Bionanocomposites Research Articles

Neuro Fuzzy in Predicting the Characteristics of Some Nanomaterials

Unveiling the impressive capabilities of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), this study effectively predicts key properties of engineered nanomaterials, opening doors to innovative applications across various industries. We initially investigate the cytotoxic effects of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles on immortalized human lung epithelial cells, employing ANFIS to establish correlations between nanoparticle size and behaviour in different media and the resulting cellular membrane damage, quantified by lactate dehydrogenase release. Next, to predict the compressive strength of geopolymers, analysing over previous experimental datasets focused on critical chemical ratios. This model demonstrates its capability to optimize formulations for enhanced mechanical performance in sustainable construction materials. Additionally, we apply ANFIS to evaluate the size of silver nanoparticles in montmorillonite/starch bio nanocomposites, identifying significant factors such as AgNO3 concentration. The ANFIS models achieved high accuracy across all applications, underscoring their utility in predicting material behaviour and optimizing formulations for improved performance and safety. Collectively, these findings illustrate the potential of ANFIS as a robust tool in nanomaterial research and development.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver doped zinc sulfide/chitosan bionanocomposites: A new frontier in biomedical applications

Numerous microbial species have caused infectious diseases worldwide, which have become a social burden and a menace to the community. So, there is a need to develop antimicrobial materials and specialized materials for biomedical applications. In the present investigation, we report the simple synthesis, the physicochemical, and antibacterial activity of Silver doped zinc sulfide (ZnS: Ag) capped with Chitosan (CS) to produce ZnS: Ag/CS bionanocomposites (BNCs). The prepared BNCs was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. According to the XRD results, ZnS: Ag/CS particles with semicrystalline chitosan/hexagonal ZnS phase structures and an average crystallite size in the range of 30–40 nm was formed. According to FESEM images, a spherical/hexagonal shape of ZnS: Ag particles embedded in the polymeric chitosan matrix. The colony counting method was employed to investigate the antibacterial activity on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The results revealed that ZnS: Ag particles and ZnS: Ag/CS BNCs have stronger antibacterial activities than pure CS and ZnS. The reduction percentage of ZnS: Ag/CS BNCs against S. aureus and E. coli after 6 h of treatment was >99.9 % and 70 % respectively. These findings suggest that ZnS: Ag/CS BCs not only offer superior antimicrobial properties compared to individual ZnS and CS but also have great potential for advancing biomedical applications due to their enhanced antibacterial performance. The simplicity of the synthesis method and the use of non-toxic materials like chitosan make this a sustainable approach for developing antimicrobial agents, which is a key advantage of this study.

Polypropylene-based Bio-nano Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals and Added with Mono-diacylglycerols as Antistatic Agent

Polypropylene-based Bio-nano Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals and Added with Mono-diacylglycerols as Antistatic Agent

Developing Bio-Nano Composites Using Cellulose-Nanofiber-Reinforced Epoxy

This study introduces the development of a novel bio-nano composite via the dispersion of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) in epoxy. The surface of cellulose nanofibers was functionalized using a two-step chemical treatment to enhance dispersion. The interfacial characteristics of CNF were improved using alcohol/acetone treatments. The modified CNF (M-CNF) demonstrated enhanced compatibility and improved dispersion in the epoxy matrix as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. Based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns, M-CNF did not disturb the crystalline phases at the interface. The results of mechanical testing showed that M-CNF worked as a reinforcing agent in the bio-nano composite. The flexural modulus increased from 1.4 to 3.7 GPa when M-CNF was introduced. A similar trend was observed for tensile strength and impact resistance. The optimum performance characteristics were observed at M-CNF of 0.6%. At higher dosages, some agglomeration was observed, which weakened the interfacial properties. This study promotes sustainability and resource conservation while offering CNF as a sustainable reinforcing agent to develop bio-nano composites.

