Bioaccessible Fraction Research Articles

In vitro human oral bioaccessibility assessment of hazardous chemicals, including N, N′-substituted-p-phenylenediamines, coming from recycled tire crumb rubber

Tires, apart from being formed by rubber and filling materials, contain organic compounds added to make them resistant and durable. The widely use of recycled tire crumb rubber (RTCR), main product of the shredding process of end-of-life tires, can cause human exposure to these chemicals due to its use in synthetic football fields and kid's playgrounds. In 2023, the European Commission banned the use of recycled tire crumb rubber in synthetic fields, giving eight years to replace the used material. This study intends to assess the oral bioaccessibility of antiozonants, crosslinking and vulcanizer agents present in RTCR. With this purpose, the Unified Bioaccessibility Method (BARGE) was used to simulate the material ingestion. RTCR is put into contact with the four simulated biological fluids including saliva, gastric and duodenal juice and bile, attempting to simulate human digestion. Afterwards, the organic compounds present in the fluid need to be extracted and Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was the technique selected after being optimized to obtain the best extraction conditions. Ultrasound assisted extraction was performed to evaluate the total concentration of the target compounds in the crumb rubber matrixes. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to identify and quantify the target compounds. The results showed the bioaccessibility of all the studied analytes, with values ranging from 0.1 % up to 70 %. Benzothiazole was the compound with the highest bioaccessibility with a mean value of 40 % and concentrations reaching 32000 ng g−1 in the bioaccessible fraction. N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine and its transformation product ((4-Methylpentan-2-yl)amino)-5-(phenylamino)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione) showed an average bioaccessibility of 0.1 % and 1.8 %, respectively, the latter being present in all the analysed samples.

Bioaccessibility and potential bioactivity of fresh and mature fava bean flavonoids

The bioaccessibility of total flavonoids, catechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, isoquercetin, and kaempferol, and changes in antioxidant activities in fresh and mature fava bean seeds during simulating gastrointestinal conditions has been investigated. The portion of bioaccessible flavonoids potentially available for further uptake varies between pods. Flavonoids of mature and fresh seeds after the gastric phase, intestinal phase, and dialysable fraction, simulating bioaccessible flavonoids, were 6.62% and 1.78%, respectively, compared with no-digested pods. Total antioxidant capacities in the bioaccessible fractions were significantly lower than the control. Furthermore, potential bioactivity as a PPAR-gamma antagonist was evaluated, where epigallocatechin gallate presents at -9.50 Kcal/mol vs. -6.53 Kcal/mol, present in troglitazone. These results highlighted that gastrointestinal digestion may substantially affect the absorption of flavonoids in mature and green fava beans and present a potential bioactivity against obesity.

Fate and effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of microplastics in simple freshwater microcosms

Most studies assessing the effects of microplastics (MPs) on freshwater ecosystems use reference materials of a certain size, shape, and polymer type. However, in the environment, aquatic organisms are exposed to a mixture of different polymers with different sizes and shapes, resulting in different bioaccessible fractions and effects. This study assesses the fate and effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) fragments, polypropylene (PP) fragments, and polyester (PES) fibres in indoor freshwater microcosms over 28 days. The MP mixture contained common polymers found in freshwater ecosystems, had a size range between 50 and 3887 µm, and was artificially aged using a mercury lamp. The invertebrate species included in the microcosms, Lymnea stagnalis (snail) and Lumbriculus variegatus (worm), were exposed to four MP concentrations: 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 1 % of sediment dry weight. MPs fate was assessed by performing a balance of the MPs in the surface water, water column, and sediment after a stabilization period and at the end of the experiment. Sedimentation rates per day were calculated (2.13 % for PES, 1.46 % for HDPE, 1.87 % for PP). The maximum size of MPs taken up by the two species was determined and compared to the added mixture and their mouth size. The size range taken up by L. variegatus was smaller than L. stagnalis and significantly different from the size range in the added mixture. The No Observed Effect Concentrations (NOECs) for the reproduction factor of L. variegatus and the number of egg clutches produced by L. stagnalis were 0.01 % and 0.1 % sediment dry weight, respectively. The EC10 and EC50 for the same endpoint for L. stagnalis were 0.25 % and 0.52 %, respectively. This study shows that current MP exposure levels in freshwater sediments can result in sub-lethal effects on aquatic organisms, highlighting the importance of testing MP mixtures.

