Bio-organic Fertilizer Research Articles

Characterization of fungal microbiome structure in leaf litter compost through metagenomic profiling for harnessing the bio-organic fertilizer potential.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04028-0.

Vibration characteristics analysis and structural optimization of bio-organic fertilizer mixer based on finite element method

Abstract In order to solve the waste produced by grape planting and cattle and sheep breeding in the Turpan area, this paper puts forward an organic liquid fertilizer mixer, and analyzes the vibration characteristics of the main structure-mixing barrel and auger. The finite element model of the mixer structure is established by Ansys, and the modal analysis is carried out in combination with the actual application. The analysis structure shows that the minimum natural frequency of the mixer barrel is 51.993 Hz, the minimum natural frequency of the auger is 12.601 Hz, in which the natural frequency of the auger is less than its working frequency of 48.5 Hz, and there is resonance risk. To improve this problem, the structure of the mixing auger is optimized, the length of the auger is reduced, and the pipe thickness and diameter are increased. The improved modal analysis shows that the minimum natural frequency of the auger is 50.371 Hz, which avoids the working frequency and will not cause resonance.

Interactive Effect of Bio-Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Crop Growth, Quality, Productivity and Profitability of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogeae L.) in an Alfisols of Western-Ghat of Maharashtra India

ABSTRACT Precisely because of low nutrient availability and toxicities of nutrients unfertilized alfisols are unable to satisfy the nutrients requirement to meet plants demand. An investigation was carried out to assess the impact of biofertilizer inoculation (no biofertilizers, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) @ 10 kg ha−1, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) @ 10 kg ha−1, AMF+PSB @ 5 kg each ha−1 and AMF+PSB @ 10 kg each ha−1) and phosphorus levels (15, 30, 45, and 60 kg ha−1) on growth, quality, productivity and profitability of groundnut in alfisols of Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India, in a factorial randomized block design during 2017–18 and 2018–19 growing seasons. It was discovered that groundnuts grew better with 60 kg phosphorus and 10 kg each AMF+PSB ha−1 and produced significantly higher pod yield (35.86 q ha−1), kernel yield (2.52 t ha−1) and harvest index (41.47%). However, inoculation and their interaction did not reach the level of significance, despite the fact that they responded favorably to the high phosphorus (60 kg ha−1) rate. Similarly, plots infused with 60 kg phosphorus ha−1 and AMF+PSB 10 kg each ha−1 significantly exhibited highest oil content (50.62%), protein content (31.93%), total nitrogen (269.71 kg ha−1), phosphorus (8.60 kg ha−1) uptake, nutrient efficiency ratio (40.79 kg kg−1), nutrient harvest index (44.11%), gross return (INR 2,44,388 ha−1), net return (INR 62,209 ha−1), and benefit: cost ratio (B:C ratio) of 1.96. In view of their intense need for nutrients, groundnuts thrived well when given an appropriate combination of inorganic and biological fertilizers.

Reduction in Chemical Fertilizer Rates by Applying Bio-Organic Fertilizer for Optimization Yield and Quality of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni

Reduction in Chemical Fertilizer Rates by Applying Bio-Organic Fertilizer for Optimization Yield and Quality of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni

Development of bacteria-based bioorganic phosphate fertilizer enriched with rock phosphate for sustainable wheat production.

Phosphorous (P) is a limiting macronutrient for crop growth. Its deficiency prevents plant development leading to an extensive use of phosphatic fertilizers globally. Bio-organic phosphate (BOP) fertilizer provides a sustainable approach to optimize nutrient availability, enhance crop yield, and mitigate the negative impacts of chemical fertilizers on the environment. Therefore, the present study integrates the application of heat-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, rock phosphate, and organic materials for the development of BOP. For this purpose, potential heat-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were isolated from major wheat-growing areas of southern Punjab. Five isolates were the efficient phosphate solubilizers based on in vitro phosphate-solubilizing activity (291-454 μg ml-1 and 278-421 μg ml-1) with a concomitant decrease in pH (up to 4.5) at 45°C and 50°C, respectively. These PSB were used for the development of potential consortia that are compatible and showed high P solubilization. In planta evaluation of these PSB consortia in a pot experiment under net house conditions showed that consortium-2 had a favorable impact on growth parameter with enhanced grain yield (9.63 g plant-1) and soil available P (10 μg g-1) as compared with 80% uninoculated control. The microcosm study was conducted to evaluate PSB consortium-2 integrated with carrier material (plant material and filter mud) and rock phosphate as BOP increased total phosphorous (14%) as compared with uninoculated controls. Plant-based BOP showed higher viable count (3.5 × 108°CFU) as compared with filter mud-based BOP. Furthermore, the effect of BOP on wheat growth parameters revealed that BOP showed a promising influence on grain yield (4.5 g plant-1) and soil available P (10.7 μg g-1) as compared with uninoculated 80 and 100% controls. Principle component analysis (PCA) further validates a positive correlation between BOP with grain weight and plant height and soil available P as compared with both 80 and 100% controls. For the first time, this study reports the combined application of bio-organic phosphate fertilizer and heat-tolerant PSB, which offers an eco-friendly option to harvest better wheat yield with low fertilizer input.

