Characterization Of Bio-oil Research Articles

A Review of Characteristics of Bio-Oils and Their Utilization as Additives of Asphalts.

Transforming waste biomass materials into bio-oils in order to partially substitute petroleum asphalt can reduce environmental pollution and fossil energy consumption and has economic benefits. The characteristics of bio-oils and their utilization as additives of asphalts are the focus of this review. First, physicochemical properties of various bio-oils are characterized. Then, conventional, rheological, and chemical properties of bio-oil modified asphalt binders are synthetically reviewed, as well as road performance of bio-oil modified asphalt mixtures. Finally, performance optimization is discussed for bio-asphalt binders and mixtures. This review indicates that bio-oils are highly complex materials that contain various compounds. Moreover, bio-oils are source-depending materials for which its properties vary with different sources. Most bio-oils have a favorable stimulus upon the low temperature performance of asphalt binders and mixtures but exhibit a negative impact on their high-temperature performance. Moreover, a large amount of oxygen element, oxygen-comprising functional groups, and light components in plant-based bio-oils result in higher sensitivity to ageing of bio-oil modified asphalts. In order to increase the performance of bio-asphalts, most research has been limited to adding additive agents to bio-asphalts; therefore, more reasonable optimization methods need to be proposed. Furthermore, upcoming exploration is also needed to identify reasonable evaluation indicators of bio-oils, modification mechanisms of bio-asphalts, and long-term performance tracking in field applications of bio-asphalts during pavement service life.

Production and characterization of bio-oils from fast pyrolysis of tobacco processing wastes in an ablative reactor under vacuum.

Application of advanced pyrolysis processes to agricultural waste for liquid production is gaining great attention, especially when it is applied to an economic crop like tobacco. In this work, tobacco residues were pyrolyzed in an ablative reactor under vacuum. The maximum bio-oil yield of 55% w/w was obtained at 600°C with a particle size of 10 mm at a blade rotation speed of 10 rpm. The physical properties of the products showed that the oil produced was of high quality with high carbon, hydrogen, and calorific value. Two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometric analysis results indicated that the oils were complex mixtures of alkanes, benzene derivative groups, and nitrogen-containing compounds. In addition, 13C NMR results confirmed that long aliphatic chain alkanes were evident. The alkanes were likely converted from furans that were decomposed from hemicelluloses. Ablative pyrolysis under vacuum proved to be a promising option for generating useful amount of bio-oils from tobacco residues.

Oxidative valorisation of lignin into valuable phenolics: Effect of acidic and basic catalysts and reaction parameters

The aromatic nature of lignin makes it a good source for the production of numerous platform chemicals. The valorization of lignin into valuable compounds depends upon the type of bonds and functionality present in lignin. Here, we have studied the depolymerization of rice straw alkali lignin in N2 and O2 with acidic (ZSM-5), basic (MgO) catalyst and with their mixtures (1:1, 3:7 and 7:3). The effect of hydrogen peroxide on lignin depolymerization was also examined. Maximum yield of bio-oil (50 wt%) was obtained with pure ZSM-5 and 1 ml hydrogen peroxide in nitrogen atmosphere, while maximum conversion (60%) was observed in oxygen environment during the non-catalytic depolymerization of lignin. Bio-oil characterization through GC–MS showed maximum selectivity towards 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol with 38.5 area% in the bio-oil of ZSM-5-N2. The bio-oils have also been characterized using 1H NMR, FT-IR and GC–MS.