A novel sodium caseinate lipid-based auto-emulsifying delivery system to increase resveratrol intestinal permeation: Characterization and in vitro assessment

In recent years, nutraceuticals have emerged as a promising strategy for maintaining health and represent a high-growth market in Italy and across Europe. However, the lack of strict regulations regarding formulation requirements and proof of efficacy raises serious concerns about their poor bioavailability and, consequently, their uncertain health benefits. An emblematic example is t-resveratrol (RES), a cardioprotective stilbene polyphenol that undergoes extensive metabolism in the intestine and liver, resulting in a bioavailability of <1 %.This manuscript describes a novel technological matrix developed with the primary goal of improving RES oral bioavailability. This technology can be classified as a lipid-based autoemulsifying drug delivery system (LIBADDS), in which RES is thoroughly solubilized in a hot liquid phase composed of lipids and surfactants, and the mixture is further adsorbed onto a powder composed of polysaccharides and sodium caseinate (NaC), along with inert excipients, and then compressed.In this study, NaC was used for the first time to trigger pancreatin-mediated hydrolysis of an enteric-coated tablet, allowing micellar delivery of RES to the small intestine. The RES-containing tablets were characterized via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The digested formulation, with simulated gastric and enteric fluids, was dimensionally assessed via dynamic light scattering (DLS). Finally, calculations of the bioaccessible fraction, dissolution tests, and in vitro permeability experiments using Caco-2 cell monolayers were carried out to preliminarily define the overall efficiency and applicability of this new technology in improving RES intestinal permeability.

Source identification and human exposure assessment of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticisers in soil and outdoor dust from Nigerian e-waste dismantling and dumpsites

Electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling and dumpsite processes are major sources of organophosphate flame retardant and plasticiser emissions and may pose potentially adverse effects on environment and human health. In 20 outdoor dust and 49 soil samples collected from four e-waste dismantling and three e-waste dumpsites in two States of Nigeria (Lagos and Ogun), we identified 13 alternative plasticisers (APs), 7 legacy phthalate plasticisers (LPs), and 17 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) for the first time in African e-waste streams. In the samples from dismantling sites, the range (median) concentrations of ∑13APs, ∑7LPs, and ∑17OPFRs were 11 to 2747 μg/g (144 μg/g), 11 to 396 μg/g (125 μg/g), and 0.2 to 68 μg/g (5.5 μg), in dust respectively and 1.8 to 297 μg/g (55 μg/g), 1.3 to 274 μg/g (48.5 μg/g), and 1.6 to 62 μg/g (1.6 μg/g), in soil respectively. Results for soil samples from e-waste dumpsites were (6.6 to 195 μg/g (23.7 μg/g), 6.0 to 295 μg/g (54.8), and 0.4 to 42.3 μg/g (9.0 μg/g) for ∑13APs, ∑7LPs, and ∑17OPFRs respectively. Overall, concentrations of APs were significantly higher at the dismantling sites (p = 0.005) compared to dumpsites, levels of LPs were higher at dismantling sites but not significant, while OPFR concentrations were significantly higher in dumpsite samples (p = 0.005). Plasticisers were found to be major contributors to pollution at e-waste dismantling sites, while OPFRs were associated with both automobile dismantling and e-waste dumpsite processes. Following particle size fractionation of selected soil samples, higher concentrations of targeted compounds were observed in the smaller mesh (180 μm) soil sieve fraction. For dust, the total median estimated daily intake via ingestion and dermal adsorption (EDIing and EDIderm) ranged from 43 to 74 ng/kg bw/day and 0.4 to 0.7 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Correspondingly, 4.6 to 45 ng/kg bw/day and 0.015 to 0.57 ng/kg bw/day were the values found for soil, respectively. According to these results, the targeted chemicals do not appear to pose a non-carcinogenic risk to e-waste workers through ingestion or dermal contact of bio-accessible fractions of the chemicals. Human biomonitoring campaigns are recommended in the Nigerian e-waste environment considering the elevated concentration levels found for the majority of targeted compounds and that risk parameters required for exposure assessment were only available for a limited number of compounds.

