Biopolymer Electrolytes Research Articles

PLASTICIZED CMC-AMMONIUM ACETATE BASED SOLID BIOPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE: IONIC CONDUCTIVITY AND TRANSPORT STUDY

In this work, a plasticised carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solid biopolymer electrolytes (PSBEs) system was prepared via solution casting technique with ammonium acetate (NH4CH3COO), ethylene glycol (EG) as doping salt and plasticiser respectively. Upon addition of 35 wt.% of EG (PSBE 4), the ionic conductivity obtained is 1.81 × 10-5 Scm-1 which represents the optimum value for the system. The PSBE also tested at elevated temperatures and fitted to an Arrhenius equation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis found no significant changes to the molecular structure of CMC with addition of EG. Jonscher’s power law indicates that quantum tunnelling is the well-matched model to describe ionic conduction for PSBE 4 and it appears that it is also highly ionic with good transference number obtain from dc polarisation analysis technique.

Structural, thermal and electrochemical characterization of cellulose acetate–based solid biopolymer electrolyte for zinc ion batteries

Structural, thermal and electrochemical characterization of cellulose acetate–based solid biopolymer electrolyte for zinc ion batteries

Investigation of N–S-based graphene quantum dot on sodium alginate with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) biopolymer electrolyte for the application of electrochemical devices

Investigation of N–S-based graphene quantum dot on sodium alginate with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) biopolymer electrolyte for the application of electrochemical devices

Impact of charge carrier transport properties on conductivity-temperature dependence of gellan gum-LiCF3SO3 biopolymer electrolyte

Charge carrier density, mobility and diffusivity are three important transport properties in determining the ionic conductivity as well as the performance of solid polymer electrolyte. In this work, biopolymer electrolytes samples were prepared using the solution casting method by complexing gellan gum with different concentrations of lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (3–15 wt.%). The values of charge carrier concentration, mobility, and diffusivity for electrolyte samples were estimated by fitting the Nyquist plot with an equation developed based on electrical impedance spectroscopy. At room temperature, the optimum electrolyte conductivity is 1.29×10−8 Scm−1 at 6 wt.% salt concentration. This result was supported by the highest percentage of free ions, 31.45%, observed in the FTIR method. As the temperature increases, the ionic conductivity increases to the optimum value before dropping. The highest conductivity of each sample was obtained at different temperatures (80°C–90°C) using the impedance method, whereas the percentage area of free ions was highest at 80°C for all samples with FTIR analysis. Overall, the ionic conductivity of this system has been dominated by the carrier charge density. Results suggest that, under these experimental conditions, electrical impedance spectroscopy is suitable for evaluating the charge transport properties at low temperatures.

Preparation and characterization of biopolymer electrolyte based on gellan gum with magnesium perchlorate for magnesium battery

Preparation and characterization of biopolymer electrolyte based on gellan gum with magnesium perchlorate for magnesium battery

Investigation of hydrogen ion transport in NH4HCO2 doped TSP biopolymer electrolyte for battery applications

Unique proton conducting biopolymer membrane containing Tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP), Ammonium formate (NH4HCO2) was prepared and investigated in the present work. The addition of NH4HCO2 increases the ionic conductivity of TSP biopolymer by four orders of magnitude from 5.48 × 10-7 S cm−1 to 1.23 × 10-3 S cm−1. The relative percentage of free ions, contact pairs and contract pairs was calculated by deconvoluting FTIR spectrum. Transference number measurement (TNM) indicates that the conducting species are predominantly H+ ions. The electrochemical stability window of 3 V was observed for the highest conducting sample by LSV.

Biopolymer-based gel electrolytes with an ionic liquid for high-voltage electrochemical capacitors