Slow pyrolysis of agro-food wastes and physicochemical characterization of biofuel products

Effective management and utilization of food waste and agricultural crop residues are highly crucial to mitigate the challenges of greenhouse gas generation upon natural decomposition and waste accumulation. Conversion of biogenic wastes to biofuels and bioproducts can address the energy crisis and promote environmental remediation. This study was focused on exploring the characteristics of food waste and agricultural crop residues (e.g., canola hull and oar hull) to determine their candidacy for slow pyrolysis to produce biochar and bio-oil. Process parameters of slow pyrolysis such as temperature, reaction time and heating rate were optimized to obtain maximum biochar yields. Maximum biochar yield of 28.4 wt% was recorded at optimized temperature, heating rate and reaction time of 600 °C, 5 °C/min and 60 min, respectively. Furthermore, the physicochemical, spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of biochar, bio-oil and gases were performed. The carbon content and thermal stability of biochar were found to increase at higher temperatures. Moreover, bio-oil generated at higher temperatures showed the presence of phenolics and aromatic compounds.

Catalyzed pyrolysis of coffee and tea wastes

The pyrolysis of food waste has a double environmental advantage as it contributes to the management and treatment of waste and allows the production of renewable fuels. Spent coffee and tea grounds, were characterized by thermogravimetry to determine their composition and evaluating the pyrolysis kinetics of each lignocellulosic pseudocomponent and pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor. Tea grounds had about twice the cellulose and higher pyrolysis activation energy than the coffee grounds sample. At 673 K the pyrolysis of the coffee grounds led to a 42% bio-oil yield while the tea grounds produced only 18% of liquid product, which is compatible with its higher cellulose content and the higher activation energy for pyrolysis. The alkaline carbonates used as pyrolysis catalysts led to an increase in the production of a gaseous product, bio-gas, with a reduction in the production of bio-oil but accompanied by a significant increase in the volatile fraction of the produced bio-oils. Pyrolysis data shows that both coffee and tea residues can be used as raw materials to produce pyrolysis bio-oil and that low-value materials such as alkaline carbonates can be used as pyrolysis catalysts improving the characteristics of bio-oils produced such as acidity and volatility.

Bio-oil and biochar production using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of low-value waste neem seeds over low-cost catalysts: effects of operating conditions on product yields and studies of physicochemical characteristics of bio-oil and biochar

Bio-oil and biochar production using thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of low-value waste neem seeds over low-cost catalysts: effects of operating conditions on product yields and studies of physicochemical characteristics of bio-oil and biochar

Bio-oil characteristics of palm oil shell and empty fruit bunch (EFB) pyrolysis

Oil palm shell and empty fruit bunch (EFB) are biomass which contains lignocellulose which can potentially converted to bio-oil (liquid product of pyrolysis). Pyrolysis process produces solid, liquid and gas products. Temperature level of pyrolysis process influences bio-oil composition and its characteristics. The objective of this research was to characterize bio-oil of pyrolysis product on palm oil shell and empty fruit bunch at 3 different temperature levels. Pyrolysis process was done by using mini pyrolysis reactor. The temperature was set at 400°C, 500°C and 600°C. The result showed that mass fraction of palm oil shell was fluctuating along with the temperature difference. Shell solid fraction was decreasing at range 44.27-34.99% while shell liquid and gas fraction were increasing at range 38.33-43.28% and 17.40-21.73%, respectively. EFB products mass fraction was fluctuating at range 30.66-45.28%, 24.85-29.16% and 28.86-44.49% for solid, liquid and gas respectively. The highest shell bio-oil calorific value was 36.15 kJ/g at temperature 500°C and EFB highest bio-oil calorific value was 40.86 kJ/g at temperature 600°C. The highest shell and EFB bio-oil energy was 7,445.39 kJ and 1117.62 kJ.

The Effect of Zeolite Catalysis Size on Biodiesel Characteristics of Bio-Oil from Tuna Waste

Indonesia is a country with the third largest tuna production in the world. Fish oil as a fishery product processing waste is a potential material for making biodiesel because it has a high fat content. In this research, biodiesel was made from bio-oil from tuna waste through esterification and transesterification processes at 60°C, stirring speed 360 rpm with a reaction time of 2 hours. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) contained in bio-oil from tuna waste and to determine the effect of the size of the natural zeolite catalyst in the transesterification process on the characteristics of the biodiesel produced. The variables used were the size of the zeolite catalyst 10 - 20, 30 - 40, 50 - 60, 70 - 80, 100 - 120 mesh. From the research results, it can be concluded that the smaller the zeolite catalyst size, the resulting biodiesel is closer to the biodiesel standard and the size of 100-120 mesh which is very close to the SNI 7182: 2015 biodiesel standard with a density value of 849.6 kg/m 3 , kinematic viscosity 3,413 cSt, moisture content. 0%, acid number 1.10 mg.KOH /gr, flash point 75 ° C, calorific value 8.240 Cal/gr.

