Biofertilizer Research Articles

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Biofertiliser and Biocontrol agent-Review article

Good health starts with good food. Humans expect agriculture to supply good food with sufficient nutrients, economically and culturally valued foods, fibers and other products. But the excessive application of synthetic pesticides has exerted an adverse effect on bio-flora, fauna and natural enemies. Even a largest part of yield has been lost due to various stresses, like biotic and abiotic stresses to the plant. On this account, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), an eco-friendly biopesticides is boon for the biocontrol of different plant pathogens. Moreover, PGPR strains can enhance the plant growth through the production of various plant growth promoting substances. These are generally a group of microorganism that is found either in the plane of the rhizosphere or above roots impacting some positive benefits to plants. PGPR are associated with plant roots and augment plant productivity and immunity; however, recent work by several groups shows that PGPR also elicit so-called 'induced systemic tolerance' to salt and drought. PGPR might also increase nutrient uptake from soils, thus reducing the need for fertilizers and preventing the accumulation of nitrates and phosphates in agricultural soils. Scientific researches involve multidisciplinary approaches to understand adaptation of PGPR, effects on plant physiology and growth, induced systemic resistance, biocontrol of plant pathogens, bio fertilization, and potential green alternative for plant productivity, viability of co inoculating, plant microorganism interactions, and mechanisms of root colonization.

Influence of Maize Seed Inoculation with Microbial Bio Fertilizers on Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Maize

Influence of Maize Seed Inoculation with Microbial Bio Fertilizers on Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Maize

Evaluating differential effect of deltamethrin and carbofuran on growth characteristics of Westiellopsis prolifica Janet, a dominant nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium of tropical rice field ecosystem

Recent trends of indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides in different tropical rice fields has been affecting the soil flora and fauna including the most beneficial nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria . As nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria play an important role in soil fertility and acts as a natural bio fertilizer, the present study was carried out to investigate the differential effects of deltamethrin and carbofuran on Westiellopsis prolifica , an abundantly grown nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium in the rice fields of tropics. The study was conducted considering its dry biomass, protein, carbohydrate along with chlorophyll-a, and carotenoid content in a time- and dose-dependent exposure for 16 days. The resultant effect of both the pesticides was found to be pleiotropic for different concentrations of deltamethrin (25–75ppm) and carbofuran (20–60ppm). Results revealed that the growth parameters were more affected with carbofuran treatment than that of deltamethrin at their highest treated concentrations. Carbohydrate showed a gradual increase with carbofuran in a time and dose dependent manner whereas deltamethrin enhanced carbohydrate content up to 16th day from the day of inoculation only at 25ppm. Carotenoid showed a little but insignificant increase at the initial concentrations of both the pesticides whereas protein showed positive enhancement up to 4th day of inoculation when treated with deltamethrin. Though low concentrations stimulated some of the growth characteristics of the test organism, higher concentrations of both the pesticides were observed to be detrimental.

Response of Barley to Bio Fertilization with Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter under Supplemental Irrigation Conditions at the North Western Coast of Egypt

Response of Barley to Bio Fertilization with Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter under Supplemental Irrigation Conditions at the North Western Coast of Egypt

Effect of Nano Zn -Bio fertilizer formulation on the response of tomato plant against salt stress