Robust advantage of MXene/g-C3N4 loaded on Fe2WO6/BiIO4 nano-platform for chemo-peroxidase colorimetric detection of uranyl ions, antifungal properties, photocatalytic degradation of p-chlorophenol, and eco-toxicity studies

In this study, we have designed a nanocomposites based on MXene/g-C3N4 (MX/CN) loaded on Fe2WO6/BiIO4 (FWO/BIO) for different applications. The nanocomposites were identified by using the structural and morphological studies including XRD, FESEM, EDS, DLS, TGA, BET, UV–vis, XPS techniques. The average sizes of BIO, FWO/BIO, and MX/CN/FWO/BIO were 44, 46, and 58 nm, respectively. The synthesized MX/CN/FWO/BIO nanocomposites was utilized for the peroxidase colorimetric identification of uranyl ions (UO22+) with the excellent selectivity and sensitivity properties (LOD: 3.21 nM). The antifungal efficiency of the as-fabricated nanomaterials was investigated and the inhibition zone at high concentration 2.5 mg/mL of MX/CN/FWO/BIO nanocomposites were 19.74, 17.91, 24.25, and 21.32 mm against Aspergillus spp., Penicillum spp., Candida spp. and Fusarium spp., respectively. The MX/CN/FWO/BIO nanocomposites was utilized in photocatalysis process for decomposition of p-chlorophenol under visible light lamp. The findings showed that the MX/CN/FWO/BIO nanocomposites can be degrade p-chlorophenol (100.0 %) under visible light irradiation (80 min). The photocatalytic response was decreased about 2 % after 5th cycle times, and showed the best stability of the MX/CN/FWO/BIO nanocomposites. The quenching test shows the mechanism of p-chlorophenol degradation was conducted by •O2−, and •OH species. Additionally, the ecological structure activity relationships ECOSAR software was utilized to evaluate the toxicity of the p-chlorophenol and the intermediates produced. This work can lead for manufacturing innovation in near future.

Synthesis of biopolymer blends nanocomposites embedded with mono-(Ag, Fe) and bi-(Ag-Fe) metallic nanoparticles using an eco-friendly approach for antimicrobial activities.

Plant-mediated solution casting is used to develop eco-friendly polymer blend nanocomposites from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) doped with Silver (Ag), Ferrous (Fe) monometallic and Silver-Ferrous (Ag-Fe) bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs). These nanocomposites were studied to understand their electromagnetic interface (EMI) shielding efficiency and antimicrobial activities, besides evaluating their physical and chemical properties. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) characterization techniques were used to examine the interactions between the polymers, the presence of silver and ferrous particles in the composites, the crystallinity shift, the surface morphology, the shape and size of the nanoparticles and the distribution of the nanoparticles in the composites. The FTIR spectra showed the interactions among the components of the composites. According to XRD spectra, the incorporation of nanoparticles into the PVA polymer significantly reduced the crystalline character of the polymer from 0.38 to 0.24 for the composition consisting of silver and iron nanoparticles in equal proportion. The results from SEM, EDX and XRD corroborate the presence of nanoparticle forms. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests reveal that the thermal stability of bimetallic composites is greater than that of monometallic composites. The tensile properties showed that the addition of nanoparticles to the PVA/PVP polymer matrix increased its mechanical strength from 59.3MPa to 85.5MPa. We examined its efficacy against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans as microorganisms. Good antibacterial and antifungal activity was observed. The bimetallic composites demonstrated greater activity than monometallic composites against these bacterial and fungal species. All bimetallic nanocomposites have shown enhanced, loss due to reflection, loss due to absorption, and the total EMI shielding efficiency at 8GHz (X-band) and 16GHz (Ku-band) frequency. All these results ratify, that these newly developed bio nanocomposites are most suitable in many applications, in EMI shielding, nanotechnology, and medical fields.

A data mining approach to analyze the role of biomacromolecules-based nanocomposites in sustainable packaging

Recent decades have witnessed a surge in research interest in bio-nanocomposite-based packaging materials, but still, a lack of systematic analysis exists in this domain. Bio-based packaging materials pose a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based packaging materials. The current work employs bibliometric analysis to deliver a comprehensive outline on the role of bio nanocomposites in packaging. India, Iran, and China were revealed to be the top three nations actively engaged in this domain in total publications. Islamic Azad University in Iran and Universiti Putra Malaysia in Malaysia are among the world's best institutions in active research and publications in this field. The extensive collaboration between nations and institutions highlights the significance of a holistic approach towards bio-nanocomposite. The National Natural Science Foundation of China is the leading funding body in this field of research. Among authors, Jong whan Rhim secured the topmost citations (2234) in this domain (13 publications). Among journals, Carbohydrate Polymers secured the maximum citation count (4629) from 36 articles; the initial one was published in 2011. Bio nanocomposite is the most frequently used keyword. Researchers and policymakers focussing on sustainable packaging solutions will gain crucial insights on the current research status on packaging solutions using bio-nanocomposites from the conclusions.