The relationship between the inhalation bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements in road dust from a heavily polluted industrial area and the source of their pollution

One of the sources of chronic exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTE), especially in polluted environments, is the inhalation of resuspended road dust (RD). The aim of this study is to assess the inhalation bioaccessibility of PTE in RD from highly polluted environments from mining/smelting industries and traffic, and to identify any correlations between the bioaccessibility fraction of PTE and the physicochemical characteristics of the particles. RD from the studied area contains extremely high total concentrations of Cr, V, and Mn, which are likely due to pollution from the smelting industry. Additionally, elevated total concentrations of other elements associated with traffic emissions including Zn, Cu, Pb, Sb, and Sn were also measured. The bioaccessibility of PTE was assessed using two synthetic extraction solutions - Gamble's solution (GS) and Artificial Lysosomal Fluid (ALF). The majority of elements showed negligible bioaccessibility in GS. However, quite high inhalation bioaccessibility was observed for Zn, Pb, Sb, Cd, and Mn in the ALF solution, with a mean bioaccessible fraction of 49, 51.5, 41, 50, and 40% respectively. The highest bioavailable fraction was measured for Cd (97%) in a sample collected near a steel production facility and for Pb (95%) in a sample collected near the highway. These results indicate that increased mobility of the elements in inhaled particles occurs only in the case of phagocytosis. The lowest inhalation bioavailability was measured for Cr (mean is 3%). Differential individual particle analysis revealed that about 60% of phases, mostly major (Cr,Ti,V)-bearing metallic alloys, silicates, oxides and sulphides, are stable in ALF solution, while 40% of phases, mostly (Fe,Ca,Mn)-bearing oxides, silicates, sulphides, metals and metallic alloys originating from steel production, ferrochrome, ferrosilicon and vanadium production and from traffic emissions have been heavily corroded or completely dissolved. The study provides valuable information to further assess health hazards from various emission sources.

Potential Human Health Benefits of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var Venanzio: Effects on Cancer Cell Growth and Inflammation.

It is widely recognized that foods, biodiversity, and human health are strongly interconnected, and many efforts have been made to understand the nutraceutical value of diet. In particular, diet can affect the progression of intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal cancer. In this context, we studied the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of extracts obtained from a local endangered variety of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fagiola di Venanzio, FV). Using in vitro intestinal cell models, we evaluated the activity of three different extracts: soaking water, cooking water, and the bioaccessible fraction obtained after mimicking the traditional cooking procedure and gastrointestinal digestion. We demonstrated that FV extracts reduce inflammation and oxidative stress prompted by interleukin 1β through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production and through the reduction in reactive oxygen species production and NOX1 levels. The reported data outline the importance of diet in the prevention of human inflammatory diseases. Moreover, they strongly support the necessity to safeguard local biodiversity as a source of bioactive compounds.

Metal(loid) bioaccessibility and risk assessment of ashfall deposit from Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico

Ash emission from volcanic eruptions affects the environment, society, and human health. This study shows the total concentration and lung bioaccessible fraction of eight potential toxic metal(loid)s in five Popocatépetl ashfall samples. Mineralogical phases and particle size distribution of the ashfall were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques, respectively. The bioaccessibility test of Gamble solution (GS) and Artificial Lysosomal Fluid (ALF) were conducted to simulate extracellular (pH 7) and intracellular (pH 4.5) conditions, respectively. The studied metal(loid)s showed the following total concentration (mg kg−1): 1.98 (As), 0.17 (Cd), 134.09 (Cr), 8.66 (Cu), 697.33 (Mn), 55.35 (Ni), 8.77 (Pb), and 104.10 (Zn). Geochemical indices suggested that some metal(loid)s are slightly enriched compared to the local soil background concentrations. Several mineralogical phases were identified in the collected ashfall deposits, such as plagioclase, pyroxene, and Fe–Ti oxide, among others. According to the risk assessment results, the non-carcinogenic risk related to ashfall exposure returns an HQ > 1 for children. In contrast, the estimation of carcinogenic risk was found to be within the tolerable limit. Metal(loid)s showed low bioaccessibility (< 30%) in GS and ALF, with the highest values found in ALF solution for As (12.18%) and Cu (7.57%). Despite their metal-bioaccessibility, our findings also showed that dominant ash particle size ranged between fine (< 2.5 μm) and extremely fine (< 1 μm), considered highly inhalable fractions. The results obtained in this work indicate that volcanic ashes are bioinsoluble and biodurable, and exhibit low bioaccessibility when in contact with lung human fluids.