Çalışmanın amacı, çinkooksit nanopartikülleri (ZnO-Nps) ile Bacillus grubu (Bacillus subtilis (N28), Bacillus pumilis (N1) ve peynir
 kökenli Lactobacillus casei (Nm24) bakteri formülasyonun tuz stresi koşullarında domates bitkisinin gelişimi ve mineral içeriği
 üzerine etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Domates bitkisine tuz stresi oluşturmak amacıyla, 100 mg L-1 çinkooksit nanopartikülleri ile
 birlikte 50 mMolar NaCl tampon karışımı hazırlanmıştır. Bu tampon mikroorganizmalar üzerinde standart disk difüzyon yöntemi
 kullanılarak petrilere yerleştirilip disklere (30 µg) emdirilerek bakterilere uygulanmıştır. Bu koşullarda, canlılıklarını devam ettiren
 üç mikroorganizma (Bacillus subtilis (N28), Bacillus pumilis (N1) Lactobacillus casei (Nm24) seçilerek taramalı elektron mikroskobu
 (SEM) ve RAMAN spektroskopisi ile gözlemlenmiştir. Tuzluluk koşullarında denek bitki olarak Linda (Lycopersicon esculentum)
 seçilmiş ve sera koşullarında yetiştirme ortamı olarak her saksıya 1 kg kum ve 0,3 kg turba yosunu; üç doz çinko nanopartikül (0,
 20, 40 mg L-1 Zno-Nps), 3 bakteri [Bacillus pumilis (N1), Bacillus subtilis (N28), Lactobacillus casei (Nm24)], karışım formülasyonları
 hazırlanarak dört tekrarlı olacak şekilde deneme kurulmuştur. Oluşturulan formülasyon bir dekarlık alan için 100 litre hesabı
 temeline dayalı olarak suya karıştırılıp uygulanmıştır. Uygulamaların kuru madde miktarı, bitkinin besin element içeriği üzerine
 etkisi (azot (N) potasyum (K), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg), fosfor (P), demir (Fe), bakır (Cu), çinko (Zn), mangan(Mn), bor (B))
 içeriği üzerine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Uygulamalar sonucunda kuru madde içeriğinin (% 31,2), fosfor içeriği %15,64,
 potasyum içeriği % 2,75, kalsiyum içeriğini % 8,2, magnezyum içeriği % 17,19, B. subtilis (N28)+40 ZnNanops uygulama grubu
 çinko içeriği %19,01, demir içeriği % 7,75, mangan içeriği % 14,6, B bakır içeriğini % 12,71, B. pumilis bor içeriğini % 23,8, toplam
 azot içeriğinin ise yaklaşık 3 kat arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre tuz stresi altında bitkilerin fotosentetik tepki
 olarak tuz stresinden kurtulma adına karbonhidrat metabolizmasını köke yönledirmesine neden olmuştur. Ürün verim ve verim
 unsurlarında meydana gelen kaybın azaltılması yönünde nanoboyutta çinko partikülleri ile Bacillus pumilis (N1), Bacillus subtilis
 (N28), Lactobacillus casei (Nm24) kombinasyonu bu tepkinin yönetilmesinde istatsitiksel anlamda önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Bitki
 besin ve iyon dengesinin sağlanmasına katkıları yanında enzimsel etki mekanizması yaratarak bitkinin bu stresini azaltma yönünde
 önemli etkileri olmuştur. Özellikle önümüzdeki 20-30 yıllık süreç içerisinde iklim bilimcilerinin ortaya koyduğu seneryolara göre
 bitkisel üretimde bu tür sorunların giderek artacağı yönündeki gelişmelere karşı bu yöndeki sorunlara çözüm olabilme yönüyle
 oldukça anlamlı bir çalışmadır. Bu çalışmanın tarla koşullarında yapılacak çalışmalar ile kalibre edilmesi durumunda farklı tuz
 stresi koşullarına göre mevcut formülasyonların yada ilave gerekli nanobesinlerin verilmesi gerekli olabilmektedir.

Effect of Herbagreen Foliar Fertilizer on Growth and Productivity of Maize in the Mid-altitude Zone of Rwanda

Maize (Zea mays L) is still largely a subsistence food crop under promotion as a food security crop and source of income for smallholders. It is grown in the mid altitude zone of Rwanda. Herbagreen is a Bio fertilizer, used successfully in agriculture in different countries of the world.
 The objective of this study was to determine the maize response to herbagreen foliar fertilizer application and determine the optimum rate for maximum yield. This was done in Randomized Complete Bloc Design (RCBD) with four treatments, replicated in four times. Four treatments of herbagreen rates including T1 as control, T2=0.31Kg/ ha-1, T3=0.63Kg/ha-1and T4=0.94Kg ha-1 of herbagreen foliar fertilizer. This was applied to a population of 53.333 plants/ha. The planting spacing was used at 75 cmX50 cm with 2 plants per hill. Analysis of variance for the different parameters measured showed that there was a high significant (p<0.001) among treatment for number of leaves, ear weight and grain yield. The effect of herbagreen foliar fertilizer differed significantly (p<0.05) for male flowering, female flowering, ear length, ear diameter and plant height. The maximum grain yield was 4.922 t ha-1 recorded with the application of 0.94 kg ha-1, followed by 0.63 kg/ha which produced 4.629 t ha-1 also 0.31 kg ha-1of herbagreen yielded 4.589 t ha-1 and lastly the minimum grain yield was found in control plots where it produced 3.569 t ha-1 The control plots did not receive any herbagreen foliar fertilizer. The optimum herbagreen foliar fertilizer rate for maximum grain yield was 0.94 kg ha-1 from the regression equation and the predicted grain yield at this rate was 4.8 t ha-1. Herbargreen foliar application can increase Maize yield to a certain extent. However, further experiments need to be done to ensure the sustainability of the application.