Versatile, flexible rice starch–graphene oxide bio-nanocomposites

In light of the pressing global issues of plastic and water pollution, this study seeks a singular solution by exploring the remarkable potential of graphene oxide (GO) as a nanomaterial in rice starch-GO bio-nano composites.

Characteristics of polypropylene-based antistatic bio-nano composites reinforced with mono-diacylglycerols and cellulose nanocrystals

Polypropylene (PP) is known as a polymer without antistatic properties that is susceptible to the use of high temperatures. Therefore, to improve the thermal and antistatic properties of PP, it is necessary to modify PP to antistatic bio-nanocomposites with mono-diacylglycerols (M-DAG) as an antistatic agent and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a reinforcement. This research aimed to characterize the electrical resistivity and thermal properties of PP-based antistatic bio-nanocomposites reinforced with M-DAG and CNC at different concentrations of CNC (0%–5%), and 2% of M- DAG, compared to pure PP. The results showed that the addition of 2% CNC (AS-BNC-2) gave the melting temperature of 125.0 °C, which was higher than pure PP of 118.3 °C. The thermal stability of the antistatic bio-nano composites with 3% CNC (AS-BNC-3) was 457.10 °C, which was higher than pure PP of 441.56 °C. The electrical resistivity of the antistatic bio-nano composites from all treatments was still in the range of the antistatic category of 1010–1012 Ω/sq. The melting temperature and thermal stability of bio-nano composites were higher than those of pure PP and they have antistatic properties. This indicates the potential application of these materials in the electronics devices and packaging industries.

Starch/carbon nanofibers bionanocomposites via melt mixing: Effect of dispersion and compatibility on conductivity and mechanical properties

Biodegradable polymers with conductivity and mechanical properties are required in several applications where it is necessary to substitute conductive synthetic plastics due to the high waste produced. In this study, bionanocomposites (BNCs) have been compounded by thermoplastification of rice starch via melt mixing with carbon nanofibers (NPs) and modified NPs (NPs [M]) using plasma of acrylic acid. Spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction, and morphology were studied to elucidate the effect of dispersion and compatibility on the conductivity and mechanical properties. The incorporation of NPs promoted esterification reactions with starch during the melt mixing process, giving rise to changes in its crystal structure. NPs [M] showed better dispersion and compatibility because the plasma prevents reagglomeration and generates a stronger affinity.BNCs showed significative flexibility with remarked % elongation at break from 5.64 % to 248.60 %, and thermal conductivity increased from 0.10 to 0.58 W/m K, with NPs [M] at 5 %. In contrast, the electrical conductivity remained in the same magnitude order (10−4 S/cm). The better compatibility between starch-NPs [M] hinders electronic transport but increases the propagation of phonons to promote thermal conductivity. BNCs fabricated in this study by a dry and scalable process could be of interest in some application areas (intelligent food packing, electronics, textiles, etc.).

Cellulose nanofiber‐incorporated high‐solid siloxane acrylic latex by mini‐emulsion polymerization for hydrophobic coating and wood adhesive

AbstractIn order to contribute to the thriving research on bio nanocomposites for sustainable future, here we developed a cellulose nanofiber (CNF)‐based siloxane acrylic nanocomposite aiming to the application as hydrophobic coating and wood adhesive. CNF was incorporated in a copolymer matrix of poly (methyl methacrylate‐co‐butyl acrylate) [P(MMA‐co‐BA)] cross‐linked with methacrylate‐terminated siloxane (MTS). The copolymer was prepared by mini‐emulsion polymerization at a high solid content of about 57 wt%, where CNF was incorporated to the latex both by in‐situ polymerization and ex‐situ mixing process. The impact of the process of CNF incorporation and its content in the copolymer matrix were evaluated by measuring the thermal, mechanical, water repelling and adhesion properties. All the nanocomposites showed improved mechanical properties (tensile strength: upto 3.9 MPa) and wood adhesion strength (upto 1178 N) compared to the pristine copolymer. In addition, they showed significantly high water‐repelling properties on spray‐coated cotton (water contact angle: 110°–124°). Such siloxane acrylic/CNF nanocomposite has the potential as a sustainable material in the application area of hydrophobic coatings and adhesives.