Phycoremediation of Potato Industry Wastewater for Nutrient Recovery, Pollution Reduction, and Biofertilizer Production for Greenhouse Cultivation of Lettuce and Celery in Sandy Soils

Microalgae-based wastewater treatment offers an eco-friendly opportunity for simultaneous nutrient recovery and biomass generation, aligning with the circular bioeconomy concept. This approach aims to utilize the nutrients of potato industry wastewater (PIW) for algal growth while mitigating the environmental impact of this industrial byproduct. This study focused on cultivating three cyanobacterial strains, Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc muscorum, and Spirulina platensis, in PIW and synthetic media for 30 days to assess feasibility. Growth performance was monitored by measuring chlorophyll content, dry weight (DW), optical density (OD), and pH at 3-day intervals. The high-performing cyanobacterial biomass from the laboratory findings was formulated into a biofertilizer, which was then evaluated in a controlled greenhouse experiment on celery and lettuce plants. The biofertilizer replaced conventional NPK mineral fertilizers at different levels (25%, 50%, and 75%), while a control group received 100% chemical fertilizer. The results showed favourable growth of all three cyanobacteria strains and their mixture in PIW throughout the experiment. The mixed cyanobacteria followed by Spirulina platensis exhibited the highest growth rates, achieving chlorophyll contents of 3.75 and 2.30 µg·mL−1, DWs of 1.79 g·L−1 and 1.63 g·L−1, and ODs of 0.41 and 0.38, respectively, surpassing the other treatments. The formulated biofertilizers, Spi-PIW (Spirulina platensis + potato industry wastewater) and Cyano-PIW (mixed culture+ potato industry wastewater), significantly enhanced plant height, root and stem lengths, and the number of leaves per plant in celery and lettuce compared to the control group. These biofertilizer treatments also improved chlorophyll contents, as well as macro- and micronutrient levels, in the two crops. Additionally, the application of these biofertilizers improved certain sandy soil properties, i.e., pH, total organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In conclusion, utilizing PIW as a substrate for cultivating cyanobacteria strains and producing high-quality liquid bio-organic fertilizers holds potential for reducing recommended NPK fertilizer doses by 25–50% in celery and lettuce growth, providing an environmentally friendly approach.

Response of Soil Fungal Community in Coastal Saline Soil to Short-Term Water Management Combined with Bio-Organic Fertilizer

This study aimed to elucidate the response of soil microbial communities to saline soil amelioration via biological organic fertilizer. A year-long experiment was conducted on coastal saline soil, employing water and fertilizer strategies. Three treatments were compared: dry field (control, CK), paddy field (W), and combined dry and irrigated fields with biological organic fertilizer (BW). Soil DNA was extracted and sequenced using high-throughput methods, revealing significant reductions in soil electrical conductivity (EC) and pH with W and BW treatments. Moreover, the BW treatment notably increased soil organic carbon content by 17.2%, as well as soil urease and alkaline phosphatase activity. Fungal community richness increased, with the BW treatment showing a 36% rise in the ACE index and a 24% increase in the Shannon index, while the Simpson index decreased by 59%. Dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Basidiomycota, with Basidiomycota prevailing at the genus level. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that soil pH, EC, and organic carbon were key determinants of fungal community distribution, with the BW treatment correlating negatively with pH and salt and positively with soil organic carbon (SOC). Fungal functional groups varied among treatments, with saprophytic fungi predominating, but the BW treatment showed a higher relative abundance of animal pathogenic fungi. In summary, the integration of biological organic fertilizer with flooding ameliorates soil properties and influences the changes in soil fungal community structure and function in the short term. These results could enhance the scientific basis for the efficient utilization and development of saline soil resources in coastal areas.