Application of Bio Fertilizer and Biogas Sludge to Curly Red Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) at Wukirsari Village, Cangkringan, Sleman

Curly red chili (Capsicum sp.) is an important agricultural commodity in Indonesia. The pattern of conventional cultivation using inorganic fertilizers has caused high production costs. While the level of spiciness of chili determined by capsaicin levels is strongly influenced by nutrients in the growing media. Bio fertilizer and sludge biogas biogas which is one of the organic fertilizers proved to be able to increase the growth and productivity of rice plants. This study aimed to analyze growth parameters, chlorophyll content and measure capsaicin levels in curly red chili. Which given bio fertilizer and biogas sludge biogas in various dosage and determine the optimum dose of the fertilizer. The study was conducted at an agricultural demonstration plot in Wukirsari Village, Cangkringan, Sleman. The study design used RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design), the data were analyzed by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance followed by Duncan's multiple distance test (DMRT) at the 95% confidence level. The highest growth parameters was obtained on curly red chili plants which were given sludge biogas 36 mL + bio fertilizer 10 L / ha. Thus, it can be concluded that the most appropriate dose of curly red chili is 36 mL sludge biogas + bio fertilizer 10 L/ha.Keywords: Bio-fertilizer; biogas; chili; growth;sludge; Wukirsari.

Ecological and Phytochemical Studies on Brown Algae Sargassum muticum from Marsa Alam at Red Sea Coast, Egypt

The present investigation revealed that Red sea stretches along Marsa Alam of Egypt is a habitation of diverse groups of marine macro-algal species recorded along Marsa Hemera shore. Ecological studies (meteorological data, water, soil, aqueous extract analysis of Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt and associated species) reported that, slightly alkaline; low turbidity, moderate temperature and available nutrient content of saline water produced massive growth of S. muticum during September (2018). Ecological and Physico-chemical properties of collected water samples showed variations of different parameters of sea water like temperature, salinity, pH, and high dissolved minerals. Heavy metals accumulation inside the investigated seaweeds S. muticum was within the corresponding range. The aqueous extract of S. muticum contained high amounts of Na, Ca, K and Fe, moderate amounts of Zn, and low in Cu, Cd, Ni and Mn. Lead Pb recorded 0.291 ppm, Ag, Co and Ga were absent in aqueous extract. The associated species to the brown algae S. muticum are belonging to 6 families and 7 species as follows: Sargassaceae, Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodomelaceae, Caulerpaceae and Hydrocharitaceae. Results showed that S. muticum enriched in essential amino acids; micro and macro elements, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, and agar. These algae may be used as bio fertilizers.

Beneficial impact and its role of liquid bio fertilizer from liquid waste fermentation on coffee growth to support innovative agrotourism

In managing organic coffee farming at Wanagiri village, Sukasada subdisrict of Buleleng, once a year farmers are faced by the problems of high volume of liquid waste produced from wet coffee processing. This waste usually danger to soil and crops, all plants dead when thouch with this waste. Improvement of the soil need to take at least 6 month to be normal again. The purpose of this study is to create technology in solving this waste problem through implementing fermentation by using indigenous micro organism(IMO) which finally produce liquid bio fertilizer. This fertilizer is then examined to the field research on coffee. In applying bio fertilizer for coffee crop it is shown that dilluting 5 times with water can produce better result for all parameter measured as indicated by high significant different amongst treatment. Therefore, liquid waste which was exsposed as the main factor to break soil condition, in contrast now become a fruitful benefit for farmers in order to fulfill the need of organic fertilizer to protect organic sertification.