Treatment of Amoxicillin Antibiotic from the Surface Water using Carboxymethyl Tragacanth Gum-Grafted-Polyaniline doped to Fe2O3 Bionanocomposites

In the present study, treatment of amoxicillin (AMX) antibiotic from the surface water using carboxymethyl tragacanth gum-grafted-polyaniline doped to Fe2O3 (CMTG-g-PANI/Fe2O3) bionanocomposites (BNCs) was examined with adsorption process from pharmaceutical industry wastewater (PI ww) plant, İzmir, Turkey. Different pH values (4.0, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0), increasing adsorption times (5 min, 10 min, 20 min and 40 min), increasing AMX concentrations (100 mg/l, 200 mg/l, 300 mg/l, 400 mg/l and 500 mg/l), increasing CMTG-g-PANI/Fe2O3 BNCs concentrations (5 mg/l, 15 mg/l, 30 mg/l and 45 mg/l), respectively, was operated during adsorption process in the efficient removals of AMX micropollutants in PI ww. The characteristics of the synthesized NPs were assessed using XRD, EDX, FESEM, FTIR, TEM and VSM analyses, respectively. Also, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was operated with Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) measurements by a multi-point method, and the pore parameters were calculated via the Dubinin–Astakhov (DA) method. ANOVA statistical analysis was used for all experimental samples. The maximum 99.36% AMX removal was obtained during adsorption process in PI ww at pH=7.0 and at 25oC. The maximum 99.07% AMX removal was observed during adsorption process in PI ww after 20 min, at pH=7.0 and at 25oC, respectively. The maximum 99.23% AMX removal was found with adsroption process in PI ww, at 100 mg/l AMX, after 20 min, at pH=7.0 and at 25oC, respectively. The maximum 99.20% AMX removal was measured to 5 mg/l CMTG-g-PANI/Fe2O3 BNCs with adsorption process in PI ww, at 100 mg/l AMX after 20 min, at pH=7.0 and at 25oC, respectively. The maximum 99% and 99% AMX recovery efficiencies were measured in PI ww during adsorption process, after 1. recycle time and 2. recycle time, respectively, at 100 mg/l AMX after 20 min, at pH=7.0 and at 25oC, respectively. A granular structure with good thermal stability (34wt% char yield), 8.1143 m2/g specific surface area and 23 emu/g magnetization saturation were measured for CMTG-g-PANI/Fe2O3 BNCs. 983.11 mg/g maximum adsorption capacity was observed at pH=7.0, at 20 min adsorption mixing time, at 5 mg/l CMTG-g-PANI/Fe2O3 BNCs, at 500 mg/l initial AMX concentration, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models are much more suitable with the experimental data for AMX removal in PI ww during adsorption process with CMTG-g-PANI/Fe2O3 BNCs. The adsorption/desorption process showed that CMTG-g-PANI/Fe2O3 BNCs could continue to remove AMX after three sequential adsorption/desorption cycles without significantly losing adsorption capacity. Finally, the combination of a simple, easy operation preparation process, excellent performance and cost effective, makes this CMTG-g-PANI/Fe2O3 BNCs bioadsorbent a promising option during adsorption process in PI ww treatment.

Comparative Study of ZnO-and-TiO2-Nanoparticles-Functionalized Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan Bionanocomposites for Multifunctional Biomedical Applications.

This study aimed to synthesize chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA)-based zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid bionanocomposites (BNCs) and observe their comparative accomplishment against the skin cancer cell line, A431, and antioxidant potential. CS was blended with PVA to form polymeric films reinforced with the immobilization of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), separately. The optimization of the BNCs was done via physicochemical studies, viz. moisture content, swelling ratio, and contact angle measurements. The free radical scavenging activity was observed for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, and the antibacterial assay against the Escherichia coli strain showed a higher zone of inhibition. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of the synthesized BNCs was revealed against the skin cancer cell line A431 under varying concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 μg/mL. The anticancer study revealed a high percent of cancerous cell inhibition (70%) in ZnO BNCs as compared to (61%) TiO2 BNCs in a dose-dependent manner.