Study on hydrothermal liquefaction of spirulina platensis using biochar based catalysts to produce bio-oil

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an effective conversion technology of microalgae biomass. In this study, the low-lipid microalgae-spirulina platensis was used as feedstock to investigate the performance of the biochar-based catalysts on HTL. The by-product of spirulina platensis HTL-solid residue was collected and activated to obtain the biochar (BC). Then, the BC was used as the carrier to support Co, Ni and their oxides CoOx and NiO to form Co/BC, Ni/BC, CoOx/BC, NiO/BC catalysts. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the HTL parameters and investigate the effect of biochar-based catalysts on HTL. The results showed that the maximum yield of bio-oil catalyzed by BC was 35.80 wt% with 304 °C, 34.7 min, and 0.32 g catalyst loading. BC catalyst displayed an improvement of bio-oil yield up to 4.00 wt% at low temperatures (260–280 °C). Ni/BC was the most favorable catalyst for bio-oil production, reaching a maximum value of 36.57 wt% at 280 °C, 35.0 min, and 0.15 g catalyst loading, which increased by 6.40 wt% compared with the non catalytic case. The characterization of bio-oil showed that CoOx/BC and NiO/BC could raise the hydrocarbon content, H/C value, and heat value, while decrease O/C value. Ni/BC had an excellent denitrification effect on bio-oil, the N content was reduced by nearly 2.00 wt% compared with the non catalytic case.

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Characterization of Pyrolysis Bio-oils: A Review

Raw pyrolysis bio-oils can be used as liquid biofuels for district heating or as raw materials for producing O-containing substances. Additionally, they can be upgraded using different processes to...

Optimization and Characterization of Bio-oil Produced from Rice Husk Using Surface Response Methodology

Abstract The study depicts the production, optimization and characterization of bio-oil from pyrolyzed rice husk using a fabricated fixed bed reactor. The pyrolysis process was conducted with bio-oil response, bio-char response and non-condensable gases response as products. The effect of pyrolysis variables were observed by the production of the bio-oil as the response. Sixty runs of pyrolysis experiments were suggested by Box Benkhen design indicated optimum pyrolysis conditions at particle size of 2.03mm mesh, reaction time of 81.80 mins and temperature of 650oC for rice husk. The maximum bio-oil yield was obtained with 38.39% at optimum condition of the variables. The bio-oil sample obtained had better performance compared with ASTM standard. Such a determination would contribute so immensely to a significant comprehension of the chemical efficiency of the pyrolysis reaction.

Acidity Reduction of Bio-Oil by Methylic Esterification Reactions

An alternative to fossil fuels is the use of triglyceride biomass for conversion to biofuel by the thermal cracking process, also known as pyrolysis. The liquid phase, called bio-oil, has physicochemical properties like petroleum-derived fuels. One of the undesirable characteristics of bio-oil is the high acidity index, due to the presence of short-chain carboxylic acids in its composition. This feature makes refining and use inviable. The objective of this work was to perform esterification reactions using bio-oil, produced from soybean oil pyrolysis already characterized, in order to reduce its acidity index. Besides that, the esterified bio-oil was submitted to different washing experiments to decrease even more the final acidity. For the esterification reaction 25 g of bio-oil was used at a temperature of 64 °C, using from 0.8 to 2.2% sulfuric acid and 0.5 to 99.5% mass ratio of methyl alcohol and bio-oil. The highest acidity index reduction after 20 min was 81.2%, the esterified bio-oil reduced from 129 to 32.4 mg KOH g-1. Esterification reaction followed by washing and neutralization can decrease even more those values and, the acidity index can reach zero.