Impact of NPK Bio-Fertilization on Some Growth Pomegranate of Manfaloty and Wonderful Pomegranate Transplants

This study was conducted throughout the two successive seasons of 2017 and 2018 at Fruit Nursery of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha University Qalyubeia Governorate, Egypt., to study the impact of NPK bio fertilization application on different growth parameters of Manfaloty and Wonderful pomegranate transplants at one-year- old. The eight treatments involved in this study were summarized as follows: T1-recommended doses (RD) , T2-RD NPK mineral fertilizers + Soil application of Nitrobene at 5 ml/ transplant,T3-RD NPK mineral fertilizers + Soil application of Nitrobene at 10 ml/ transplant, T4-RD NPK mineral fertilizers + Soil application of Phosphorene at 5 ml/ transplant,T5-RD NPK mineral fertilizers + Soil application of Phosphorene at 10 ml/ transplant, T6 -RD NPK mineral fertilizers + Soil application of Potasene at 5 ml/ transplant,T7- RD NPK mineral fertilizers + Soil application of Potasene at 10 ml/ transplant and T8 RD NPK mineral fertilizers + Nitrobene at 5 ml + Phosphorene at 5 ml / + Potasene at 5 ml / transplant.The result indicated that, application of T8 (RD NPK mineral fertilizers + Nitrobene at 5 ml + Phosphorene at 5 ml / + Potasene at 5 ml / transplant) caused a significant increasing in the rate of length, diameter, number of leaves, leaf area,transplant leaves area, fresh and dry weights.Moreover, T3 (RD NPK mineral fertilizers + Soil application of Nitrobene at 10 ml/ transplant)ranked statistically second in this concern. On the contrary, the least values of the abovementioned parameters were usually in concomitant to T1 - Control (recommended dose) which ranked statistically last during both seasons of study.

Design of Manure Spreader Machine for agricultural farm field

The main aim of this project is to reduce the manual efforts of farmers in spreading manure or bio - fertilizers and provide the most convenient and cost-effective way of spreading manure on farm fields. Cow dung is vital for the fertilization of the farm land. So, to do all this there is a hectic process. Organic manure is an eco friendly bio fertilizer used for more polluted new era. The appropriate use of manure for landing is necessary for avoiding land pollution, the surface of the water as well as avoids the defeat of ammonia in addition to all another nutrients through manure. Organic farming methods are appropriate and adoptable for many types of land in several parts of India. Use of manpower for application of organic materials is uneconomical due to high labour cost. Thus, it attracts wide attention in various parts of world. This not only reduces the cost but also protects the environment and health of farmers.

Influence of Magnetized Water and Nitrogen Bio-fertilizers on the Quantity and Quality Features of the Butternut Squash Cucurbita moschata

The present study was carried out at Baqubah Nursery, Directorate of Agriculture, Diyala Province, Iraq, during the period of March to October 2017, to investigate the effects of magnetized water with bio and chemical fertilizers on the butternut squash. A factorial experiment with three replications was conducted and two factors were investigated; the state of water (magnetized water and non-magnetized water) and the fertilizer type (chemical fertilizer: urea 100 kg N/ hectare; bio-fertilizers: Azotobacterchroococcum and Azospirillumbrasilense + chemical fertilizer in 1:1 ratio).
 The results revealed that the magnetized water with bio + chemical fertilizers recorded the highest rate of fruit weight that reached 786.0 ,807.3 and 775.3 g at the first, second and third harvests, respectively. The effect of the magnetized water was significant on the rate of fruit yield/plant which reached 3745.0 g at the first harvest, while bio + chemical fertilizer recorded the highest rate that reached 2419.8 and 1404.3 g at the second and the third harvests, respectively. Magnetized water with bio + chemical fertilizers showed significant increments in total yield / plant (7822.3 g) and total yield / hectare (31289.3 kg). The treatment with magnetized water and bio and chemical fertilizer were significant in fruit content of total soluble solid (TSS %) after 185 days, which reached 13.0 % and 12.2 %, respectively, while bio + chemical fertilizer was superior in the yield of fructose sugar and fibers which reached 10.4 and 12.7 % , respectively.