A baseline assessment of contamination in the Sacramento deep water ship channel

The Sacramento Deep Water Ship Channel (SDWSC) in the San Francisco Estuary, which is an active commercial port, is critical habitat for pelagic fish species including delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys), and Sacramento perch (Archoplites interruptus). Pelagic organism decline has been attributed to covarying factors such as manipulation of habitat, introduction of invasive species, decrease in food production, and contaminant exposure. Quantification of bioavailable toxicant loads in the SDWSC is limited despite previous surveys that have detected elevated contaminant concentrations in the sediments. Therefore, the focus of the present study was to characterize the bioavailability of the contaminants in the SDWSC from six sites along the channel. At each site, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), pyrethroid insecticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were quantified in sediment, zooplankton, and suspended solids. In addition, Tenax extraction was used to measure the bioaccessible fraction of sediment-associated contaminants freely dissolved in the water. Bioaccessible contaminants in the sediment provided an uptake route for these stressors into invertebrates and fish with bioaccessible OCPs being found at all sites, particularly 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). Bifenthrin was the only pyrethroid detected in the chosen matrices and it was found at concentrations below levels of concern. Bioaccessible PAHs were found at all sites, with highest detections for phenanthrene and pyrene. No PCBs were detected in sediments, but were detected in both suspended solids and zooplankton. Contaminant concentrations overall were significantly higher in suspended solids, followed by zooplankton and sediments. The highest sediment concentrations of DDE, fluoranthene, pyrene, and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene exceeded sediment quality benchmarks indicating potential risk to sediment-dwelling species. Finally, elevated contaminant levels were found in both suspended solids and zooplankton, suggesting additional risk to pelagic species in the SDWSC.

Biocalorimetry-aided monitoring of fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic agricultural residues

The present study aimed to investigate whether and how non-invasive biocalorimetric measurements could serve for process monitoring of fungal pretreatment during solid-state fermentation (SSF) of lignocellulosic agricultural residues such as wheat straw. Seven filamentous fungi representing different lignocellulose decay types were employed. Water-soluble sugars being immediately available after fungal pretreatment and those becoming water-extractable after enzymatic digestion of pretreated wheat straw with hydrolysing (hemi)cellulases were considered to constitute the total bioaccessible sugar fraction. The latter was used to indicate the success of pretreatments and linked to corresponding species-specific metabolic heat yield coefficients (YQ/X) derived from metabolic heat flux measurements during fungal wheat straw colonisation. An YQ/X range of about 120 to 140 kJ/g was seemingly optimal for pretreatment upon consideration of all investigated fungi and application of a non-linear Gaussian fitting model. Upon exclusion from analysis of the brown-rot basidiomycete Gloeophyllum trabeum, which differs from all other here investigated fungi in employing extracellular Fenton chemistry for lignocellulose decomposition, a linear relationship where amounts of total bioaccessible sugars were suggested to increase with increasing YQ/X values was obtained. It remains to be elucidated whether an YQ/X range being optimal for fungal pretreatment could firmly be established, or if the sugar accessibility for post-treatment generally increases with increasing YQ/X values as long as “conventional” enzymatic, i.e. (hemi)cellulase-based, lignocellulose decomposition mechanisms are operative. In any case, metabolic heat measurement–derived parameters such as YQ/X values may become very valuable tools supporting the assessment of the suitability of different fungal species for pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates.Key points• Biocalorimetry was used to monitor wheat straw pretreatment with seven filamentous fungi.• Metabolic heat yield coefficients (YQ/X) seem to indicate pretreatment success.• YQ/X values may support the selection of suitable fungal strains for pretreatment.