This paper reports on the preparation, characterization, and electrochemical performance of the novel, nonaqueous biopolymer-based gel electrolytes with an ionic liquid for high-voltage electrochemical capacitors. The quasi solid-state electrolytes contain a biopolymer matrix, made of cellulose or chitin, and ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF4), which acts as a plasticizer and an ionic conductor. The gel biopolymer electrolytes were prepared by a novel, but simple method. It was based on the casting solution technique with an intermediate step of hydrogel production, followed by the exchanging of aqueous phase by IL plasticizer. Contrary to well-known hydrogel electrolytes, the biopolymer-based gels with IL could safely operate to high voltages, up to 3.0 V according to our experiments. The wide electrochemical stability allowed to extend the maximum energy density of gel electrolyte-based supercapacitors. Moreover, the investigated systems displayed a high performance in terms of specific capacitance, energy-power densities, and cyclability. There are compared to the reference cell with liquid electrolyte in terms of electrochemical characteristic, showing the specific capacitance values up to 140–145 F g−1, with excellent capacitance retention (ca. 90 %) after 10,000 galvanostatic charge and discharge cycles. Taking into account all the above-mentioned features, the prepared gel biopolymer electrolytes appear to be promising eco-friendly materials for high-performance supercapacitors.

Development and characterization of eco-friendly biopolymer gellan gum based electrolyte for electrochemical application

Abstract Magnesium ion conducting eco-friendly biopolymer electrolyte based on gellan gum has been developed by solution casting technique and characterized by XRD, FTIR, DSC, AC impedance analysis and LSV. Amorphous nature of the polymer electrolyte has been confirmed by XRD analysis. FTIR analysis confirms the complex formation between gellan gum and magnesium nitrate salt. Glass transition temperature of the polymer electrolytes have been found in DSC analysis. Ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte membrane has been analysized by AC impedance studies, polymer electrolyte 1.0 g gellan gum with 0.7 wt% Mg (NO3)2 has highest ionic conductivity 1.392 × 10−2 S/cm at room temperature. Evan’s polarization method attributes Mg+ cationic transference number as 0.342 for high conducting polymer electrolyte. The high conducting polymer membrane has electrochemical stability 3.58 V. Using this high conducting polymer electrolyte, magnesium ion battery is constructed and the battery performance was studied. The open circuit voltage is found as 1.99 V.

Electrical and structural characteristics of fish skin gelatin as alternative biopolymer electrolyte

This article presented new sequences of fish gelatin (FG) as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) impregnated with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and the impact of different amounts of salt on the properties of the formed electrolyte were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the electrolyte containing 25 wt.% NH4NO3 salt to be the most amorphous in nature. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis showed that the peak of amide III shifted to a lower wavenumber as salt increased to 25 wt.%, indicating the occurrence of interaction between the salt and polymer. The effect of variation amount of salt on the film morphology was studied using FESEM. The ionic conductivity of the undoped pure FG film at room temperature recorded a maximum value of at 25 wt.% NH4NO3 and the activation energy dropped to 0.454 eV. All electrolytes showed a linear conductivity-temperature plot at elevated temperatures, indicating that they all follow the Arrhenius rule. All of the electrolytes used in this study are non-Debye type, according to dielectric analysis. The findings provided in this article could help to improve the usage of FG as an alternate source of SPE in electrochemical power sources as a replacement for hazardous electrolytes.

Effect of graphene quantum dot on sodium alginate with ammonium formate (NH4HCO2) biopolymer electrolytes for the application of electrochemical devices

Effect of graphene quantum dot on sodium alginate with ammonium formate (NH4HCO2) biopolymer electrolytes for the application of electrochemical devices

Structural and Mechanical characteristic study of HPMC polymer composite films

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were extensively known material in packaging, agriculture, medicine, electrolytes in solid state batteries and other areas due to the exceptional biocompatibility and easy production, however shows lower mechanical behaviour. The current investigation was embraced to delineate the effect of potassium iodide (KI) on structural and mechanical properties of biopolymer electrolyte films grounded on Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The liquidation of the salt into the polymer crowd is done by solution cast technique and the X – Ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were used to fix the structural properties of pristine HPMC and composite HPMC films. The crystallinity (Xc) was calculated, the pristine HPMC films shows high level of crystallinity. However improved amorphous spaces of HPMC polymer crowd were exposed in HPMC composite films. The addition of KI had a considerable impact on break elongation. In HPMC, KI showed good intercalation, and large concentrations of KI resulted in crater-like pits on the film surfaces. Reductions in the tensile strength and elastic modulus along with an increase in elongation were noticed in film integrated with KI.