EFFECT OF MINIRAL, ORGANIC AND BIO-FERTILIZERS COMBINATIONS ON GROWTH, YIELD COMPONENTS AND VOLATILE OIL OF Matricaria chamomilla PLANT

Two field experiments were carried out at a Private Farm named Royale herbs in El-bawiti Village, El Wahat El-Bharia District, Giza Governorate, Egypt during the two consecutive seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 to study the effect of different fertilizer types (mineral, organic and bio fertilizers) treatments on vegetative growth, yield components and volatile oil as well as total carbohydrates percentage of chamomile plant. The performance of organic fertilization (compost and humic acid) and biofertilization (nitobein or/and phosphorein) were compared with standard, commercial rates of N, P, K and Mg fertilizers with respect to the growth, yield and essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla. In the two successive seasons, plants treated with chemical fertilization showed a significant increase in vegetative growth (plant height, number of branches per plant, fresh and dry weights per plant) compared to the other types of fertilizers under study. The highest rate of chemical fertilizers (N, P2O5, K2O and MgO at 125, 100, 62.5 and 30 kg/faddan, respectively) recorded the highest value in each yield component (flower heads number per plant as well as flower heads air-dry weight per plant and per faddan) compared to the other ones under study, in most cases. In the same time, organic fertilization (30 m3 compost + 1 kg humic acid/ faddan) recorded an increase in these yield components compared to the other organic fertilizer rates in both seasons. Also, fertilization at (1 kg of nitrobein + 30 m3 compost/faddan) recorded a significant increase in volatile oil percentage of chamomile plant compared to either of sole chemical or biological fertilizer rates under study.

EFFECT OF MINERAL, ORGANIC AND BIO FERTILIZATION ON WHEAT PRODUCTION IN TWO DIFFERENT SOILS

Biological experiment was conducted in the clay and sandy soils to study the effect of inorganic, organic and bio fertilization on growth and yield components as well as N, P and K- uptake by wheat plants. Ammonium sulphate (N) was added at the rates of 25 [50% the recommended dose (RD)] and 50 (100% RD) mg N kg-1 soil, while ordinary superphosphate (P1) and rock phosphate (P2) were applied at the rates of 9.72 (50% RD) and 19.44 (100% RD mg P kg-1 soil. Potassium sulphate (K1) and feldspar (K2) were added at the rates of 20.8 (50% RD) and 41.5 (100% RD) mg K kg-1 soil. The organic materials i.e. clover straw (CS), sunflower seed teflon (ST) and banana peel (BP) were added at a rate of (0.5%). Some wheat grains were inoculated by biofertilizers i.e. nitrobein (nit), phosphate dissolving bacteria (PDB) and potassiumage (Pot). The results showed that the treatments of [50% RD (NP1K1) + CS + ST + BP + Nit + PDB + Pot] gave the greatest values of the straw and grains dry weight, biological yield and harvest index, N-uptake by grains and P- and K- uptake by straw and grains if compared to the other treatments in both soils under study. Wherease the highest 1000 grains weight was observed with the treatment of [50% RD (NP2K2) + CS + ST + BP + Nit + PDB + Pot] in the clayey soil and [50% RD (NP1K1) + CS + ST + BP] in the sandy soil compared to the other treatments. The greatest values of N- uptake by straw were recorded with treatments of [50% RD (NP1K1) + CS + ST + BP] in the clayey soil and [50% RD (NP1K1) + CS + ST + BP + Nit + PDB + Pot] in the sandy soil compared to the other treatments. Finally, it could be concluded that the use of 50% of the recommend dose of the most mineral fertilizers (NP1K1) mixed with organic materials (CS + ST + BP) and biofertilizers (Nit + PDB + Pot) may reduce the mineral fertilization (NP1K1) dose, production cost and environmental contamination.

Impact of bio fertilizer and magnetic irrigation water on growth and yield of melon Cucumis melo L.

