Biofertilizer Research Articles

Effect of Organic Nutrients and Bio Fertilizers on Soil Parameters and Nutritional Content of Amaranth

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic nutrients and bio fertilizers on soil parameters and nutritional content of amaranth. Eleven treatments were taken in three replications and the experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD).The treatments were T1:RDF (60:30:20 kg NPK/ha), T2:Vermicompost @ 2 t/ha, T3:Vermicompost @ 5 t/ha, T4:FYM 10 t/ha, T5:FYM 20t/ha, T6:Poultry manure 3t/ha, T7:Poultry manure 5 t/ha, T8:Vermicompost @ 2 t/ha+PSB+Azospirillum@ 5 kg/ha each, T9 :FYM @ 10t/ha+ PSB+Azospirillum@ 5 kg/ha each, T10:Poultry manure 3 t/ha+ PSB+Azospirillum@ 5 kg/ha each and T11: Untreated control. The highest vitamin C (147.8 mg/100 gm) and crude fibre content (1.48%) was observed in the treatment T8 and T4, respectively. Maximum calcium (8.36%) and iron (0.21%) content was observed in the treatment T8. The treatment T10 recorded the highest mean performance for PH, organic carbon, available nitrogen and potash content in the soil analyzed after harvest of the crop.

Effect of organic manure, Biofertilizer and foliar spray of Ascorbic acid on vegetative growth and fruit quality of Basheqi cv. of Olive (Olea europaea L.)

ABSTRACT: This experiment was conducted in a private olive orchard located in the village of Kasara, Dohuk governorate, Kurdistan region, Iraq, during growing season 2021-2022 on 14 years old olive trees cv. Basheqi (Olea europaea L) planted at 4x8m apart in (silty clay loam) soil, under drip irrigation system. Three levels of Organic manure (poultry manure) at (0, 4 and 8) kg/tree was added to the soil at the second week of December in 2021 season, three levels of Bio-fertilizers (Bio Health) at conc. (0, 10 and 15) g.l-1 and three concentrations (0, 300 & 600 mg.l-1 ) of foliar spray of ascorbic acid. Bio-fertilizers and ascorbic acid was carried out two times per season, First: Prior-Flowering, Second: After Setting in order to investigate there influence on growth and Fruit Quality of olive trees. A factorial experiment with three replications was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), using one tree for each experimental unit. Results indicated that soil application of organic manure (poultry manure) at 8 Kg/tree significantly increased all studied characters {average leaf area, chlorophyll content, Protein % in Leaves, Fruit Total Soluble Solids TSS %, Total Carbohydrates %, Anthocyanin Content, Ascorbic acid (Vit.C), Percentage of Oil}. Soil application of biofertilizer (bio health) at 15g.l-1 significantly increased all study characters except TSS. Foliar application of Ascorbic acid at 600 mg/l-1 significantly increased average leaf area, total chlorophyll content, Protein % in Leaves, Ascorbic acid, Percentage of Oil. In comparison to other interactions, the interaction of (8 kg O.M./tree, 15 g.l-1 bio fertilizer, and 600 mg.l-1 ascorbic acid) appeared to be more efficient in enhancing all characteristics studied in this experiment.

Influence of Bio, Nano and Conventional Fertilizers on the Growth Features of a French Black Grape Variety

A French black grape cultivar was tested in a Babylon province/Al-Hamzah Al-Gharbi district private orchard using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) three-factor factorial configuration. The first is applying biofertilizer, which includes Bacillus megaterium and Mycorrhiza glomus fungus, to the soil at two concentrations (0 and 10 ml L-1), the second is applying liquid organic fertilizer at three concentrations (0, 15, and 30 ml L-1), and the third is applying organic fertilizer via foliar spraying. Nanofluid concentrations will be 0.1 and 3 ml L-1 in 2020 and 2021. Most biofertilization vegetative growth metrics showed that excelled in the leaf area per cluster was 9.42 cm cluster-1 in both seasons, while organic nano-fertilization at 3 ml L-1 boosted most vegetative growth indicators. Most vegetative development metrics responded significantly to bidirectional research parameter interactions, the bi-interaction between organic nano-fertilizer at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 and organic fertilizer at a concentration of 30 ml L-1 significantly affected the leaf area, the total leaf area, and the leaves’ content of total chlorophyll. 10 ml L-1 biofertilizer and 30 ml L-1 organic fertilizer achieved the heist values in leaf area, total leaf area, and leaf content. The interaction between the bio fertilizer at a dosage of 10 ml L-1 and the organic nano fertilizer at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 considerably altered the content of total chlorophyll in leaves.

