pb. ME showed better soil biophysical conditions in rhizosphere soils when exposed to Cd and Pb. These improvements presented great benefit for ME to phytostabilize soils co-contaminated with Cd and Pb.

Application of Mineral‐Based Amendments for Enhancing Phytostabilization in Lolium perenne L. Cultivation

An experimental investigation is conducted to explore the suitability of Lolium perenne L., diatomite, chalcedonite, dolomite, and limestone for the phytostabilization of Ni and Cu in contaminated soil. A controlled greenhouse study is conducted. The soil is enriched with rising dose of Cu and Ni, that is, (0, 150, 250, and 350 mg kg−1) and (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg kg−1), respectively. The phytostabilization potential of perennial ryegrass is evaluated using a bioaccumulation coefficient and translocation factor. Pseudo‐total and available metal content (0.01 M CaCl2) in soils and bioaccumulated content in plants are defined in laboratory experiments using spectrophotometry experimental technique. L. perenne is adequate in phytostabilization aided programs, simultaneously, diatomite, chalcedonite, dolomite, and limestone used as modifiers are effective in reducing the accessibility and mobility of metals in Cu‐ and Ni‐polluted soils. The finding of the present study suggests that the studied element in the roots and above‐ground parts of L. perenne differs significantly upon applying mineral‐based modifications to the soil, synchronously the effect of increasing Cu and Ni levels. Application of dolomite and limestone to the soil cause the highest percentage of the above‐ground biomass. Diatomite along with limestone cause a significant boost of Cu and Ni absorption in the roots. Limestone causes an increase in the contents of K, Na, and Ca, as well as a reduction in P in the above‐ground parts of L. perenne. Limestone and chalcedonite leads to the highest decrease in available Cu and Ni.