A Two-Year Study of Bioorganic Fertilizer on the Content of Pb and As in Brown Rice and Rice Yield in a Contaminated Paddy Field

Bioorganic fertilizer (BOF) represents favorable potential for agricultural production, but the safe and residual effects of BOF application in heavy-metal-contaminated soils still remain unclear. A two-year field experiment of four rice-growing cycles were conducted to study the effects of the one-time addition of BOF (low and high dosages, 0.45 and 0.9 kg/m2, namely, BOF1 and BOF2, respectively) on the lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) accumulations in brown rice, rice yield, and soil properties in an acidic and Pb-As-contaminated paddy field. The results show that BOF application enhanced the rice yields by 7.9–25.5% and increased the soil pH, organic carbon contents, and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase activity in the former two rice-growing cycles, while these attributes declined gradually and were not significant in the last two cycles. The soil bulk density decreased marginally due to the BOF. Furthermore, the BOF1 treatment barely affected the rice Pb and As concentrations during all cycles, whereas the BOF2 treatment clearly increased the Pb concentrations in brown rice, exceeding the food quality standard limit of 0.2 mg/kg in the last three cycles, and slightly increased the rice As in the former three cycles. The BOF effects on Pb and As in brown rice were due to the changes in the available soil Pb and As, respectively. Our results indicate that a one-time application of BOF could ameliorate the soil conditions of rice growth in two rice-growing cycles, while the high-dose BOF seemed undesirable in toxic-metal-contaminated soils. BOF application at the rate of 0.45 kg/m2 per annum may be a potential strategy for safe rice production in Pb-As-contaminated fields.

The Remediation Effects of Different Biofertilizers on Bacterial Community in Hg-Contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT Guizhou province is the most abundant region of mercury resources in China. The long history of mining activities has resulted in severe mercury (Hg) pollution and endangering both environment and human health. This study investigated the impact of different fertilizers on Hg-polluted soil bacterial community structure. We assumed that (1) fertilizer application would lead to changes in the bacterial community; and (2) the combined application of two fertilizers did not cause additive effects. The results revealed the application of bio-organic fertilizer could significantly enhance the bacterial community diversity. However, the combination of multiple fertilizers did not yield synergistic effects. There were indications of antagonistic interactions between certain fertilizers via competition or inhibitory effects. Additionally, we conducted an experiment in the greenhouse with Brassica Pekinensis and the Hg contents in roots and leaves were measured. Our findings suggested that different fertilizers would change the release fluxes of soil Hg(0). By immobilization of Hg in the soil, fertilizer could promote a healthier and more diverse soil bacterial community. This study provides valuable insights into the influence of different fertilizers on bacterial community in Hg-polluted soil, offering potential directions for further remediation efforts and policies.

Evaluation of local compost methods for soil management in northwestern Nigeria: Advanced scientific theories and economic values

Compost technology is an advanced technology that involves the transformation of organic materials and organic waste/sludge into organic manures/fertilizers. This method was locally applied by many rural farmers in northwestern Nigeria long ago. It has been used by farmers as the best method for soil quality and soil fertility management in dryland and fadama areas of the region. This research paper was built to provide scientific advances in common compost methods in northwestern Nigeria. Approximately twelve (12) different methods were surveyed and explained based on cultural practices and scientific theories. These composting methods include dumping, hole-gathering, burning, container-packed, open-build, farm-tunnel, pond-manure, lake-fill-in, irrigated-bed-in, home-bin, farm-cattle and sheet-composting methods. These sets of methods were provided with specific instructions, fundamentals and theoretical justifications. There have been broad advances in how these methods can be used to generate revenues, create jobs, ensure safe and well-frained environments, improve food security and decrease or to some extent control the spread of malaria and other related human diseases in northwestern Nigeria. This study provides suggestions for better use of organic materials/sludge, development of bioorganic fertilizer industries, and continued revision of sustainable agricultural management with negative chemicals.