The Effect of Biofertilizers, Phosphorus Sources and Vermicompost on the Preparation of Bacterial and Fungal Cells for the Two Phases of Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Potato Plants

A field experiment was conducted for potato plants in the field of Agricultural Research and Experiment Station in Al-Muradiyya of the Directorate of Agriculture of Babylon - Babylon Governorate for the agricultural season 2022 to study the effect of adding bacterial fertilizer, phosphorus sources (triple superphosphate and phosphate rock) and vermicompost and the interaction between them in cell preparation Bacterial and fungal phases of potato plant vegetative growth and blooming according to RCBD design. The experiment included three factors: the addition of the bacterial biofertilizer Bacillus megaterium (with or without addition), phosphorus sources at three levels (0, triple superphosphate at 100 kg ha-1, phosphate rock at 200 kg ha-1), and vermicompost at three levels. Levels (0, 8, 12) ton ha-1, with three replications, yielded 54 experimental units. Burin cultivar potato tubers were planted, and the results were: The addition of bacterial bio fertilizer to treatment B1 produced the highest numbers of bacterial cells for the two stages of vegetative growth and flowering of potato plants: 4.73×106 and 6.73×106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil × 106) in sequence, and 5.93 × 103 and 12.15 × 103 for fungal cells. g-1 dry soil × 103, sequentially. During potato plant vegetative growth and flowering, the P22 treatment had the most bacterial and fungal cells, at 5.31 × 106 and 7.56 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 106), respectively. sequentially (g-1 dry soil) 103. Treatment F2 with vermicompost added had the largest counts of bacterial and fungal cells during the vegetative growth and blooming phases of potato plants at 6.22 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 106) and 10.08 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 103), respectively. B1P2F3 had the greatest bacterial cell counts at 8.25 and 13.55 × 106 (colony forming unit g-1 dry soil 106).

The Effect of Local Bio Fertilizer and Their Enzymatic Activity on Growth of Maize Plant and some Biological Therites in the Soil

The pots experiment was carried out in green house which belong to the Department of horti culture and Engineering,College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, to study the effect of locally prepared biofertilizers and their enzymatic activity on the growth of maize (Al Maha gender) and the activity of phosphatase, protease, glucosidase, urease, respiratory efficiency, and survival of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the soil and some Morphological and physiological characteristics of corn plant, during the spring agricultural season of 2022. The experiment included testing 5 isolates with doubled combinations of isolates: Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium, Azosprillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas putida, Actinomycetes.There were 16 treatments with control treatment (without addition). The treatment A. chroococcum + Az. lipoferum has the highest content of total nitrogen in the soil and in the presence of maize after 60 days reach to 185 mg N kg−1 followed by Az lipoferum treatment at a rate of 177 mg N kg−1, while the lowest nitrogen content in the control treatment was 65 mg N kg−1, and the B. megaterium + P. putida treatment excelled with the highest phosphorus content of 13.65 mg P kg−1, it was found that the bacterial number in the soil reach the highest level in the treatment of B.megaterium + P. putida with the highest level of cfu g−1 soil reach to 3.3*10 7 of cfu g−1 soi.

Effect of Bio Fertilizer, Nano Organic Fertilizer and Non-Nano Organic Fertilizer on the Quantitative Traits of French Black Grape Cultivars

A French black grape cultivar was tested in a private orchard in the Al-Hamzah Al-Gharbi region of Babylon province using the three-factor, three-replicate Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Biofertilizers like Bacillus megaterium and Mycorrhiza glomus fungus are applied to the soil at a concentration of 0 and 10 ml L-1; liquid organic fertilizer is applied to the soil at concentrations of 0, 15, and 30 ml L-1; and finally, organic fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves of the plants. The nanofluid in two different concentrations (0.1 and 3 ml L-1) during the entire year (2021). Averages were compared using the statistical program GenStat and the least significant difference (L.S.D.) test at the level of probability 0.05. The experiment included one sector (18) of the cultivar’s vines, with a number of experimental units distributed randomly in three sectors, and the number of vines was (54) vines for the cultivar. Here is a quick rundown of the most relevant findings: The results revealed that biofertilization at a concentration of 10 ml L-1 had a significant influence on most quantitative features of the yield, leading to an increase in the overall yield, which peaked at 36.2 and 38.6 kg. Vine-1., While the average number of clusters increased to 51.6 and 53.9 per vine with the application of organic nano-fertilization at a concentration of 3 ml L-1, the highest value for total yield was attained at 37.0 kg vine-1. The organic fertilization at a concentration of 30 ml L-1 had a significant effect on most of the quantitative indicators, leading to an increase in the total yield as it gave the highest value of 36.6 and 37.5 kg vine-1.