Oral bioaccessibility of potentially toxic elements in various urban environmental media

An important aspect of geochemical studies is determining health hazard of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Key information on PTEs behaviour in the human body in case of their ingestion is provided with the use of in vitro bioaccessibility tests. We analysed and compared oral bioaccessibility of a wide range of PTEs (As, Cd, Ce, Cr, Cu, Hg, La, Li, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn), including some that are not often studied but might pose a human health hazard, in soil, attic dust, street dust, and household dust, using Unified BARGE Method (UBM). Additionally, feasibility of usage of scanning electron microscope techniques in analyses of solid residuals of UBM phases was tested. Results show that bioaccessible fractions (BAFs) of PTEs vary significantly between individual samples of the same medium, between different media and between the gastric and gastro-intestinal phases. In soil, attic dust and street dust, bioaccessibility of individual PTE is mostly higher in gastric than in gastro-intestinal phase. The opposite is true for PTEs in household dust. In all four media, with the exception of Pb in household dust, among the most bioaccessible PTEs in gastric phase are Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. During the transition from the stomach to small intestine, the mean BAFs of most elements in soil, attic dust, and street dust decreases. The most bioaccessible PTEs in gastro-intestinal phase are Cu, Cd, Ni, and As. Micromorphological and chemical characterisation at individual particle level before and after bioaccessibility test contribute significantly to the understanding of oral bioaccessibility.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Extract and Bioaccessible Fraction of Mango Peel in Muffins.

Mango peel is a production waste and can cause environmental problems, but its nutritional value consists of bioactive compounds that could be beneficial for human health. The aim of this study is to determine the bioactive compounds, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of mango peels and their use in muffins. The content of polyphenols, carotenoids and total phenols as well as the antioxidant activity of mango peel extract were evaluated. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was investigated using Caco-2 cell assay. The mango peel powder was then incorporated into muffin formulations. The sensory properties of these fortified muffins were evaluated. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory properties of the muffin extracts and their bioaccessible fractions were also analysed. The mango peel contained quercetin, phenolic compounds, α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein, which have antioxidant potential. In Caco-2 cells exposed to induced inflammation, the mango peel powder extract (γ=10, 50 and 100 µg/mL) attenuated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), while maintaining cell viability. Muffins supplemented with 5 % mango peel powder showed good sensory properties, but not as good as those of plain muffins without mango peel powder. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in both the extract and the bioaccessible fraction of the supplemented muffins were higher than those observed in the standard muffins. Moreover, the extract and bioaccessible fraction of the supplemented muffins resulted in a higher reduction of ROS, IL-8 and TNF-α production in Caco-2 cells than those obtained from the standard muffins. This study is the first to investigate the protective effects of mango peel and muffins supplemented with mango peel powder against IL-1β-induced oxidative damage in Caco-2 cells. The results confirm that both mango peel and the supplemented muffins inhibited the production of inflammatory markers, including ROS and cytokines. These findings suggest that mango peel could be a valuable component of functional food formulations including dietary supplements.

Assessing health risks from bioaccessible PM2.5-bound toxic metals in Nanchang metro: Implications for metro workers and emissions control

High concentrations of PM2.5 with enriched levels of metallic constituents could significantly affect the health and comfort of metro employees. To avoid overestimating the exposure risks, we investigated the bioaccessibility of toxic metals (TMs) bound in PM2.5 from the Nanchang metro using Gamble's solution method, and qualitatively analyzed the impact of valence state and various sources on the bioaccessibility of TMs bound to PM2.5. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of the studied TMs ranged from 2.1% to 88.1%, with As, Ba, Co and Pb being the most bioaccessible and V, Fe and Cr being the less bioaccessible. The bioaccessibility of TMs in our subway PM2.5 samples varied based on their valence and species, showing higher valence states associated with increased bioaccessibility. Vehicle traffic, secondary aerosols and wheel/rail sources were found to be significantly and positively associated with the bioaccessibility of several TMs, implying a severe potential risk from these three sources. Although both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with total TMs were found to be high, only As and Cr(VI) posed a considerable carcinogenic risk to metro workers based on the bioaccessible fractions and were therefore priority pollutants. In addition, potential carcinogenic risk was found to be more severe in platform than that in ticket counter. The results indicate that considerable efforts are required to control and manage PM2.5 and the associated TMs in the Nanchang subway, particularly from traffic, wheel/rail and secondary sources, to protect the health of metro staff and the public.

In vitro digestibility and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of solid-state fermented fava beans (Vicia faba L.)