Integrating bio-organic fertilization increases twice-yearly cabbage crop production by modulating soil microbial community and biochemical properties in Northwest Plateau

Decreasing the reliance on chemical fertilizers and integrating bio-organic fertilizers are effective strategies for enhancing soil quality, promoting sustainable agricultural development, and protecting the environment. However, their impact on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) cultivation in the Northwest Plateau remains unclear. The study investigated the impact of reducing chemical fertilizer by 30 %, combined with different amounts of bio-organic fertilizer (3000 kg·ha−1 for T1, 6000 kg·ha−1 for T2, and 12000 kg·ha−1 for T3), were examined in comparison to a conventional local fertilizer treatment (CK2), which served as the control. Our findings demonstrated significant improvements in soil properties and enzyme activities for T1, T2, and T3 treatments compared to CK2. Specifically, the contents of soil organic matter (SOM), available potassium (AK) and available phosphorus (AP) increased significantly by 10.06 %, 10.63 % and 18.33 %, respectively. Meanwhile, accompanied by a decrease in electrical conductivity (EC) values. Soil sucrase and urease activities can be enhanced by 10.43 % and 19.61 %, respectively. Redundancy analysis confirmed that SOM, AP, AK, and EC were the primary factors driving fluctuations in the microbial community structure. The addition of bio-organic fertilizer led to an increase in beneficial soil microorganisms. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria increased most strongly by 4.24 % and 8.75 %. The microbial community suggested that these beneficial microorganisms played essential roles in the cycling of nutrients, suppression of pest and disease, and the promotion of robust plant growth. Moreover, the addition of bio-organic fertilizer (T3) significantly improved plant growth, root/shoot ratio, and nutrient content, and increased the yield by 6.78 t·ha−1. Therefore, we suggest that a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers along with the incorporation of bio-organic fertilizer, is an important measure for improving soil fertility, enriching soil microbial communities, and ensuring the safety of crops and the environment in the Northwest Plateau.

AGRONOMIC AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LOWLAND RICE CULTIVATION USING THE INTEGRATED CROP AND LAND MANAGEMENT APPROACH

The research investigated the implementation of Integrated Crops and Land Management (ICLM) model, a holistic farming approach combining various technological elements to enhance productivity. Conducted from April to September 2022 in Bhuana Jaya Village, Tenggarong Seberang Sub-District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, on an 8-hectare site, the research focused on key components: utilization of superior rice varieties (Mekongga, Cakrabuana Agritan, and Ciherang Janger), spaced planting methodology (Jajar Legowo), and a balanced fertilization approach encompassing chemical, organic, soil conditioner, and biological fertilizers (50 kg Urea, 300 kg NPK Phonska, 400 kg Petroganik, 10 kg Antazam, and 10 kg Petrobio ha-1, respectively). Liquid Organic Biofertilizer (LOB) were introduced at a rate of 10-20 liters ha-1. The research assessed vital parameters such as plant height, tiller count, panicle length, branch number per panicle, panicle weight, and rice productivity. Statistical analyses included t-tests for plant response and F-tests to evaluate the model's impact on productivity. Economic viability was gauged using the Benefit-Cost (B/C) ratio. The findings revealed substantial productivity gains: 4.13-6.03 t MDG ha-1 (Mekongga), 7.02 t MDG ha-1 (Cakrabuana Agritan), and 7.85 t MDG ha-1 (Ciherang Janger). Moreover, the economic analysis resulted in a favorable ratio of 2.15, indicating the model's financial viability or increased by 69-73%.

Effects of Bio-Organic Fertilizers Substitution on Gaseous Nitrogen Losses in Rice Fields

Traditional practices for managing irrigation and fertilizer in Chinese rice fields have historically consumed large amounts of water resources and caused serious gaseous nitrogen losses (ammonia volatilization and N2O), resulting in low water and fertilizer use efficiency. While both water-saving irrigation and substituting organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer can impact ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions, the impact of their combined application on gaseous nitrogen loss in rice fields remains unclear. To achieve this goal, we conducted a two-year experiment using two irrigation methods and three bio-organic fertilizer substitution modes. The experiment investigated the effect of different irrigation and fertilizer management techniques on gaseous nitrogen losses in rice fields. The result indicated that controlled irrigation could reduce the peak value of ammonia volatilization by 36.8~75.9% and ammonia volatilization accumulation by 45.8%. However, it also leads to a 71.4% increase in N2O accumulation emissions, resulting in a 43.0% reduction in gaseous nitrogen losses. Compared to full chemical fertilizers, bio-organic fertilizer substitution could effectively reduce the peak of N2O and ammonia volatilization. Cumulative ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions went down by 22.7~60.0% and 38.6~42.6%, respectively. This then led to a 23.4~52.9% drop in total gaseous nitrogen losses. In contrast, the utilization of controlled irrigation and bio-organic fertilizer substitution did not have a significant impact on rice yield. However, it did reduce the intensity of gaseous nitrogen loss from rice fields by 42.7% and 22.5% to 56.5%, respectively. When taken together, the substitution of bio-organic fertilizer in controlled irrigation can effectively reduce gaseous nitrogen losses while maintaining rice yields. This study has significant practical implications for reducing nitrogen loss from paddy fields, improving water and fertilizer utilization, and achieving sustainable agricultural development.