Effect of Bio fertilization and Phosphate Rock under Sterilization Conditions on the Activity of Phosphatase Enzyme, Phosphorus Availability and Growth of Wheat Plant Triticum aestivum L.

Effect of Bio fertilization and Phosphate Rock under Sterilization Conditions on the Activity of Phosphatase Enzyme, Phosphorus Availability and Growth of Wheat Plant Triticum aestivum L.

Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on Quality of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Grown as a Component Crop in Coconut Based Cropping System

A field experiment was conducted under coastal Odisha conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design with 9 treatments replicated thrice. The treatments consisting of T1: 75% RDF + 25% N through Vermicompost; T2: 75% RDF + 25% N through Vermicompost + FYM; T3:75% RDF + 25% N through Vermicompost + FYM +Bio fertilizers; T4:50% RDF + 50% N through Vermicompost; T5:50% RDF + 50% N through Vermicompost + FYM; T6: 50% RDF + 50% N through Vermicompost + FYM +Bio fertilizers; T7: 100% N through Vermicompost.; T8: 100% N through Vermicompost + FYM; T9:100% N through Vermicompost + FYM +Bio fertilizers. The result of the study revealed that maximum total soluble solids (11.420Brix and 10.93 0Brix), Vitamin-C (199.60 mg/100g and 189.08 mg/100g), total phenol contents (113.05 mg GAE/100g fresh weight and 88.21 mg GAE/100g fresh weight), total flavonoid contents (38.64 mg QE/100g fresh weight and 34.14 mg QE/100g fresh weight), FRAP value (21.61 mM Fe(II)/100g fresh weight and 18.39 mM Fe(II)/100g fresh weight), scavenging activity (62.03 % and 58.65 %) were observed with the plants treated with 50% RDF +50% N through Vermicompost + FYM +Bio fertilizer in both mrig and hasth bahar. The incorporation of nutrients through organic and inorganic resources leads to enhanced quality attributes of guava in Coconut Cropping System.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Biofertilizer on the Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

The present investigation entitled “Effect of plant growth regulators and bio fertilizer on growth and quality of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)” was carried out at the Experimental field, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV, Gwalior during 2020-21 under agro-climatic and soil conditions of Northern Madhya Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Each replication consists of ten treatments of biofertilizers (viz., Rhizobium, PSB and KSB) and plant growth regulators (viz., GA3 and NAA). All the treatments were randomized separately in each replication. Result showed that the different biofertilizers (i.e. Rhizobium, PSB and KSB) and plant growth regulators (i.e. GA3 and NAA) treatments significantly influenced the yield, yield parameters and economics parameters of fenugreek. Treatment T4 (Rhizobium + NAA) gave the maximum yield, yield parameter and economic parameter it was found best treatment combination as compared to all other treatment combinations of biofertilizers and PGRs, while the minimum yield, yield parameters and economics parameters were recorded in treatment T1 (Control).

Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management on Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil, Growth, Flowering and Yield of Guava Grown as a Component Crop in Coconut-Based Cropping System

An experiment on integrated nutrient management in guava grown as a component crop in a coconut-based cropping system was conducted under the coastal condition of Odisha. Adoption of integrated nutrient management like the application of organic manures with or without NPK fertilizers resulted in improvement in the physico-chemical properties of soil, which was reflected in terms of pH, organic carbon content, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potash content. Among the different combination of integrated nutrient management applied in guava, the plant height, canopy spread, flushing intensity, yield and yield attributing parameters. The maximum available soil nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium contents were estimated to be maximum in the treatment applied with 50% RDF +50% N through vermicompost + FYM +bio fertilizer, while the soil pH was highest owing to application of 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost + FYM which was at par with results obtained with application of 75% RDF + 25% N through vermicompost and 75% RDF +25% N through vermicompost + FYM +bio fertilizer.