A review on mechanical properties of hybrid polymer composites

The purpose of the present work is to evaluate research work on fiber-reinforced hybrid composites that have exceptional mechanical properties. Polymers are replacing metal materials as a solution to issues including corrosion, weight, flexibility, and other issues. Hybrid polymers provide the extra benefit of improving mechanical qualities like tensile, impact, and flexural. Nanocomposites, bio nanocomposites, and biopolymers were offered for each form of hybrid composite, along with thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. Through the examined studies, composites are frequently reinforced with fibres for improved mechanical properties. The experimental findings showed that natural fibre stacking patterns had an impact on the mechanical characteristics of natural hybrid composites. Nearly all hybridization of various reinforcing fibres showed synergistic impacts on the mechanical characteristics of the hybrid composite. The finer mechanical characteristics of hybrid polymers supplemented with nanoparticles, however, can be viewed as a favourable property trait. Due to the hybrid composite material's constituent polymers maintaining their separate identities, it exhibits substantial physical and chemical properties in addition to those of the individual polymers.

Bionanocomposites for active and smart food packaging: A review on its application, safety, and health aspects

AbstractIn recent years, the concept of plastic replacement and its optimal solution has commenced in the food‐packaging sector. In that line, integrating nanotechnology with food packaging to improve material properties, aligned with the concept of active and intelligent packaging, has attracted consumer and industry attention. This review outlines the basics of bionanocomposites (BNCs), processing techniques, and their corresponding functions in innovative packaging techniques. The barrier, thermal, mechanical, and functional properties of film and their application in different food products have been summarized. In addition, the migration properties, safety, and health aspects of the latest findings of various BNC films have been discussed. It has been observed that the addition of fillers in BNC matrix improves the overall physical and functional properties of the film. In addition, BNC is used as a smart indicator to signify the product quality during transportation and storage. However, this review connotes the need for more research on migration and health aspects of the human body and implied the requirement to select BNC for specific food matrices.Practical ApplicationThe effective action of nanotechnology in the field of food packaging was attempted to improve the material properties, aligned with the concept of active and intelligent packaging. The inclusion of nano‐sized particles into the organic matrices widely influenced its barrier, thermal, mechanical, and functional properties of the film. BNCs are also used as a smart indicator to indicate product quality throughout the storage and transportation. This article summarizes the basics of BNC, their processing techniques and functions in innovative packaging techniques, and their application in different food products. In addition, the migration properties, safety, and health aspects of the latest findings of various BNC films have been discussed in detail. This study will help researchers and industry experts to select the BNC for specific food matrices to improve the quality and safety of food product and human health.

Green synthesis of carboxy methyl chitosan based curcumin nanoparticles and its biological activity: Influence of size and conductivity

The exceptional and appealing qualities of the polysaccharide biopolymer chitosan, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility and nontoxicity have been successfully utilized in the creation of specialized polysaccharide-based composite material. The bio-nano composites in the current work were prepared by combining curcumin nanoparticles of two distinct sizes that were produced using a green method with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). Additional testing methods used for the composite include XRD, TEM, UV-Vis, and FTIR. XRD and TEM provided data on things like grain size, crystalline nature, shape and size respectively. Curcumin interacts with the NH2 group of Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMC) which is confirmed through FTIR spectra. UV-Vis spectra indicate a blue shift when the particle size decreases. The conductivity of the CMC with curcumin is high than the pristine. The CMC with curcumin enhances the conductivity. The CMC with curcumin nanoparticle S1 has higher conductivity than the curcumin nanoparticle S2 has the lower conductivity. The conductivity for the curcumin with smaller size (9 nm) has higher conductivity(12.35 mS) when compare with larger size (18 nm) of curcumin has the lower conductivity (11.38 mS). The composite with higher conductivity has good antimicrobial activities against C. glabrata and A.niger .The detailed results are presented and discussed.