Acidity Reduction of Bio-Oil by Methylic Esterification Reactions

An alternative to fossil fuels is the use of triglyceride biomass for conversion to biofuel by the thermal cracking process, also known as pyrolysis. The liquid phase, called bio-oil, has physicochemical properties like petroleum-derived fuels. One of the undesirable characteristics of bio-oil is the high acidity index, due to the presence of short-chain carboxylic acids in its composition. This feature makes refining and use inviable. The objective of this work was to perform esterification reactions using bio-oil, produced from soybean oil pyrolysis already characterized, in order to reduce its acidity index. Besides that, the esterified bio-oil was submitted to different washing experiments to decrease even more the final acidity. For the esterification reaction 25 g of bio-oil was used at a temperature of 64 °C, using from 0.8 to 2.2% sulfuric acid and 0.5 to 99.5% mass ratio of methyl alcohol and bio-oil. The highest acidity index reduction after 20 min was 81.2%, the esterified bio-oil reduced from 129 to 32.4 mg KOH g-1. Esterification reaction followed by washing and neutralization can decrease even more those values and, the acidity index can reach zero.

Fast pyrolysis corn husk for bio-oil production

The fast pyrolysis of corn husk was studied by using a tube pyrolysis unit. This research aimed to produce bio-oil from corn husk through a fast pyrolysis process. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition process of biomass at high temperatures with the absence of oxygen. The products in pyrolysis combustion are solids (bio-char), liquids (bio-oil), and gases. The major factors to get excellent products of pyrolysis are temperature and time. The corn husk was dried at 105 °C in the oven to reduce water content. The dried sample was burned at temperatures of 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 °C by flushing the nitrogen gas inside the tube for two h. The highest yield of bio-oil was reached of 33.3% at a temperature of 400 °C. Bio-oil characteristics such as density (1.007 gr/ml) and viscosity (0.9625 cSt) were observed. The composition of bio-oil was identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Its composition was composed of hydrocarbons such as acids, furfural, phenols, and ketones.

Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of peanut shell for the production aromatic rich monomer compounds

Industrial wastes and natural mixed oxide materials were evaluated as inexpensive heterogeneous catalysts for catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food wastes. Base MgO and ZSM-5 and mixture of MgO + ZSM-5 achieved bio-oil yields of 31.2, 35.5, and 40.6 wt% with higher heating values (HHVs) of 32.5–34.8 MJ kg-1, respectively, which were much greater than those without the catalyst. Bio-oil characterization revealed that similar families of molecules were formed in the presence and absence of catalysts, implying that the main role of the catalyst is to promote rates of thermal reactions, leading to Bio-oil production. The improved catalytic HTL performance of the mixed metal oxides compared with single-metal oxides was attributed to the synergistic effects of base and acid sites present on catalyst surfaces. Maximum yield of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (49%) observed in case of HTL with MgO + ZSM-5 mixture catalyst. The percent of energy recovered as bio-oil was strongly correlated with the base-to-acid site density ratio, providing an important performance predictor for catalyst HTL conversion of food waste to bioenergy.

Optimization and characterization of bio-oil and biochar production from date stone pyrolysis using Box–Behnken experimental design

Optimization and characterization of bio-oil and biochar production from date stone pyrolysis using Box–Behnken experimental design

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on pyrolysis of pine saw dust and application of bio-char