Effects of Different Conditioners on Soil Microbial Community and Labile Organic Carbon Fractions under the Combined Application of Swine Manure and Straw in Black Soil

The return of straw and manure to agricultural fields can impact soil organic carbon (SOC) and biological properties. However, there is a lack of research on how to use swine manure, maize straw, and various conditioners together affects soil bacterial and fungal populations. This study aimed to investigate six treatments, namely, only maize straw (S00), maize straw combined with swine manure (S0Z), maize straw combined with biochar and swine manure (SCZ), maize straw combined with boron slag and swine manure (SBZ), maize straw combined with biological agent and swine manure (SJZ), and maize straw combined with bio-organic fertilizer and swine manure (SFZ). The results showed that after the two-year return, all treatments increased the SOC content in 2023, which was 12.55–26.89% higher than S00. And the SCZ treatment significantly increased the soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), easily oxidizable carbon (EOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content by 26.89%, 25.44%, 56.88%, 16.08%, and 43.54%, compared to S00. A redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the continuous application of manure, maize straw, and conditioners has a positive impact on the diversity and abundance of soil microbial communities, enhancing the accumulation of soil carbon. Furthermore, our research revealed that soil fungi exhibited higher sensitivity in soil carbon composition following the addition of manure, straw, and conditioners to agricultural fields than bacteria. In conclusion, the addition of different conditioners to the fields is beneficial to biodiversity conservation from the perspective of achieving soil carbon storage and soil protection. Our findings suggested that the combination of maize straw, biochar, and swine manure was been proven to be the most effective treatment for increasing labile organic carbon fractions and enhancing the microbial community.

Effects of Different Organic Fertilizer Substitutions for Chemical Nitrogen Fertilizer on Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Foxtail Millet

Conventional fertilizer management can destroy the structure of soil. Replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can improve soil quality and nitrogen use efficiency. We aimed to study the effects of organic fertilizer substitutions for chemical nitrogen fertilizer on soil fertility and nitrogen use efficiency in order to clarify the effectiveness of the available nutrient management measures in improving soil quality and increasing foxtail millet yield. A field experiment was carried out over two consecutive years, and a total of six treatments were set up: no fertilizer (CK), chemical nitrogen fertilizer alone (N), the substitution of 25% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizer (N25A1), the substitution of 25% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with fermented mealworm manure (N25B1), the substitution of 50% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizer (N50A2), and the substitution of 50% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with fermented mealworm manure (N50B2). The results of this study show the following: (1) Compared with chemical nitrogen fertilizer, the substitution of organic fertilizer for nitrogen fertilizer reduced the bulk density and solid phase of the soil, and it increased the total porosity, water content, liquid phase, and gas phase of the soil. (2) Compared with nitrogen fertilizer, the use of an organic fertilizer increased the contents of nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and total nitrogen in the soil by 13.59~52.56%, 4.47~18.27%, and 4.40~12.09%, respectively. The content of alkaline nitrogen increased by 1.70~32.37%, and the contents of soil available potassium, available phosphorus, and organic matter also increased. (3) The activities of sucrase, urease, glutaminase, and asparaginase were improved by replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer. The N25 treatments performed better than the N50 treatments, and fermented mealworm manure performed better than biological organic fertilizer. (4) A moderate application of organic fertilizer (N25) can increase the grain yield, ear weight, grain weight, and 1000-grain weight of foxtail millet, whereas excessive application of organic fertilizer (N50) can reduce foxtail millet yield. (5) Replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer can improve the agronomic use efficiency, physiological efficiency, biased productivity, harvest index, and apparent use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer. In this study, the substitution of 25% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with fermented mealworm manure was the best combination for restoring crop productivity and soil quality.