Characterization biodegradable film of ginger nanofiber renvorced PVA bionanocomposites

The high demand for degradable transparent films with good physical properties and tensile strength has motivated the development of PVA bionano composites reinforced by ginger nanofibers (GF). Cellulose nanofibers are obtained from ginger pulp fibers. This study’s objective was to describe the PVA/GF bionano composite films’ characteristics. Variations in volume to be used suspension of GF 5, 10 and 15 ml, mixed with PVA gel using ultrasonication. The addition of GF nanofibers into the PVA matrix increased the tensile properties significantly. Bionano composites with 15 ml GF got the best results compared to other volume variations. The film has a 38.5 MPa tensile strength. Meanwhile, the bionano composite films’ transparency was marginally decreased by the inclusion of GF nanofibers. These results indicate that bionano composite films of PVA and GF nanofibers have the potential to be developed in food packaging applications.

Synthesis of nanohybrid reinforced electrospun methylcellulose/ polyvinyl alcohol /polyethylene glycol nanofiber: study of material properties for possible biomedical applications

Over the past few epochs, emerging transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) have gotten major devotion through incessant level of interest. The effort of this work is to understand the influence of nano-reinforcing agent on the morphology, property and its drug carrying capacity of the nanohybrid reinforced ketorolac tromethamine (KT) drug loaded electrospun nanofibrous web. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted successfully from jute fibres (JF) and nanocollagen (NCG) was isolated from waste fish scales for the assembling of CNC-NCG reinforced MC/PVA/PEG electrospun nanofibrous bio-nanocomposites (BNCs) mat for transdermal drug delivery applications. The isolated nanoparticles (CNC & NCG) and the synthesized electrospun bio-nanocomposite were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).

Development of reduced Graphene oxide modified Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (rGO/UHMWPE) based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are widely used as a biomaterial for manufacturing of prostheses, implants and other biomedical components with complex geometry and shapes. Continuous loading of these components subject to heavy stress and deformation resistance should have enhanced mechanical and chemical properties. This paper aims to improve the mechanical and thermal aspects of the conventional UHMWPE by supplementing reduced Graphene oxide (rGO) in varying weight percentages to develop polymer bio nanocomposite samples. The effect of green synthesized GO nanoparticles in the UHMWPE polymer was investigated for biomedical application. The rGO was distributed in a UHMWPE matrix using a unique and optimized technique to create high-performance nanocomposites. The proposed UHMWPE filled with different loading (0, 0.5, 1.0,1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 wt.%) of rGO was produced by Ultrasonication in an acetone medium. The findings suggest that evenly distributed rGO layers were present throughout the polymer matrix. This, in turn, indicates a good connection between the fillers and matrix by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX), resulting in better composite capabilities. The layers of rGO-aided lamellar arrangements and microfibers between the crystals were observed in the results. The Microhardness of the bio nanocomposite (1 Wt.% rGO/UHMWPE) with 1wt.% rGO in the UHMWPE matrix increased by 2.8% compared to an unfilled polymer. At the same rGO concentration, the bio nanocomposite had a crystallization degree of 46.96%. To achieve optimal performance, rGO content of 1wt.% was added to the sample, which is ideal in many situations where good mechanical and thermal qualities are required during operation. The outcomes reveal that the rGO supplement primarily boosts the thermo-mechanical performances of the modified bio-nano composites for orthopedic products.

Industrially and biomedically important guargum based nano composites and their methods of synthesis: a review

These days various systems have been developed by utilizing bio-polymers for targeted drug delivery and as bio-adsorbents for different kinds of pollutants removal and they are used frequently because of no hazards, prolonged services, and regeneration. The other applications are using these bionanocomposites (BNCs) like frequency of dose reduced, growth in the therapeutic index and removal of pollutants up to many fold regenerative cycles. Guar-gum-based BNC has emerged as the key prospect to tailor the control release drug and to reduce the pollution. This article discusses the different preparation methods of guar-gum-based BNCs, studies on organ-specific effective drug delivery and removal of pollutants from waste as well as drinking water. The article also discussed difficulties encountered while making the BNCs with different methods. The unique properties of guar gum nanocomposite by comparing with other polymer have also given space.