Effect of the Combined Nutrient Fertilization on Elephant Foot Yam under Coastal Condition

As the demand for chemical fertilizers has seen a steep upward trend which has resulted in damage of soil as well as human health. Integrated use of chemical fertilizers along with organic manures has been seen as a alternative method to reduce the dependence upon chemical fertilizers. Hence a the field experiment was carried out to study the effect of intergrated nutrient management practices on available nitrogen, phosphorus, potash in soil along with uptake and economics of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeonifolius (Dennst.) Nicolsan) cv. Gajendra. The study was laid out in randomized block design with thirteen treatments with three replications. Corms were cut into pieces weighing 800 g for planting, dipped in cow dung slurry and placed for drying. After drying, they are placed in the pits and covered with soil. The treatments comprised of three levels of Farmyard manure (FYM) (20 t ha-1), Vermicompost (5 t ha-1), consortium bio fertilizer (5 Kg ha-1) and organic manures of different combinations. The observations of soil properties were recorded before and after harvesting. From the study it was observed that soil organic content was increased significantly due to the application of organic manures along with biofertilizers, whereas soil physical and chemical properties were unaffected.

Interactive Effects of Inoculation with Two Isolates Providencia vermicola and Raoultella planticola and Two Levels of Mineral Fertilizers on Wheat Yield Increase

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of bio fertilizers produced from local isolates of Providencia vermicola and Raoultella planticola in field trials conducted during 2021-2022 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Muthanna University, Bandar, Iraq, Using a completely randomized design with three replicates, microbial bio fertilizers were considered as the first factor, which included the use of single and double bacterial inoculums consisting of the above bacteria, while the second factor included two levels of fertilizers (0 and 50%) fertilizer recommendation. The experiment also included the use of two comparative treatments, the first with a full recommendation (160, 100 and 100 kg H-1) of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the second a negative comparison treatment without the use of biological or chemical fertilizers. Characteristics of 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass and percentage of above-ground elements (N, K, P) at 50% flowering stage. The results showed the superiority of the double fertilization treatment (P.vermicola and R.planticola) in the characteristics of grain yield and the percentage of elements (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus) over all bio fertilization treatments, as rates were recorded (7.21 μg H-1, 3.51%, 2.27%), 0.73%). The treatment with half the recommended amount of fertilizer was superior to the treatment with no added fertilizer on all the characteristics studied, as it recorded (48.5 g, 6.76 μg H-1, 20.88 μg H-1, 3.05%, 2.33%, 0.70 %), and treatment Showing an overlap between (P.vermicola and R.planticola), half of the fertilizer recommendations were significantly better than (4.24%, 2.96%, 0.81%) in terms of percentage of NPK elements.

Effect of Corm Size, Aloe Vera Gel and Biofertilizers on the Growth of Freesia Plant Freesia hybrid L.

The experiment was conducted in the plastic house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering in the College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul. During the period from ((10/27/2021) to (7/22/2022) to study the effect of the size of corms, aloe vera gel, and bio fertilizers on the growth of the freesia plant. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with three factors, which is the cultivation of freesia plants in large and small sizes and the treatment with three concentrations of aloe vera gel (zero - 25% - 50% - 100%) ml / liter, in addition to the comparison treatment, where the corms were immersed in distilled water only, and the two types of biological fertilizers, the first type represented by the fungal bio fertilizer Trichoderma harzinum (T-22) and Bio health, and the data were analyzed statistically using the SAS program, and the results were tested according to Dunkin’s multinomial test under the probability level of 5%. The results showed a significant superiority of the size of the treated corms in each of plant height, leaf area, The length of the main Inflorescence, and the number of florets on the main Inflorescence, which reached 23.08 cm, 79.21 cm2, 13.90 cm, and 9.09 florets, respectively, compared to the treated small corms, which amounted to 20.29 cm, 60.59cm2, 11.43cm, and 8.61 florets, as well as in the content of freesia leaves for each of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbohydrates, at rates of 3.03%, 0.28%, and 0.57%, respectively, while no significant differences appeared in their content of potassium and chlorophyll compared to the standard treatment. And through the concentrations of the four aloe vera gels used, it became clear that the best one was with a concentration of 100% in each of the plant height, leaf area, The length of the main Inflorescence, and the number of florets on the main Inflorescence, which were 22.51 cm, 74.70 cm2, 13.50 cm, and 9.99 florets, respectively. In addition, the fourth concentration had an effective positive effect on the content of plant leaves of N, K, and P, at rates of 3.00%, 0.28%, and 0.93%, respectively. In each of the plant height and the number of florets on the main Inflorescence It turned out that the positive effect of bio health fertilizer it reached 25.58 cm and 10.13 florets, respectively, which differed significantly with fungal bio fertilizer (T-22), while there were no significant differences in the fertilizer treatments (bio fertilizers and bio health) in each of the leaf areas and the length of the stem.