Biocontrol Potential of Bacteria Isolated from Vermicompost against Meloidogyne incognita on Tomato and Cucumber Crops

Root-knot nematodes are the major diseases in protected cultivation around the world. Bio-organic fertilizer has become a research hotspot, with a variety of microorganisms that control various vegetable soil-borne diseases. This study screened nematocidal microorganisms from fresh vermicompost, explored the inhibitory substances produced by biocontrol agents, and evaluated their potential biocontrol ability in the pot and field under greenhouse conditions. The highly effective antagonistic microbes of Meloidogyne incognita (M. incognita) were screened. Strains YL1 and YL31 were identified as Peribacillus frigoritolerans, and strain YL6 was identified as Lysinibacillus fusiformis. The three strains all produced chitinase and protease, which prevented the normal development of eggs and the second-stage juveniles (J2) by destroying their appearance. The three strains all improved potassium-dissolving ability, and the strains YL1 and YL6 also enhanced phosphorus-dissolving ability. Pot experiments showed that tomato root knots were reduced, and plant growth improved. Field tests showed that the root-knot index and nematode population were reduced significantly, and cucumber growth and yield were enhanced. Strain YL1 had the best control effect with 70.6%, and the yield increased by 14.9% compared with the control. Overall, this study showed the ability of antagonistic bacteria YL1, YL6, and YL31 to control root-knot nematodes, and these antagonistic bacteria could be developed as biocontrol agents for sustainable agriculture.

Evaluation of Virgibacillus dokdonensis MCCC 1A00493 as a biological control agent and microbial organic fertilizer against root-knot nematodes

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) can result in severe losses to crop production and economies. Virgibacillus dokdonensis MCCC 1A00493, a deep-sea bacterium, has demonstrated potent antagonistic effects against Meloidogyne incognita in vitro. However, the control efficacy under greenhouse and field conditions remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the nematicidal effect of MCCC 1A00493 fermentation liquid and its synergism with black soldier fly (BSF) larval frass organic fertilizer both in greenhouse and field experiments. MCCC 1A00493 fermentation liquid demonstrated a significant control efficacy on RKNs both in greenhouse and field experiments, with the highest control efficacy reaching 68.97 % and 74.87 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the synergistic effects of MCCC 1A00493 and BSF larvae frass organic fertilizer was investigated by adding 10 % suspension (1 × 109 CFU/mL) of MCCC 1A00493 into 71.51 kg of chicken manure organic fertilizer produced by co-conversion of BSF larvae and Bacillus subtilis BSF-CL. It was noted that MCCC 1A00493 microbial organic fertilizer reduced disease incidence of RKNs significantly both in greenhouse and field experiments, with the root gall index decreasing by 51.75 % and 63.22 %, respectively. MCCC 1A00493 fermentation liquid and microbial organic fertilizer demonstrated a control efficacy on RKNs exceeded commercial nematicide avermectin and commercial bio-organic fertilizer, respectively. In addition, MCCC 1A00493 fermentation liquid and microbial organic fertilizer had positive effects on the growth of tomato plants. These findings confirmed that V.dokdonensis MCCC 1A00493 as a biological control agent and microbial organic fertilizer have significant effect on RKNs and can be used as potential biocontrol preparations.

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with bio-organic fertilizer application on growth physiology and nutrient absorption of Chinese cabbage in open fields on plateau in summer

Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with bio-organic fertilizer application on growth physiology and nutrient absorption of Chinese cabbage in open fields on plateau in summer

Effects of Continuous Cropping and Application of Bio-organic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet under Reduced Chemical Fertilizer Application

Effects of Continuous Cropping and Application of Bio-organic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Sugar Beet under Reduced Chemical Fertilizer Application

SPENT BLEACHING EARTH: SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES, CHARACTERISATION, AND APPLICATION

Spent bleaching earth (SBE) is hazardous solid waste generated from the edible oil industry through the oil bleaching process, as it is used to purify the edible oil to accomplish the strict standards required for edible oil on colour, taste and hence oil’s shelf-life. It has diverse applications for energy, construction, and agriculture, which are attributed to its remarkable physical and chemical properties. Waste generation can be reduced by utilising SBE for applications that include biogas production, bio-organic fertiliser, lubricating grease, and foamed concrete incorporating SBE. In line with this background, this paper compiled and reviewed the literature on the synthesis of SBE through the activation of bentonite, edible oil bleaching process, properties of SBE and characterisation techniques for SBE. Finally, the merits and demerits of the application of SBE are expounded. The overall performance of SBE in their respective applications is enhanced by free cations and residual oil present. Finally, future research considerations are also discussed for the co-pyrolysis application of SBE and other biomass substrates as an economically significant prospect. It is noted that reusing SBE appears to improve the oil refining industry’s sustainability and in turn the cities and communities.