Reducing the content of quickly absorbed carbohydrates and saturated fats in snack formulations while increasing the consumption of high-quality proteins are effective strategies to prevent obesity in childhood. Thus, the nutritional value, digestibility, and functionality of fava beans (Vicia faba L.) fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus were examined as potential ingredients for food design. Solid-state fermentation enhanced the protein content by 16% with a rise in essential (25%) and non-essential (15%) amino acids while decreasing total carbohydrate content and tannin levels. Moreover, fermentation modified the amino acid profile released during digestion, increasing amino acids such as valine, isoleucine, and threonine, which are vital for health and development in childhood. Furthermore, the bioaccessible fraction of the fermented bean showed a 60% of ACE inhibition and improved magnesium bioaccessibility. Consequently, fava beans fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus emerged as a new ingredient in the development of new protein-rich snacks tailored for children and adolescents.

Nanosilver-based materials as feed additives: Evaluation of their transformations along in vitro gastrointestinal digestion in pigs and chickens by using an ICP-MS based analytical platform

The use of a new nanomaterial in the feed chain requires a risk assessment that involves in vitro gastrointestinal digestions to predict its degradation and oral exposure to nanoparticles. In this study, a nanosilver-based material was incorporated into pig and chicken feed as a growth-promoting additive and subjected to the corresponding in vitro gastrointestinal digestions. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analytical platform was used to obtain information about the silver released in the different digestion phases. It included conventional ICP-MS for total silver determination, but also single particle ICP-MS and coupling to hydrodynamic chromatography for detection of dissolved and particulate silver. The bioaccessible fraction in the intestinal phase accounted for 8–13% of the total silver, mainly in the form of dissolved Ag(I) species, with less than 0.1% as silver-containing particles. Despite the additive behaving differently in pig and chicken digestions, the feed matrix played a relevant role in the fate of the silver.

Chemical and genotoxic characterization of bioaccessible fractions as a comprehensive in vitro tool in assessing the health risk due to dust-bound contaminant ingestion.

In the last two decades, awareness grew on the matter of the impact of environment on human health. Contaminants sorbed onto soil and settled dust can be ingested and thus represent a hazard, particularly to young children, who play on the ground and bring their hands and objects to their mouth. Metal(loid)s and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of concern as they are both carcinogenic to humans and ubiquitous in outdoor environments. The present study aims to assess the total and bioaccessible fractions of PAHs and metal(loid)s present in settled dust of four preschools located in industrial, urban, and suburban areas. On the one hand, children's incremental life cancer risks (ILCR) were calculated according to ingestion pathway. On the other hand, the genotoxicities of the bioaccessible dust-bonded contaminants were determined on gastric cells. PAH concentrations ranged from 50.9 to 2267.3 ng/g, and the bioaccessible fraction represented 10.7% of the total in average. Metal(loid) concentration ranged from 12,430 to 38,941 µg/g, and the mean bioaccessibility was of 40.1%. Cancer risk ranged from 2.8.105 to 8.6.105, indicating that there is a potential cancer risk for children linked to the ingestion of settled dust. The inorganic bioaccessible fraction induced little DNA (< 20%TailDNA) and chromosomal damages (30% increase in micronuclei), whereas the organic bioaccessible fraction induced higher DNA (17-63%TailDNA) and chromosomal damages (88% increase in micronuclei). Such experimental approach needs to be deepen, as a tool complementary to cancer risk calculation, since the latter only lays on a set of targeted contaminants with known toxicity values.

Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of essential and potentially toxic trace elements in potato cultivars: A comprehensive nutritional evaluation

Among the most consumed foods in the world is potato, which occupies the first place as a non-grain commodity, demonstrating the importance of its assessment concerning the population's food safety. In this study, the nutrients Ca, Mg, K, P, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn and the potentially toxic trace elements Cd, Cr, and Pb were evaluated considering their total contents, bioaccessible and bioavailable fractions in different potato cultivars, in an unpublished approach in the literature. The in vitro standard gastrointestinal digestion method (INFOGEST) and a model of the intestinal epithelial barrier using the Caco-2 cell line were applied for investigate the presence of metals in potato. For the macroelements, the bioaccessibility (% w/w) varied in the ranges: K (57–72 %), P (59–76 %), Mg (83–103 %), and Ca (30–123 %), whereas for the microelements were: Cu (27–74 %) and Mn (4.22–12.02, 60–119 %). The potentially of trace toxic elements, Cd and Pb, were found in 75 % of the samples, however, all the concentration values were below the maximum levels allowed of 0.10 µg/g. Chromium was determined only in potato peels and has no maximum established level. The bioaccessible and bioavailable fractions of Cd, Cr, and Pb were below the limits of quantification of the spectrometric methods (LOQ − µg/L: 0.063 Cd, 0.65 Cr, and 0.44 Pb). The potato samples were considered safe for consumption regarding the presence of potentially toxic trace elements, with a remarkable nutritional contribution.