The field experiment was conducted at Baqubah nursery, Directorate of Diyala agriculture in Iraq during summer growing of 2017 to study the effect of bio and chemical fertilizers with magnetized water as well as their interactions on growth and yield of melon cv. Piel de sapo. The experiment was laid-out in Randomized Complete Block Design with factorial experiment with three replications and two factors, included two treatments of fertilizer types (urea 50 kg N. ha−1) with Bio-fertilizer (Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter chroococcum) and chemical fertilizer (urea 100 kg N. ha−1) and the second factor included magnetized water and non-magnetized water. The results showed that bio & chemical fertilizer caused significant increases in all studied traits rates compared to chemical fertilizer. Also magnetized water revealed that significant superiority of all study traits rates compared to non-magnetized water. Whereas the interaction between bio and chemical fertilizers with magnetized water led to significant superiority in other treatments with the highest values of all study traits, viz. fruits yield (7.2 kg. plant−1), fruits weight (3.4 kg. replicat−1), total yield (28520.0 kg. ha−1), fruit length (27.6 cm), content of fructose sugar in fruits after 24 days of storage (13.1%), fruit diameter from outside and inside (16.8 and 5.1cm) respectively, content of fibers in fruits after 24 days of storage (6.4%), fruits content of TSS% after 3 days of storage (13.7%) and fruits firmness after 24 days of storage (2.8%).

PRODUCING POTATO VIA NATURAL, ORGANIC AND BIO AMENDMENTS

field experiment was performed to evaluate whether using compost and natural rocks of phosphate and potassium with bio fertilizers could replace mineral fertilizers in potato production. The experiment was conducted at Giza Agriculture Research Station, Egypt. The potato tubers (Lady Rosetta and Lady Balfour cultivars) were planted during the third week of January 2016 and 2017 seasons. Individual or combined treatments of rock phosphate with phosphate dissolving bacteria (Bacillus megaterium) and feldspar with K releasing bacteria (Bacillus circulans) were applied in presence either mineral N or compost with N fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum + Azospirillium brasilense). The effects of these treatments on growth characteristics and yield component of potato were compared with recommended dose of NPK as mineral fertilizers. The results mentioned that Lady Balfour cultivar was significantly better in most vegetative traits and yield component than Lady Rosetta. All individual or combined treatments of rock phosphate and feldspar with mineral N did not show any significant differences in growth and yield characteristics compared to mineral NPK. All treatments of rock phosphate and feldspar with compost reduced the growth and yield characteristics compared to mineral NPK. The lowest reductions in yield were obtained by compost + rock phosphate and feldspar treatment. In general, rock phosphate and feldspar with phosphate dissolving bacteria and K releasing bacteria could be an alternative to mineral PK for similar yield and quality of potatoes as well as obtain the highest net return. Compost with N fixing bacteria could be a substitute for mineral N to produce a slightly lower yield of potatoes but it’s distinguished by high quality and healthy.

Supplementation of Trichoderma improves the alteration of nutrient allocation and transporter genes expression in rice under nutrient deficiencies

Nutrients are the finite natural resources that are essential for productivity and development of rice and its deficiency causes compromised yield along with reduced immunity against several biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the potential of Trichoderma reesei has been investigated as a biofertilizer (BF) to ameliorate nutrient stress in different rice cultivars at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. The results indicated that cultivar Heena is much more compatible with BF as compared to cultivar Kiran at 50% nutrient limiting condition. Enhancement in physiological attributes and photosynthetic pigments were observed in BF treated Heena seedlings. The localization of biofertilizer in treated roots was further validated by scanning electron micrographs. This result correlated well with the higher levels of Indole acetic acid and Gibberellic acid in biofertilizer treated rice. Similarly, the uptake of micro-nutrients such as Fe, Co, Cu and Mo was found to be 1.4–1.9 fold higher respectively in BF treated Heena seedlings under 50% nutrient deficient condition. Furthermore, different stress ameliorating enzymes Guaiacol peroxidase, Super oxide dismutase, Total Phenolic Content, Phenol Peroxidase, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and Ascorbate peroxidase in Heena seedlings were also increased by 1.8, 1.4, 1.2, 2.4, 1.2, and 8.3-fold respectively, at 50% nutrient deficient condition. The up-regulation of different micro and macro-nutrients allocation and accumulation; metal tolerance related; auxin synthesis genes in BF treated Heena as compared to 50% nutrient deficient condition was further supported by our findings that the application of biofertilizer efficiently ameliorated the deficiency of nutrients in rice.