Effect of bio-fertilizer and spraying of nano-fertilizer and gibberellin on the chemical traits of Aloe vera L.

A factorial experiment with three replications was conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to study the effect of bio fertilization at three levels (0, Azotobacter, Mycorrhizae) and spraying with nano fertilizer (Nano Iron) (0, 1500, 3000) mg L-1 and gibberellin GA3 (0, 150) (300) mg L-1 in the chemical traits of Aloe vera L.) in lath house of the Department of Plant Production Techniques / Al-Musayyib Technical College / Middle Euphrates University during the 2021-2022 agricultural season. After the experiment ended, the results were: The treatments of adding azotobacter and spraying with nano iron concentration of 3000 mg L and gibberellin concentration of 300 mg L-1 were significantly superior in all studied traits. It was also caused by the bi-interaction (Mycorrhizal + Nano iron 3000 mg L-1), (Mycorrhizal + gibberellin 300 mg L-1) and (Mycorrhizal iron 3000 mg L-1 + Gibberellin 300 mg L-1) and the triple interaction between the study factors (Mycorrhizalgia). + Nano iron 3000 mg L-1 + gibberellin 300 mg L-1) a significant increase in most of the studied traits Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Tripartite motif-containing protein 72, Disease activity score 28.

The role of rhizosphere microbes as phosphate solubilizing bio fertilizers in shallot: a review

Crops need nutrients to grow, develop, and produce yields, both in macro and micronutrients form. One of the essential macronutrients is phosphorus (P). Phosphorus is required by plants to produce plant biomass. Andisols are often used as agricultural lands in the highlands of the tropics. This soil type has high P retention and low available P. Andisol contains clay minerals with up to 97.8% P-retention. Therefore, this condition led to low P availability, but high total P in the soils. There was a tendency to increase the dose of inorganic fertilizers, especially P fertilizer in this area. A survey reported that shallot Andisol farmers applied P fertilizer about five times of shallot recommendation rate, however, the production has not increased, yet. The high rate of chemical fertilizers causes land degradation and environmental pollution. One of the solutions to increase phosphorus availability is by improving P solubility which increases P uptake by plants. Increasing P solubility is environmentally friendly and can be done by utilizing phosphate-solubilizing microbes which are often found in the plant rhizosphere. The use of phosphate-solubilizing microbes for plants today can be found in bio-fertilizers. This method could maintain soil health and give a good impact to the plant growth and production. This review would determine the use of phosphate-solubilizing microbes to manage P deficiency in Andisol soils. Some study cases about the effect of phosphate-solubilizing microbes on plant performances would also be addressed. Currently, it is hoped that farmers will begin to implement environmentally friendly agriculture by giving phosphate-solubilizing bio fertilizers to escalate available P and production.

The adaptability of soybean high yield varieties and farmer preferences in dry land area

Soybean development is currently directed to dry land areas. To support this program, IAARD has released some new varieties with a yield potential above 3 tons/ha. The aim of this study was to know the adaptability of new varieties of soybean and farmers preference in dry land areas. The field experiment was conducted in Grobogan Regency, using factorial randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was fertilizer dosage combined with bio fertilizer and the second factor was five soybean varieties. Farmer preference test was performed by interviewing the respondents. Measurements of the farmer attitudes, opinions, and perceptions was done using Likert scale. The results showed that Grobogan variety was better adapted to the dry land conditions of Grobogan Regency. The application of fertilizers combined with biofertilizers increased soybean growth and production. The highest plant (52.42 cm) and the highest soybean yield (2.165 t/ha) were obtained in the farmer’s dosage treatment combined with biofertilizers. The order of farmers preference for the tested varieties was Grobogan, Biosoy, Devon, Dega and Detap. These preferences were mostly based on crop productivity, seed size, seed availability, and ease of selling the yield.

Characteristics of Fly Ash and its Influence on the Germination of Amaranthus Seeds

The physical and chemical properties of fly ash collected from three different thermal power stations were studied and the fly ash with neutral to alkaline pH was utilized as a medium for the germination of amaranthus seeds. The germination test was carried out using a completely randomized design with two replications at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai. The various fly ash was analyzed for its physical and chemical properties with standard methods. The fly ash with a slightly alkaline pH was selected and media was prepared with soil, vermicompost and farm yard manure. The seeds of an amaranthus crop were sown and the germination percentage, days to germination, shoot length, root length and vigour index were recorded. The collected fly ashes were recorded with low bulk density, alkaline pH with quantities of micro and macronutrients. The fly ash of Tuticorin has a slightly alkaline pH (8.03) and was utilized for media preparation. Among the different media, the media with treatment Fly ash + Soil + Vermicompost (1:1:4) + Bio Fertilizer has recorded higher germination percentage, shoot length, root length, vigour index, lower days to germination with 94.6%, 18.3 cm, 4.8 cm,16.17 and 2.8 respectively. The vermicompost is best for the enrichment of fly ash compared to farm yard manure as it is completely decomposed organic manure.