κ‐carrageenan/polyvinyl alcohol‐graphene oxide biopolymer composite membrane for application of air‐breathing passive direct ethanol fuel cells

AbstractIn this article, new biopolymer composite membranes based on κ‐carrageenan, polyvinyl alcohol and graphene oxide (designated as κ‐car/PVA‐GO) were synthesized by casting method for the application of passive direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFCs). FTIR, XRD, and FESEM analysis proved that the κ‐car/PVA‐GO biopolymer composite membrane has been successfully fabricated. The fabrication of the κ‐car/PVA‐GO biopolymer composite membrane effectively increases the proton conductivity and ethanol barrier. The high proton conductivity is achieved 2.67 × 10−3 S/cm and the reduced permeability of ethanol 1.95 × 10−7 cm2/s at 30°C. Besides, PVA blend modification and the introduction of GO improve the mechanical properties of the κ‐car biopolymer. The maximum power density of the passive DEFCs is 3.84 mW/cm2 using the κ‐car/PVA‐GO biopolymer composite membrane, which is higher than the Nafion membrane, which achieved only 2.02 mW/cm2 in a similar operating condition of passive DEFCs at 30°C. Furthermore, the κ‐car/PVA‐GO biopolymer composite membrane could be maintained in a fuel cell atmosphere for 1000 h. According to our review of the literature, there are no studies have used the carrageenan‐based membrane in the application of passive DEFCs. This is a promising biopolymer electrolyte membrane for use in passive DEFCs.

Chitosan based biopolymer electrolyte reinforced with V2O5 filler for magnesium batteries: an inclusive investigation

Chitosan based biopolymer electrolyte reinforced with V2O5 filler for magnesium batteries: an inclusive investigation

Corn silk extract–based solid-state biopolymer electrolyte and its application to electrochemical storage devices

Corn silk extract–based solid-state biopolymer electrolyte and its application to electrochemical storage devices

Na-ion conducting biopolymer electrolyte based on tamarind seed polysaccharide incorporated with sodium perchlorate for primary sodium-ion batteries

Na-ion conducting biopolymer electrolyte based on tamarind seed polysaccharide incorporated with sodium perchlorate for primary sodium-ion batteries

High-performance graphene oxide-grafted chitosan-starch solid biopolymer electrolytes for flexible hybrid supercapacitors

High-performance graphene oxide-grafted chitosan-starch solid biopolymer electrolytes for flexible hybrid supercapacitors

Substantial ion conduction in the biopolymer membrane: Efficacy of NaI on sodium alginate matrix

Water-soluble sodium alginate-based biopolymer electrolyte membranes integrated with NaI have been prepared by solution cast route and analyzed in terms of its complexation, degree of crystallinity, glass transition temperature and ionic conductivity. With the increasing concentration of NaI in the biopolymer matrix, the amorphous phase becomes prominent besides NaI content changes the transition temperature values and the ionic conductivity. The membrane can fetch high ionic conductivity in the order of 10−2 S cm−1. The present study lays the groundwork for scrutinizing the optimal concentration for obtaining high ion conductive membranes which are favorable for all solid batteries.

Essential data for industrially relevant development of bifunctional cathodes and biopolymer electrolytes in solid-state zinc–air secondary batteries

The development of bio-based gel polymer electrolytes and bifunctional cathodes with no/less CRM-based catalysts is urgently required for ZABs to push sustainability for full cell design and validation by adopting correct protocols and metrics.

Study on ionic conduction of alginate bio-based polymer electrolytes by incorporating ionic liquid

Biopolymer electrolytes is attracting a great deal of interest as a substitute for synthetic polymer electrolytes in electrochemical devices. They are carbon–neutral, sustainable, and reduce dependency on non-renewable fossil fuels, and easily biodegradable. The present work aims to develop the alginate bio-based polymer electrolytes (BBPEs) with the addition of various composition (2 to 10 wt%) of ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) via solution casting technique. The ionic conduction study was characterized using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at different frequencies ranging from 50 Hz to 1 MHz. With the addition of 6 wt% 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl), the ionic conductivity of the BBPEs system was improved significantly from 5.32 × 10−5 S cm−1 to 2.03 × 10−3 S cm−1 at ambient temperature. The electrical properties analysis revealed that the ionic conductivity sample-based BBPEs has a good relationship with electrical properties formulism and shows non-Debye behavior where no single relaxation occurred in the present system.

Hybrid carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan/carboxymethyl cellulose- based biopolymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cell application

Hybrid carboxymethyl kappa-carrageenan/carboxymethyl cellulose- based biopolymer electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cell application