Pine saw dust as a typical forest residue is slowly pyrolyzed at 400–800 °C in a fixed bed system. The influence of pyrolysis temperature on the characteristics of bio-gas, bio-oil and bio-char is investigated and then to assess their potential uses. The result indicates that the yield of bio-gas increases as pyrolysis temperature increases, while the yield of bio-char decreases. The pyrolysis temperature does not have much effect on the yield of bio-oil. The bio-gas has high content of combustible gases (H2 + CO) and heating value with increase in pyrolysis temperature. The highest content of combustible gases is 76.96% with the highest heating value of 16.46 MJ/Nm3. The main identified compounds of bio-oil are the furfuran, alkane and phenol, respectively. Therefore, bio-oil can be used as the potential chemical materials in the food, chemical, pharmaceutical and other industries. The physiochemical properties of bio-char such as element content, and BET specific surface area have changed as pyrolysis temperature increases. Besides, bio-char could be potentially applied not only to remove Ag+ from aqueous solutions but also to produce a new value-added nanocomposite.

Pyrolysis of purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis): Product distributions and reaction kinetics

Pyrolysis of typical wetland biomass, namely purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) was experimentally studied herein for the first time. The pyrolysis of purun tikus leaves for bio-oil production was conducted under different reaction temperatures (300, 400, and 500 °C) at fixed pressure and different particle size distributions (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mm). Characteristics of bio-oil and product distributions were studied. The bio-oil yield as high as 31% was obtained at 500 °C and 0.6 mm of particle size. Meanwhile, the highest bio-char yield of 62% was obtained at 300 °C and 0.2 mm of particle size. The bio-oil was characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Phenol yield as high as 18.23% was achieved at 500 °C and 0.6 mm of particle size under atmospheric pressure. A reaction model was proposed, and the reaction kinetic parameters by assuming the first-order kinetics were determined. The reaction was observed to follow the Arrhenius behavior, and the kinetic model agreed well with the experimental data.

Combination of woody and grass type biomass: waste management, influence of process parameters, yield of bio-oil by pyrolysis and its chromatographic characterization

Extensive concentration has been given to the conservation of environment in order to minimize the emission. Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system due to the emission by burning fossil fuels. Biomass materials are used since millennia for meeting myriad human needs including energy and chemicals. In this study co-pyrolysis of woody and grass type agricultural wastes, namely Borassus flabellifer and Cymbopogon flexuosus have been conducted in a fixed-bed reactor. The yield and chemical characterization of bio-oil and char products obtained from the pyrolysis of the mixture of Borassus flabellifer and Cymbopogon flexuosus under an inert atmosphere have been studied. The effects of operating parameters such as temperature, particle size and heating rate were investigated. In this co-pyrolysis process, the maximum yield of pyrolysis bio-oil of 47.10 wt% have been obtained under the pyrolysis temperature of 500 ºC, 1.0 mm particle size and at the heating rate of 30 ºC/min. The bio-oil product was analyzed for physical, elemental and chemical composition using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography (GC).

Bio-oil production from fast pyrolysis of furniture processing residue

The pyrolysis characteristic of furniture processing residue (FPR), which was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under nitrogen atmosphere, mainly decomposed between 230 °C and 500 °C. The FPR was submitted to fast pyrolysis in a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor (BFR) for converting into bio-oil, bio-char. The product distribution and characteristics of bio-oil depend on the operating conditions (temperature, fluidizing flow rate, particle size of sample). The bio-oil yield showed the highest value (50.68 wt%) at the pyrolysis temperature of 450 °C with a biomass particle size of 1.0 mm and a fluidization velocity of 2.0×Umf. The bio-oil had high selectivity for dioctyl phthalate, levoglucosan, and phenolic derivatives. The carbon number proportions in bio-oils of FPR were 32.74 wt% for C5–C11 fraction, 47.60 wt% for C12–C18 fraction and 19.38 wt% of C25–C38 fraction, respectively. The gas product included CO, CO2, H2, and hydrocarbons (C1–C4), and the selectivity of CO2 was the highest. The high heating value (HHV) of gas products was between 4.60 and 12.90 MJ/m3. The bio-char shows high HHV (23.87 MJ/kg) and high C content (62.47 wt%) that can be applied as a solid fuel.