Exploration of the Potential Application of Banana Peel for Its Effective Valorization: A Review.

The production of banana peel by the food-processing industry is substantial and the disposal of this waste material has become a matter of concern. However, recent studies have demonstrated that banana peel is a rich source of biologically active compounds that can be transformed into valuable products. This review aims to explore the potential of converting banana peel into valuable products and provides a comprehensive analysis of the physical and chemical composition of banana peel. Additionally, the utilization of banana peel as a substrate to produce animal feed, bio fertilizer, dietary fibers, renewable energy, industrial enzymes, and nanomaterials has been extensively studied. According to the researches that has been done so far, it is clear that banana peel has a broad range of applications and its effective utilization through biorefinery strategies can maximize its economic benefits. Based on previous studies, A plan for feasibility of a banana peel biorefinery has been put up which suggest its potential as a valuable source of renewable energy and high-value products. The utilization of banana peel through biorefinery strategies can provide a sustainable solution for waste management and contribute to the development of a circular economy.

Effect of Rhizobium Coating on Physical and Engineering Properties of Chickpea Seed

The Rhizobium bio fertilizer coating may influence on the physical and engineering properties of chickpea seed. The metering mechanism, hopper design and hose pipes of seed drill was designed based up on the physical and engineering properties of Rhizobium coated seeds. The study was conducted to determine the physical and engineering properties viz., length, breadth, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, seed weight, bulk density, angle of repose and coefficient of static friction of uncoated, and bio-fertilizer coated chickpea seeds for design of Aqu-ferti seed drill. The hopper of seed drill was designed based up on the angle of repose and coefficient of static friction of biofertilizer coated chickpea seeds. The physical properties of chickpea seeds plays very important role in design of hopper, hose pipe and metering mechanism of seed drill The physical properties viz., Length, breadth and thickness of the uncoated and bio-fertilizer coated chickpea seeds were 9.01±0.62 mm, 7.059±0.69 mm, 6.57±0.54 mm and 9.06±0.44 mm, 7.144±0.90 mm, 6.9±0.22 mm, respectively. Roundness and sphericity of uncoated and bio-fertilizers coated chickpea seeds were 87.23 ±2.13%, 87.36±2.72% and 81.6±3.07%, 82±4.15%, respectively. Bulk density of uncoated and bio fertilizer coated seeds were 0.629±0.02 g/cc and 0.641± 0.03 g/cc, respectively. Geometric mean diameters of uncoated and coated seeds were 7.32±0.45 mm and 7.33±.45 mm, respectively. The hopper of seed drill was designed based up on the angle of repose of mild steel which influences on free flow of sesds. The angle of repose for mild steel surface was observed as 26.9±5.61 and 29.51±4.23 degree for uncoated and bio-fertilizer coated chickpea seeds, respectively.

Effect of Organic Manure and Bio Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Quality in Cabbage

The Department of Horticulture at the Naini Agricultural Institute Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj (UP) conducted an experiment in 2022 to investigate the "Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on growth, yield, and quality in cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L. Var. capitata)". There were ten treatments totaling various amounts of organic manure and bio-fertilizer, with water serving as the control. At 20, 40, and 60 days after transplantation, the treatment is sprayed. The plot size was kept at 2 m × 1.5 m, and each treatment was reproduced three times in a randomized block design. The best results were achieved with treatment T6 (Farm Yard Manure @20t/ha + Bio-Fertilizer (Azotobacter + PSB) each @5kg/ha). The maximum plant height (24.33 cm), the plant's spread (68.59), the number of leaves per plant (13.67), the average head weight (1.93 kg), the head's compactness (5.56 Kg/inch), the yield per plot (6.93 kg), the yield per hectare (71.60 t/ha), the TSS (5.9 Brix), and the amount of ascorbic acid per 100g.Under T6, the gross return (Rs 221430/ha), net profit (Rs 172530/ha), and B:C ratio (4.52) were all much greater. Overall results revealed that the application of FYM @20t/ha + Biofertilizer @5kg/ha proved to be better for different growth, yield and quality traits in cabbage.