Oxidative potential of the inhalation bioaccessible fraction of PM10 and bioaccessible concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal(oid)s in PM10

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been related to numerous adverse health effects in humans. Nowadays, it is believed that one of the possible mechanisms of toxicity could be the oxidative stress, which involves the development of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different assays have been proposed to characterize oxidative stress, such as dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA) acellular assays (OPDTT and OPAA), as a metric more relevant than PM mass measurement for PM toxicity. This study evaluates the OP of the bioaccessible fraction of 65 PM10 samples collected at an Atlantic Coastal European urban site using DTT and AA assays. A physiologically based extraction (PBET) using Gamble’s solution (GS) as a simulated lung fluid (SLF) was used for the assessment of the bioaccessible fraction of PM10. The use of the bioaccessible fraction, instead of the fraction assessed using conventional phosphate buffer and ultrasounds assisted extraction (UAE), was compared for OP assessment. Correlations between OPDTT and OPAA, as well as total and bioaccessible concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal(oid)s, were investigated to explore the association between those compounds and OP. A correlation was found between both OP (OPDTT and OPAA) and total and bioaccessible concentrations of PAHs and several metal(oid)s such as As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ni, and V. Additionally, OPDTT was found to be related to the level of K+.

In vitro digestion of beef and vegan burgers cooked by microwave technology: Effects on protein and lipid fractions

Commercial beef burgers and vegan analogues were purchased and, after a microwave treatment, they were submitted to an in vitro digestion (INFOGEST). Vegan cooked burgers showed similar protein content (16–17 %) but lower amounts of total peptides than beef burgers. The protein digestibility was higher in beef burgers. Peptide amounts increased during in vitro digestion, reaching similar amounts in both types of products in the micellar phase (bioaccessible fraction). The fat content in cooked vegan burgers was significantly lower than in beef burgers (16.7 and 21.2 %, respectively), with a higher amount of PUFAs and being the lipolysis activity, measure by FFA, less intense both after cooking and after the gastrointestinal process. Both types of cooked samples showed high carbonyl amounts (34.18 and 25.51 nmol/mg protein in beef and vegan samples, respectively), that decreased during in vitro digestion. On the contrary, lipid oxidation increased during gastrointestinal digestion, particularly in vegan samples. The antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH) showed higher values for vegan products in cooked samples, but significantly decreased during digestion, reaching similar values for both types of products.

Selenium in plant-based beverages: How can in vitro bioaccessibility contribute to an accurate daily intake?

BackgroundLactose intolerance, cow milk protein allergy, and environmental and ethical concerns drive the global market for plant-based beverages (PPBs). Despite this, data on the occurrence of selenium (Se) in these beverages are scarce. ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to assess total selenium and determine the bioaccessible fractions in plant-based beverages (PBBs) from cereals, oilseeds, and pumpkin seeds, using an in vitro static method to simulate human digestion; and estimate the contribution these beverages have to the reference daily intake (RDI) for children and adults. MethodologyThe study involved beverages made under laboratory conditions. Samples and extracts were submitted to acid digestion (ultrasonic and block digester); total and bioaccessible Se levels were determined by ICP-MS. In vitro bioaccessibility was assessed using the INFOGEST protocol. ResultsThe results revealed a wide variation in Se content in the studied plant-based beverages from 10.3 µg kg−1 (sunflower seeds) to 3509 µg kg−1 (Brazil nuts). The bioaccessibility of Se was found only in PBBs made from oilseeds with macadamia, cashew and Brazil nut, with a variation in values from 86 to 96 %. The Se content and its bioaccessible fraction of Brazil nut PBB may contribute to 1276 % and 1218 % of the RDI for children and adults, respectively. ConclusionsThe Se content varied among samples of cereals, oilseeds and pumpkin seeds, reflecting the diversity in the studied PBBs. Only PBBs containing oilseeds (macadamia, cashews, and Brazil nuts) exhibited measurable amounts of bioaccessible Se, indicating an association with the raw material. However, the consumption of the PBB containing Brazil nuts may pose a risk of adverse effects, due to its high contribution to the RDI in both children and adults.