Response of two wheat cultivars to inoculation of Bacillus subtilis and Phosphorus fertilizer

A pot experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, University of Diyala during the season (2017-2018) In order to evaluate the efficiency of Bacillus subtilis plus phosphorus chemical fertilizer on two wheat cultivars (Ala and Audi). A factorial experiment was arranged with three replications of each treatment and two factors, the first include two wheat cultivars, the second factor includes three different levels from bio and chemical fertilizers. Results showed that application of bio fertilizers B. subtilis with a half dose of chemical fertilizer were superior significantly in Plant height and Number of branches 46.98, 65.68 cm and 3.87, 7.71 after 45 and 120 days respectively, Plant fresh weight 39.41 g, Plant dry weight 19.18 g, % Phosphor in plant 0.27% while Bio fertilizer was superior in Number of bacteria from other treatments reached 90.66×106. Ala cultivar was the best in traits of Plant height and Plant dry weight, whereas Audi cultivar was the best in traits of Number of branches, % Phosphor in plant and Number of bacteria.

Isolation, Screening and Response of Maize to Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Inoculants

Abstract The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as biofertilizer is a relatively safer, environment friendly and cost effective. This work was designed to assess plant growth promoting abilities of rhizobacteria and evaluate their effect on germination and growth of maize. The bacteria were isolated and screened for plant growth promoting abilities using Pikovskaya agar, Aleksandrov agar and Jensen media. Twelve isolates that showed multiple attributes were further screened for indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA) production; best five isolates were selected for further studies. The results of IAA and GA production showed a considerable amount of IAA and GA produced by the isolates which ranged between 9–94 and 21–97 mg l–1, respectively. The selected isolates identified as Bacillusmojavensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas syringae and Bacillus cereus showed a significant difference(P≤0.05) in the amount of potassium(K) and phosphorus(P) solubilized at different source of K (KCl and mica powder) and P (Ca2PO4 and rock phosphate). The isolates also recorded significant level of nitrogen fixing ability with Alcaligenes faecalis strain P156 fixing the highest amount of nitrogen (11.4 mg N fixed per l) and least by Bacillus mojavensis strain NBSL51 (6.3 mg N fixed per l).The results of plant inoculation test showed that Bacillus cereus strain 20UPMNR significantly enhanced the root and shoot dry weight. All the selected isolates enhanced shoot and root length except Bacillus mojavensis which produced less effect on root length when compared to the control. These results have provided vital information for the development of a bio fertilizer for maize.

Morphological and physiological characterization of nitrogen fixing rhizobia isolated from country bean (Lablaba perpureus) of Narail, Bangladesh

Nitrogen is one of the important constituents of the plants. It is fixed in legume plants from the atmosphere by the association of beneficial gram negative soil bacteria named rhizobia. This study aimed to distinguish the morpho-physiological characteristics of naturally growing rhizobia having higher environmental and external stress tolerance. Twenty-two isolates were isolated from country bean root nodules and characterized based on different tests. The isolates varied from one another with level of parameters of the treatments. Most of them exhibited cream color colonies and some isolates evolved white and pink colonies. The average colony size of the isolates was ranged between 0.83 to 2.83 mm after one day and 1.33 to 5.00 mm after two days. Among them, 17 isolates were alkali producers, three isolates were acid producer and only two isolates produced neutral mucous. All the isolates showed complete resistance at pH 5.0 to 10.0, 2% NaCl, 10 to 42oC temperature, and 0.1 mM of heavy metallic salt MnCl2, FeCl3 and PbCl3. Nevertheless, most of the isolates also tolerated pH 4.0; 3 to 7% NaCl; 47oC temperature; 0.1 mM CuSO4. On the other hand, a few numbers of the isolates resisted 100 µg/ml and 200 µg/ml ampicillin, kanamycin and tetracycline antibiotics. Therefore, exploration of country bean rhizobia for their environmental stress tolerance capacity might be a core study for the production of cost-effective bio-fertilizer to boost up country bean yield.